PSX-A-4 Late-Breaking: Assessing the antifungal efficacy of EverWildTM D01 against Aspergillus flavus in semi-moist pet treats

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 362-362
Author(s):  
Samuel Kiprotich
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Initial Inoculum ◽  
Antifungal Metabolites ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Calcium Propionate ◽  
Pet Owner

Abstract Semi-moist pet treats contain moisture levels ranging from 20–30% making them ideal for mold growth and mycotoxin production. To control mold, synthetic mold inhibitors such as potassium sorbate or calcium propionate are used. Synthetic additives are effective, but there is a shift in the pet owner preferences for ‘natural’ products. Fermented and (or) cultured whey has been shown to contain antifungal metabolites and has been used to control fungal growth in bread. EverWildTM D01 is a commercially available cultured whey product. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of EverWildTM D01 against Aspergillus flavus in a semi-moist pet treat. A model semi-moist pet treat fortified to be nutritionally complete was produced with three levels of powdered whey fermentate, [1.0%, 3.0% and 5% (w/w)], a negative control with no antifungal and a “positive control” which contained potassium sorbate as a standard industrial mold inhibitor. Treats were produced by baking in 3cm x 3cm squares. Individual squares were inoculated with 0.1 mL of Aspergillus flavus (ATCC 204304) to achieve a final concentration of ~ 5.0 Log CFU/square. The inoculated squares were individually incubated at 250 C. Fungal analysis was performed at day 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and 28 by surface plating on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) followed by incubation at 250 C for 72h. The total log reductions were calculated by subtracting the initial inoculum with the colony counts on day 28. EverWildTM D01 at 1.0%, 3.0%, and 5% (w/w) had a 1.90, 3.89 and 4.58 Log CFU/square log reduction, respectively. The positive control had a 1.19 Log CFU/square log reduction. All treatments differed from the negative control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, EverWildTM D01 may be effective as a natural alternative to synthetic mold inhibitors in semi-moist pet treats.

Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL 1224 as Biological Controls for Aspergillus flavus Strains

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2544-2548 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANTE J. BUENO ◽  
JULIO O. SILVA ◽  
GUILLERMO OLIVER ◽  
SILVIA N. GONZÁLEZ
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mixed Cultures ◽  
Initial Inoculum ◽  
Potential Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
Ph Decrease

The effect of two species of lactobacilli, Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL 1224, on growth of different Aspergillus flavus strains was determined. A. flavus strains (Ap, TR2,or CF80) were grown in LAPTg broth at 37°C for 7 days as a single culture and in association with L. casei CRL 431 or L. rhamnosus CRL 1224 at initial inoculum ratios of 1:1, 1:10, and 1:100. In most cases, the mixed cultures had a lower fungal growth and a lower pH than the control cultures. Mycelial dry weight was reduced to 73 and 85% using L. casei CRL 431 and L. rhamnosus CRL 1224, respectively. The pH decrease in mixed cultures when the fungal mycelial dry weight is reduced may play an important role in inhibition. The number of viable bacteria was variably affected by fungal growth. These results indicate that L. casei CRL 431 and L. rhamnosus CRL 1224 may be useful as potential biocontrol agent against A. flavus

scholarly journals UJI EFEKTIFITAS DAUN PANDAN WANGI (PANDANUS AMARYLLIFOIUM ROXB) SEBAGAI ANTIJAMUR TERHADAP PITYSPORUM OVALE

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Saadah Siregar ◽  
Riana Topia
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Oil Glands ◽  
Pityrosporum Ovale ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Metabolite Content ◽  
Pandanus Amaryllifolius

The Pandan Wangi leaf plant is a plant that belongs to the Pandanaceae family. The metabolite content of fragrant pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius  Roxb.) Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins are known to have an antifungal effect. Pityrosporum ovale is a yeast or single-celled fungus that belongs to the genus Malassezia sp, and belongs to the Cryptococcaceae family. Pityrosporum ovale causes superficial dermatomycosis which affects the stratum corneum in the epidermis layer. This fungus is a normal flora on the scalp, but in conditions of hair with excess oil glands, this fungus can thrive. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibition zone of fragrant pandanus leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) Concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of Pytirosporum ovale on Potato Dextrose Agar media by diffusion method using disc paper. The diffusion method was used to measure the diameter of the zone of inhibition against fungal growth. The positive control used was ketoconazole 2% and negative control DMSO 1%. The results of the study using the diameter of the inhibition zone at a concentration of 10% were 7.86 mm, the inhibition zone at a concentration of 20% was 8.53 mm, the inhibition zone at a concentration of 30% was 8.76 mm, and the inhibition zone at a concentration of 40% was 9, 43 mm.

Shelf-Life Evaluation of Natural Antimicrobials for Concord and Niagara Grape Juices

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. SIRICURURATANA ◽  
M. M. IYER ◽  
D. C. MANNS ◽  
J. J. CHUREY ◽  
R. W. WOROBO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Life Extension ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Natural Antimicrobials ◽  
Shelf Life Extension ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Spoilage Yeast ◽  
Grape Juices

This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of natural antimicrobials for shelf-life extension of cold-filled still and carbonated Concord and Niagara grape juices, which have traditionally been preserved with chemical preservatives. Commercial juices were inoculated with a spoilage yeast cocktail of Dekkera, Kluveromyces, Brettanomyces, and Zygosaccharomyces at 102 and 104 CFU/ml. The following agents were added to still juices: no preservative (negative control), 0.05% potassium sorbate plus 0.05% sodium benzoate (positive control), 0.1 or 0.2% cultured dextrose, 250 ppm of dimethyldicarbonate (DMDC), 10 or 20 ppm of natamycin, and 250 ppm of DMDC plus 5 or 10 ppm of natamycin. Carbonated juice was treated with the negative control, positive control, and 250 ppm of DMDC plus 10 ppm of natamycin. Microbial stability of samples was assessed every 2 weeks during 6 months of storage at 21°C by yeast enumeration and measurement of turbidity, pH, and °Brix. Juices were deemed spoiled when yeast counts exceeded 106 CFU/ml. Cultured dextrose was not effective at levels tested in both types of juice. The most promising results were obtained with DMDC and natamycin combination treatments in still Niagara juice and in carbonated Concord and Niagara juices. In these treatments, shelf-life extension similar to that of the positive control (153 to 161 days) was achieved while maintaining similar turbidity, pH, and °Brix. Spoiled juices had lower pH and °Brix values and higher turbidity due to microbial activity and increased in microbial levels.

scholarly journals Reduction of the Adverse Impacts of Fungal Mycotoxin on Proximate Composition of Feed and Growth Performance in Broilers by Combined Adsorbents

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 430
Author(s):  
Anthony Christian Mgbeahuruike ◽  
Toochukwu Eleazar Ejiofor ◽  
Michael Ushie Ashang ◽  
Chiamaka Ojiako ◽  
Christian C. Obasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Adverse Impacts

Synergistic interaction of adsorbents in reducing the adverse impacts of mycotoxin on performance and proximate composition of broiler feeds was investigated. Fungal growth was induced by sprinkling water on the feed. S. cerevisiae + bentonite, kaolin + bentonite or S. cerevisiea + kaolin adsorbent combinations (1.5 g/kg feed) were added and the feeds were stored in black polythene bags. An untreated group was kept as a positive control while fresh uncontaminated feed was used as a negative control. Mycotoxins were extracted from the feeds and quantified using reverse phase HPLC. Proximate composition, nutrient digestibility of the feeds, feed intake and weight gain of the broilers were measured. Deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration in the contaminated/untreated feed was 347 µg/kg while aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was 34 µg/kg. Addition of bentonite and kaolin in the contaminated feed reduced AFB1 and DON to significantly lower levels. Feed intake and weight gain were low in the broilers fed the contaminated feed. The carbohydrate level was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced from 62.31 to 40.10%, crude protein digestibility dropped from 80.67 to 49.03% in the fresh feed and contaminated feed respectively. Addition of the adsorbents (S. cerevisiae and bentonite) significantly (p < 0.05) improved these parameters.

scholarly journals Effect of essential oils on the development of Colletotrichum sp. fungus in fragments of Feijoa sellowiana fruits

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e53055
Author(s):  
Adriana Terumi Itako ◽  
João Batista Tolentino Júnior ◽  
José Luis França Pinto Raduan ◽  
Amanda do Prado Mattos ◽  
Karine Louise dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar Medium ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Mycelial Development

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum, Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus citriodora and Rosmarinus officinalis on the mycelial development of the fungus Colletotrichum sp. in fragments of Feijoa sellowiana fruits. The essential oils were incorporated in the PDA (Potato-Dextrose-Agar) medium in the concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000 ppm, 0 ppm (PDA only) (negative control), and fungicide fluazinam 1% (positive control). The area under the mycelial growth curve (AUMGC) and percent inhibition of mycelial growth (PIMG) were calculated. In the second evaluation, fruits fragments bordering the disease symptom were immersed in essential oils aqueous solution of S. aromaticum, C. citratus, and E. citriodora, at the concentration of 5000 ppm, 0 ppm (water only - negative control) and fluazinam 1% (positive control). The immersion times in the treatments were: 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours, with subsequent incubation in Agar-Agar medium at 25°C. This evaluation was performed daily for 15 days, observing the moment of fungal germination through the emission of the mycelium. It was verified from the obtained results that all treatments reduced the fungal growth, and the essential oils of C. citratus and S. aromaticum totally inhibited its growth from the dose 500 and 1000 ppm, respectively. Regarding the test on fruit fragments, the essential oil of S. aromaticum at the immersion times of 12 and 24 hours was effective in inhibiting the fungus until the 15th day of evaluation.

Aktivitas Antifungi Air Perasan Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) Terhadap Candida albicans Secara In Vitro

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Nurhasanah Nurhasanah ◽  
Fauzia Andrini ◽  
Yulis Hamidy
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) has been known as traditional medicine. Shallot which has same genus with garlic(Allium sativum L.) contains allicin that is also found in garlic and has been suspected has fungicidal activity toCandida albicans. It is supported by several researches. Therefore, shallot is suspected has antifungal activity too.The aim of this research was to know antifungal activity of shallot’s water extortion againsts Candida albicans invitro. This was a laboratory experimental research which used completely randomized design, with diffusion method.Shallot’s water extortion was devided into three concentrations, there were 50%, 100% and 200%. Ketoconazole 2%was positive control and aquadest was negative control. The result of this research based on analysis of varians(Anova), there was significant difference between several treatments and was confirmed with Duncan New MultipleRange Test (DNMRT) p<0,05, there was significant difference between 100% shallot’s water extortion with othertreatments, but there was no significant difference between 50% shallot’s water extortion with 200% shallot’s. Theconclusion was shallot’s water extortion had antifungal activity againsts Candida albicans with the best concentration100%, but it was lower than ketoconazole 2%.

The Comparison of Ostecyte in the Pressure area and Tension area on Tooth Movement Because of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

DENTA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Arya Barahmanta ◽  
Muhammad Faizal Winaris ◽  
Pambudi Raharjo
Keyword(s):  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Bone Remodelling ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pressure Area

<p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em> Orthodontic tooth movement is a </em><em>interaction prosess</em><em> of resorption and deposition of bone remodeling. Orthodontic tooth movement by mechanical strength causes changes in alveolar bone. Osteocyte is an essential cell to respond bone remodelling. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy affects production of osteocyte because it can release Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Nitrid Oxide (NO).  <strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the difference number  of osteocyte in pressure and tension area during tooth movement by adjuvant of Hyperbaric Oxygen 2,4 ATA during 7 days starting on day 8 to day 14. <strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: This research used Completery Randomized Control Group Post Test Only Design. 36 cavia cobaya (male)  were divided into 3 groups randomly : the negative control groups, positive control group, and treatment group. Preparat staining used Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) and calculated on microscop 1000x with 20 field of view. Data analyses used one way ANOVA and LSD test then compared each area by using paired T test. <strong>Result:</strong> The data showed that the treatment group (P=10,67) tension area has the highest number of osteocyte than  negative control group (K-=3,67), positive control (K+=7,42). In the pressure area showed that negative control group (K-=5,00) has the highest  than positive control group (K+=3,83) and treatment (P=3,25). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Therapy HBO 2,4 ATA 7 days starting on day 8 to day 14 is could increase osteocyte in the tissue to stimulate process of bone remodelling.</em></p><pre><strong> </strong></pre><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Hyperbaric Oxygen, Tooth movement, Bone remodeling, </em><em>Osteocyte</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Correspondence:</em></strong><em> </em><em>Arya Brahmanta</em><em>, Department of Orthodonty, Faculty of Dentistry, Hang Tuah University, Arif Rahman Hakim 150, Surabaya, Phone 031-5945864, Email:</em><em> </em><a href="mailto:[email protected]"><em>arya.brahmanta</em><em>@</em><em>hangtuah.ac.id</em></a></p>

UJI AKTIVITAS HEPATOPROTEKTOR KOMBINASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN PANDAN WANGI (Pandanus amaryllifolius roxb) DAN KAYU MANIS (Cinnamomum burmanii) TERHADAP KADAR MDA YANG DIINDUKSI PARASETAMOL

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
Yuni Asri Mulatsih Agami ◽  
Eka Wisnu Kusuma
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
Dose Combination

Kasus penyakit hati semakin meningkat seiring penggunaan senyawa hepatotoksin salah satunya karena penggunaan parasetamol dengan dosis berlebih. Hal tersebut dapat meningkatkan produksi radikal bebas sehingga memicu terjadinya stress oksidatif yang dapat menimbulkan kerusakan jaringan yang ditandai dengan peningkatan kadar Malondialdehyde (MDA). Stress oksidatif dapat diatasi dengan antioksidan dari berbagai tanaman. Kulit kayu manis memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 53ppm dan daun pandan wangi 39,7%  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas kombinasi ekstrak etanol daun pandan wangi dan kayu manis dalam menurunkan kadar MDA. tikus yang diinduksi parasetamol. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimental, dilakukan selama 9 hari dengan 30 ekor tikus jantan dibagi menjadi 6 Kelompok, yaitu: Normal diberi aquadest, Kontrol Positif diberi silimarin 100 mg/kgBB, Kontrol Negatif diberi CMC-Na 0,05%, serta 3 kelompok lainnya diberi kombinasi ekstrak daun pandan wangi:kayu manis berturut-turut dosis I (25:75), dosis II (50:50), dosis III (75:25). Semua kelompok diinduksi parasetamol 2,5 g/kgBB pada hari ke-7  setelah 30 menit perlakuan, kecuali kelompok normal. Pada hari ke 9 dilakukan pengukuran kadar MDA dengan metode TBARs menggunakan spektrofotometri. Pemberian kombinasi ekstrak etanol daun pandan wangi dan kayu manis dapat menurunkan kadar MDA dengan kombinasi dosis yang paling optimal adalah 75:25 berdasarkan statistik dengan nilai signifikan 0,000<0,05 dibandingkan dengan kelompok negatif.    Cases of liver disease have increased with the use of hepatotoxin compounds, one of which is due to the use of paracetamol with excessive doses. This can increase the production of free radicals so that it triggers oxidative stress which can cause tissue damage which is characterized by increased levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA). Oxidative stress can be overcome with antioxidants from various plants. Cinnamomum burmanii has antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 53ppm and Pandanus amarrylifolius 39.7%. This study aims to determine the combined activity of ethanol extract of Pandanus amarrylifolius and Cinnamomum burmanii  in reducing MDA levels. Paracetamol-induced rats. Research using experimental methods, conducted for 9 days with 30 male rats divided into 6 groups, namely: Normal given aquadest, Positive Control were given silimarin 100 mg / kgBB, Negative Control was given CMC-Na 0.05%, and 3 other groups were given a combination of Pandanus amarrylifolius extract: Cinnamomum burmanii dose I (25:75), dose II (50:50), dose III (75:25). All groups induced paracetamol 2.5 g / kgBB on the 7th day after 30 minutes of treatment, except the normal group. On the 9th day MDA levels were measured using the TBARs method using spectrophotometry. Giving a combination of Pandanus amarrylifolius and Cinnamomum burmanii ethanol extract can reduce MDA levels with the most optimal dose combination is 75:25 based on statistics with a significant value of 0,000<0.05 compared with the negative group.

UJI IMUNOMODULATOR DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN WARU (HIBISCUS TILIACEUS) DENGAN METODE HIPERSENSITIVITAS TIPE LAMBAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Yanna Rotua Sihombing ◽  
Debi Dinha Sitepu
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Hypersensitivity Response ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Response

Immunomodulator is a compound that can increaase the imuno system. One of the plants that have immunomodulator’s activity is Waru Leaf (Hibiscus tiliaceus). the purpose of this research was to test the effect of immunomodulator by extract of Waru Leaf ethanol on rat male. The activity of immunomodulator was determined by using digital pletysmometer by measuring the differences between the last leg swelling’s volume and the first leg swelling’s volume. The treatment group were divided into 5 groups. Each group consistof 5 rats CMC-Na 0,5% (negative control), Stimuno®  32,5 mg/kgBW (positive control), dose of EEDW 50, 100 and 200 mg/kgBW, and bacteria E.coli as antigen. The results slowed that distribution of EEDW dose 200 mg/kgBW can give the effect of immunostimulant by swelling enthancement compared by CMC-Na 0,5 %. EEDW 200 mg/kgBW that have activity comparable with Stimuno®  32,5 mg/kgBW. Thus, it is concluded that of Waru Leaf extract has immunomodulator effects on delayed-type hypersensitivity response of rat male.

In vitro and in vivo Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles Against Clostridium botulinum Type A Botulinum

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Aminianfar ◽  
Siavash Parvardeh ◽  
Mohsen Soleimani
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Type A ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nano Silver

Background: Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, a serious paralytic illness that results from the ingestion of a botulinum toxin. Because silver nanoparticle products exhibit strong antimicrobial activity, applications for silver nanoparticles in healthcare have expanded. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to assess a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of botulism toxicity using silver nanoparticles. Methods: A preliminary test was conducted using doses that produce illness in laboratory animals to determine the absolute lethal dose (LD100) of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) in mice. Next, the test animals were divided into six groups containing six mice each. Groups I, II and III were the negative control (botulinum toxin only), positive control-1 (nano-silver only) and positive control-2 (no treatment), respectively. The remaining groups were allocated to the toxin that was supplemented with three nano-silver treatments. Results: The mortality rates of mice caused by BoNT/A significantly reduced in the treatment groups with different doses and injection intervals of nano-silver when compared to the negative control group. BoNT/A toxicity induced by intraperitoneal injection of the toxin of Clostridium botulinum causes rapid death while when coupled with nano-osilver results in delayed death in mice. Conclusion: These results, while open to future improvement, represent a preliminary step towards the satisfactory control of BoNT/A with the use of silver nanoparticles for human protection against this bioterrorism threat. Further study in this area can elucidate the underlying mechanism for detoxifying BoNT/A by silver nanoparticles.

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