scholarly journals 58 Functional nutrition to modulate the immune response

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 66-66
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Companion Animal ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Cellular Migration ◽  
Lipid Mediator ◽  
Omega 3

Abstract Growing concerns about antibiotic resistance coupled with recent legislation limiting in-feed antibiotic use in livestock feed has led to a resurgence of interest in plant-based extracts, prebiotics/probiotics, and other nutraceutical compounds with immune-modulating properties. Consumer preference for functional ingredients in their own food as well as feed for their pets or livestock has created a niche for development of feed additives with bioactive properties with the potential to improve health through their ability to regulate inflammation and modulate microbial communities. For example, dietary omega-3 fatty acids have been documented to reduce inflammation through altering the fatty acid composition of immune cells, shifting immune cell function, and reducing inflammatory lipid mediator and cytokine production. Dietary probiotic supplementation allows an intimate interaction between the gut mucosa and the largest concentrated population of the host’s immune cells, the mucosal immune system. Probiotics have been shown to modulate the inflammatory response through interaction with intestinal epithelial cells, M-cells in Peyer’s patches, innate immune cells such as dendritic and other antigen-presenting cells, and increasing barrier function through increased mucus and antibody production. Other feedstuffs such as green tea components (epigallocatechin-3-gallate, EGCG) interact with neutrophils and macrophages to limit cellular migration and inflammatory molecule production to reduce inflammation. A wealth of information detailing mechanistic outcomes exists in mouse literature and human cell lines, while livestock and companion animal literature is an untapped area for future work. An emphasis on research aimed at a more molecular, mechanistic understanding of currently available feed additives will lead to the improvement of existing additives and development of new additives for use in livestock and companion animal feed.

scholarly journals Critical Analysis of Non-Thermal Plasma-Driven Modulation of Immune Cells from Clinical Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Smolková ◽  
Adam Frtús ◽  
Mariia Uzhytchak ◽  
Mariia Lunova ◽  
Šárka Kubinová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Thermal Plasma ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Non Thermal Plasma

The emerged field of non-thermal plasma (NTP) shows great potential in the alteration of cell redox status, which can be utilized as a promising therapeutic implication. In recent years, the NTP field considerably progresses in the modulation of immune cell function leading to promising in vivo results. In fact, understanding the underlying cellular mechanisms triggered by NTP remains incomplete. In order to boost the field closer to real-life clinical applications, there is a need for a critical overview of the current state-of-the-art. In this review, we conduct a critical analysis of the NTP-triggered modulation of immune cells. Importantly, we analyze pitfalls in the field and identify persisting challenges. We show that the identification of misconceptions opens a door to the development of a research strategy to overcome these limitations. Finally, we propose the idea that solving problems highlighted in this review will accelerate the clinical translation of NTP-based treatments.

scholarly journals GABAA receptor α4-subunit knockout enhances lung inflammation and airway reactivity in a murine asthma model

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (2) ◽  
pp. L406-L415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene T. Yocum ◽  
Damian L. Turner ◽  
Jennifer Danielsson ◽  
Matthew B. Barajas ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Asthma Model

Emerging evidence indicates that hypnotic anesthetics affect immune function. Many anesthetics potentiate γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABAAR) activation, and these receptors are expressed on multiple subtypes of immune cells, providing a potential mechanistic link. Like immune cells, airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells also express GABAARs, particularly isoforms containing α4-subunits, and activation of these receptors leads to ASM relaxation. We sought to determine if GABAAR signaling modulates the ASM contractile and inflammatory phenotype of a murine allergic asthma model utilizing GABAAR α4-subunit global knockout (KO; Gabra40/0) mice. Wild-type (WT) and Gabra4 KO mice were sensitized with house dust mite (HDM) antigen or exposed to PBS intranasally 5 days/wk for 3 wk. Ex vivo tracheal rings from HDM-sensitized WT and Gabra4 KO mice exhibited similar magnitudes of acetylcholine-induced contractile force and isoproterenol-induced relaxation ( P = not significant; n = 4). In contrast, in vivo airway resistance (flexiVent) was significantly increased in Gabra4 KO mice ( P < 0.05, n = 8). Moreover, the Gabra4 KO mice demonstrated increased eosinophilic lung infiltration ( P < 0.05; n = 4) and increased markers of lung T-cell activation/memory (CD62L low, CD44 high; P < 0.01, n = 4). In vitro, Gabra4 KO CD4+ cells produced increased cytokines and exhibited increased proliferation after stimulation of the T-cell receptor as compared with WT CD4+ cells. These data suggest that the GABAAR α4-subunit plays a role in immune cell function during allergic lung sensitization. Thus GABAAR α4-subunit-specific agonists have the therapeutic potential to treat asthma via two mechanisms: direct ASM relaxation and inhibition of airway inflammation.

scholarly journals Dysregulation of Systemic Immunity in Aging and Dementia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Lutshumba ◽  
Barbara S. Nikolajczyk ◽  
Adam D. Bachstetter
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Age Related Changes

Neuroinflammation and the tissue-resident innate immune cells, the microglia, respond and contribute to neurodegenerative pathology. Although microglia have been the focus of work linking neuroinflammation and associated dementias like Alzheimer’s Disease, the inflammatory milieu of brain is a conglomerate of cross-talk amongst microglia, systemic immune cells and soluble mediators like cytokines. Age-related changes in the inflammatory profile at the levels of both the brain and periphery are largely orchestrated by immune system cells. Strong evidence indicates that both innate and adaptive immune cells, the latter including T cells and B cells, contribute to chronic neuroinflammation and thus dementia. Neurodegenerative hallmarks coupled with more traditional immune system stimuli like infection or injury likely combine to trigger and maintain persistent microglial and thus brain inflammation. This review summarizes age-related changes in immune cell function, with special emphasis on lymphocytes as a source of inflammation, and discusses how such changes may potentiate both systemic and central nervous system inflammation to culminate in dementia. We recap the understudied area of AD-associated changes in systemic lymphocytes in greater detail to provide a unifying perspective of inflammation-fueled dementia, with an eye toward evidence of two-way communication between the brain parenchyma and blood immune cells. We focused our review on human subjects studies, adding key data from animal models as relevant.

scholarly journals Metabolite releasing polymers control dendritic cell function by modulating their energy metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (24) ◽  
pp. 5195-5203
Author(s):  
Joslyn L. Mangal ◽  
Sahil Inamdar ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Subhadeep Dutta ◽  
Mamta Wankhede ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Dendritic Cell Function ◽  
Cell Functions

Metabolites control immune cell functions, and delivery of these metabolites in a sustained manner modulate the function of the immune cells.

scholarly journals Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids promote antibacterial and inflammation-resolving effects in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice, dependent on fatty acid status

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Arista Nienaber ◽  
Mumin Ozturk ◽  
Robin C. Dolman ◽  
Renee Blaauw ◽  
Lizelle Zandberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Lipid Mediator ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Fatty Acid Status ◽  
Lower Lung ◽  
Acid Status ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract Non-resolving inflammation is characteristic of tuberculosis (TB). Given their inflammation-resolving properties, omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) may support TB treatment. This research aimed to investigate the effects of n-3 LCPUFA on clinical and inflammatory outcomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice with either normal or low n-3 PUFA status before infection. Using a two-by-two design, uninfected mice were conditioned on either an n-3 PUFA-sufficient (n-3FAS) or -deficient (n3FAD) diet for six weeks. One week post-infection, mice were randomised to either n-3 LCPUFA supplemented (n-3FAS/n-3+ and n3FAD/n3+) or continued on n-3FAS or n3FAD diets for three weeks. Mice were euthanised and fatty acid status, lung bacterial load and pathology, cytokine, lipid mediator, and immune cell phenotype analysed. n-3 LCPUFA supplementation in n-3FAS mice lowered lung bacterial loads (P=0·003), T cells (P=0·019), CD4+ T cells (P=0·014), IFN-γ (P<0·001) and promoted a pro-resolving lung lipid mediator profile. Compared with n-3FAS mice, the n-3FAD group had lower bacterial loads (P=0·037), significantly higher immune cell recruitment and a more pro-inflammatory lipid mediator profile, however, significantly lower lung IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-17, and supplementation in the n-3FAD group provided no beneficial effect on lung bacterial load or inflammation. Our study provides the first evidence that n-3 LCPUFA supplementation has antibacterial and inflammation-resolving benefits in TB when provided one week after infection in the context of a sufficient n-3 PUFA status. Whilst a low n-3 PUFA status may promote better bacterial control and lower lung inflammation not benefiting from n-3 LCPUFA supplementation.

Pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis: an emerging role for immunometabolism

Rheumatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii33-iii41
Author(s):  
Emma Leacy ◽  
Gareth Brady ◽  
Mark A Little
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Systemic Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Cellular Activation ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Anca Associated Vasculitis

Abstract ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a severe systemic autoimmune disease. A key feature of AAV is the presence of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA) directed against myeloperoxidase (MPO) or proteinase-3 (PR3). ANCA are key to the pathogenesis of AAV, where they activate innate immune cells to drive inflammation. Pre-activation or ‘priming’ of immune cells appears to be important for complete cellular activation in AAV. The burgeoning field of immunometabolism has illuminated the governance of immune cell function by distinct metabolic pathways. There is ample evidence that the priming events synonymous with AAV alter immune cell metabolism. In this review we discuss the pathogenesis of AAV and its intersection with recent insights into immune cell metabolism.

scholarly journals Hypoxia/HIF Modulates Immune Responses

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Yuling Chen ◽  
Timo Gaber
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Oxygen Availability ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Oxygen availability varies throughout the human body in health and disease. Under physiological conditions, oxygen availability drops from the lungs over the blood stream towards the different tissues into the cells and the mitochondrial cavities leading to physiological low oxygen conditions or physiological hypoxia in all organs including primary lymphoid organs. Moreover, immune cells travel throughout the body searching for damaged cells and foreign antigens facing a variety of oxygen levels. Consequently, physiological hypoxia impacts immune cell function finally controlling innate and adaptive immune response mainly by transcriptional regulation via hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Under pathophysiological conditions such as found in inflammation, injury, infection, ischemia and cancer, severe hypoxia can alter immune cells leading to dysfunctional immune response finally leading to tissue damage, cancer progression and autoimmunity. Here we summarize the effects of physiological and pathophysiological hypoxia on innate and adaptive immune activity, we provide an overview on the control of immune response by cellular hypoxia-induced pathways with focus on the role of HIFs and discuss the opportunity to target hypoxia-sensitive pathways for the treatment of cancer and autoimmunity.

scholarly journals Altered Ca2+ Homeostasis in Immune Cells during Aging: Role of Ion Channels

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Dorina Zöphel ◽  
Chantal Hof ◽  
Annette Lis
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Irreversible Process ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Dependent Processes ◽  
Equal Density

Aging is an unstoppable process and begins shortly after birth. Each cell of the organism is affected by the irreversible process, not only with equal density but also at varying ages and with different speed. Therefore, aging can also be understood as an adaptation to a continually changing cellular environment. One of these very prominent changes in age affects Ca2+ signaling. Especially immune cells highly rely on Ca2+-dependent processes and a strictly regulated Ca2+ homeostasis. The intricate patterns of impaired immune cell function may represent a deficit or compensatory mechanisms. Besides, altered immune function through Ca2+ signaling can profoundly affect the development of age-related disease. This review attempts to summarize changes in Ca2+ signaling due to channels and receptors in T cells and beyond in the context of aging.

scholarly journals Regulation of Immunity via Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Acta Naturae ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. P. Rubtsov ◽  
Yu. G. Suzdaltseva ◽  
K. V. Goryunov ◽  
N. I. Kalinina ◽  
V. Yu. Sysoeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Immune cells responsible for inflammation development are involved in tissue damage caused by wounding and various pathologies. Control of immune cell activation could be of significant benefit for regenerative medicine and the treatment of patients with autoimmune and degenerative diseases. It is a proven fact that MCSs (multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells) are capable of suppressing immune responses via the inhibition of dendritic cell maturation and via the restraining of the T, B, and NK cell function in the course of autoimmune diseases and various forms of inflammation. MSCs can be isolated easily from almost every type of tissue or organ and subsequently expanded in vitro. These cells are self-renewable and can be differentiated into various cell types of mesenchymal lineage. The current review contains a collection and critical analysis of data regarding the molecular mechanisms responsible for cross-talk between immune cells and MSCs. Some of these mechanisms can be used for the development of new practical approaches for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

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