scholarly journals 2267. Epidemiology of Candida auris Candidemia in a Teaching Hospital in North of Oman: One-Year Survival

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S776-S776
Author(s):  
Arash Eatemadi ◽  
Aiman Al Wahibi ◽  
Hilal Al shibli ◽  
Ali Al reesi

Abstract Background Recent emergence of Candida auris as a multidrug resistant fungal pathogen, is a serious concerns for public health. However, there is a paucity of reported cases from Oman. Literature search resulted in finding only 7 cases from Oman, reporting C. auris infections in the articles first published in 2017. However, the rate of isolatin is increasing. Methods In this study, we included the results of all positive blood cultures of C. auris in Suhar teaching hospital from May 2018 (date of first detection) till end of April 2019. Further confirmation of the species was performed by MALDI-TOF and antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) by Vitek 2 in central public health laboratory (CPHL) of Oman. Results We detected 13 patients (9 females, 4 males). The mean age was 58.61% years (28–76 years). All candidemic patients had serious underlying conditions, including prolonged hospital stay or extensive and prolonged antimicrobial exposure or medical comorbidities (8 of 13). The time from hospital admission to onset of C. auris candidemia was 8–49 days, with a median of approximately 27 days. The most common isolated co- pathogen from blood culture was K. pneumonia (without regard to Coagulase-negative staphylococci). As average, every patient received 4.8 kind of different antibiotics in mean 88 doses before candidemia developed and piperacillin–tazobactam was the most common used antibiotics. AST was done just for 5 patients and revealed high-level resistance to fluconazole and Amphotricin B while, Echinocandins (anidulafungin, caspofungin) were fully sensitive and voricunazole had intermediate sensitivity. Mean duration of anti-fungal treatment was 12.5 days (5 – 26 days). 8 patients treated by Echinocandins (4/8 died), 4 by Fluconazole (3/4 died) and one without treatment discharged. 30-day all-cause mortality was 61.5%. Conclusion In Oman, C. auris has been reported from many hospitals. Resistance to several antifungal agents and persistence in the hospital environment make this organism a potential menace for the treating physician and the infection control personnel. In our hospital, every candidemic patient should be treated with Echinocandins and assumed to be resistant to Fluconazole until proven otherwise according to results of AST. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Sabino ◽  
Cristina Veríssimo ◽  
Álvaro Ayres Pereira ◽  
Francisco Antunes

The emergence of Candida auris is considered as one of the most serious problems associated with nosocomial transmission and with infection control practices in hospital environment. This multidrug resistant species is rapidly spreading worldwide, with several described outbreaks. Until now, this species has been isolated from different hospital surfaces, where it can survive for long periods. There are multiple unanswered questions regarding C. auris, such as prevalence in population, environmental contamination, effectiveness of infection prevention and control, and impact on patient mortality. In order to understand how it spreads and discover possible reservoirs, it is essential to know the ecology, natural environment, and distribution of this species. It is also important to explore possible reasons to this recent emergence, namely the environmental presence of azoles or the possible effect of climate change on this sudden emergence. This review aims to discuss some of the most challenging issues that we need to have in mind in the management of C. auris and to raise the awareness to its presence in specific indoor environments as hospital settings.


2021 ◽  
pp. 2941-2946
Author(s):  
Nubwa Daniel ◽  
Kefas David Malgwi ◽  
Bukar Umaru ◽  
Isaac John Omeh ◽  
Ladi Sanya

Background and Aim: Veterinary antibiotics are widely used to treat bacterial diseases in various species of animals. However, despite the importance of these chemotherapeutic agents, their indiscriminate or extensive use can pose dangers to the animals or humans that consume edible tissues from animals contaminated with antibiotic residues. Therefore, concerns regarding their appropriate and judicious use in animals are of public health significance. This is because of the tendencies of developing resistance to targeted microbes and the ability of the parent compound or its metabolites to persist as residues in the animal tissues. This study aimed to determine the frequency and pattern of antibiotic usage and ascertain the level of awareness of clinicians on the judicious use of antibiotics at the University of Maiduguri Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Data related to the administration of antibiotics in all species of animals presented for treatment from January 2009 to December 2018 were obtained from the hospital archives, with permission from the office of the hospital directorate. The diseases, hospital units, antibiotics used, and years were parameters that were recorded for each case. Furthermore, 47 questionnaires were administered to clinicians who render services to the hospital. Results: A total of 63.9% of all cases brought to the hospital within the 10 years under study were infectious, and as such, were treated with antibiotics. The highest recorded use of antibiotics was observed in the poultry unit (38.4%), followed by the large animal unit (24.1%), with the lowest used recorded in the ambulatory unit (9.3%). Furthermore, regarding the antibiotics used, oxytetracycline had the highest occurrence (55%), followed by penicillin-streptomycin combination (12.2%), with the lowest being metronidazole (0.30%). The highest number of cases treated with antibiotics was recorded in 2018 (22.5%), and the lowest was recorded in 2014 (1.3%). Regarding the questionnaire administered to the clinicians, 78.7% of the respondents preferred oxytetracycline as their drug of choice, whereas only 2.1%, 4.3%, 2.1%, and 4.3% preferred amoxicillin, penicillin, streptomycin, and penicillin-streptomycin, respectively. Moreover, 65.9% of the respondents used a particular antibiotic because of its availability at the hospital, 8.5% because of cost, and 27.7% because of clinician preference. Furthermore, 74.5% of the clinicians offered palliative intervention while awaiting laboratory reports, whereas 8.5% treated the animals without requesting laboratory analyses. Conclusion: In this study, oxytetracycline was found to be the most used antibiotic for treating infectious diseases at the hospital because of its availability. The observed pattern appeared in the following order of frequency: Oxytetracycline, penicillin-streptomycin combination, neomycin, erythromycin, amoxicillin, tylosin, streptomycin, and gentamicin with metronidazole being the least frequent. There might also be antibiotic resistance, which requires a change to another antibiotic because of the lack of response to the initial antibiotic. Non-judicious antibiotic use can also have a negative impact on public health because of the development of multidrug-resistant "superbugs" and the problem of drug residue.


2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Sharp ◽  
Berit Muller-Pebody ◽  
Andre Charlett ◽  
Bharat Patel ◽  
Rebecca Gorton ◽  
...  

Background Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen associated with bloodstream, wound and other infections, especially in critically ill patients. C. auris carriage is persistent and is difficult to eradicate from the hospital environment. Aim We aimed to pilot admission screening for C. auris in intensive care units (ICUs) in England to estimate prevalence in the ICU population and to inform public health guidance. Methods Between May 2017 and April 2018, we screened admissions to eight adult ICUs in hospitals with no previous cases of C. auris, in three major cities. Swabs were taken from the nose, throat, axilla, groin, perineum, rectum and catheter urine, then cultured and identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Patient records were linked to routine ICU data to describe and compare the demographic and health indicators of the screened cohort with a national cohort of ICU patients admitted between 2016 and 2017. Results All C. auris screens for 921 adults from 998 admissions were negative. The upper confidence limit of the pooled prevalence across all sites was 0.4%. Comparison of the screened cohort with the national cohort showed it was broadly similar to the national cohort with respect to demographics and co-morbidities. Conclusion These findings imply that C. auris colonisation among patients admitted to ICUs in England is currently rare. We would not currently recommend widespread screening for C. auris in ICUs in England. Hospitals should continue to screen high-risk individuals based on local risk assessment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Husam Salah ◽  
Sathyavathi Sundararaju ◽  
Lamya Dalil ◽  
Patrick Tang ◽  
Walid Al-Wali ◽  
...  

Candida auris is an emerging, multidrug resistant fungal pathogen that has become a public health threat worldwide. Candida auris spreads easily among patients within and between hospitals, and the incidence of infections has increased substantially in the last decade. Multiple C. auris outbreaks have been reported worldwide including India, USA and United Kingdom. Infections and outbreaks caused by C. auris have also been reported in the Middle East region including Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar; however, the origin of these isolates is largely unknown. This study uses whole genome sequencing (WGS) data to determine the epidemiology and the drug resistance mutations from C. auris in Qatar. Forty samples isolated from the patients and the hospital environment were sequenced by Illumina Nextseq. Core genome SNPs revealed that all isolates belonged to the Indian lineage, which could be originated from the expatriate labour from South Asia. The genetic variability among the isolates was low but comprised of more than one genetic cluster. The environmental isolates were identical to the clinical isolates, and the isolates from patients of different hospitals/outbreaks clustered together, suggesting the transmission of C. auris could be linked to infected/colonized patients and the hospital environment. Mutations associated with azole and echinocandin resistance were discussed.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-153
Author(s):  
Zainab S. Na'inna

Contamination of currency notes by pathogenic microorganism is a public health concern. An improved understanding of the bacteriological quality of currencies would help us better understand the role of money as a medium of transmitting infections. This study investigates the bacteriological quality of Nigerian currencies circulating in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) in Kano metropolis. A total of 128 Naira note samples containing 16 pieces of each denomination of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 were aseptically collected from different cash units of the hospital and subjected to standard microbiological methods for the enumeration and isolation of bacteria. The susceptibility of the bacterial isolates to antibiotics was investigated using disk diffusion method. The mean aerobic mesophilic bacterial count of the currency notes range between 3.10 x104 cfu/mlto 5.25 x104 cfu/ml. Different bacterial species were isolated which include E. coli, Klebsiella spp, Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase negative Staphylococci, with S. aureus having the highest frequency of occurrence of 37 (46.2 %). Findings of antibacterial susceptibility test indicated that100% of the isolated Gram negative bacteria were susceptible to Meropenem, followed by susceptibility to Gentamycin and Ciprofloxacin. However, the isolates were found to be highly resistant to Augmentin (55%) and Cefuroxime (32%). On other hand, the Gram positive bacterial isolates were highly susceptible to Erythromycin (84%), Gentamycin(83%), Clindamycin (79%),and Oxicillin (78%) while few of the isolate showed resistance to Penicillin(24%), Oxacillin (22%), and Clindamycin, (16%). The study reveals that currency notes in circulation at AKTH may serve as vehicles for the spread of disease causing organisms. Cashless transactions and use of hand sanitizers is therefore recommended to reduce the risk of infection. Key words: Naira notes, Contamination, Hospital environment


2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1125-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna E. Sidjabat ◽  
Kirsty M. Townsend ◽  
Michael Lorentzen ◽  
Kari S. Gobius ◽  
Narelle Fegan ◽  
...  

Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDREC) expressing AmpC β-lactamases have emerged as a cause of opportunistic infections in dogs. Following a cluster of extraintestinal infections caused by two distinct clonal groups (CGs) of bla CMY-producing MDREC, a 12-month infection control study was undertaken at a veterinary teaching hospital in Brisbane, Australia. Swabs from the rectum of hospitalized dogs (n=780), hospital staff (n=16) and the hospital environment (n=220) were plated onto selective agar to obtain multidrug-resistant (MDR) coliforms. These were then tested by multiplex PCR for E. coli uspA, bla CMY and the class 1 integron-associated dfrA17-aadA5 gene cassette for rapid identification of MDREC CG 1 (positive for all three genes) and CG 2 (positive for uspA and bla CMY only). A total of 16.5 % of the dog rectal swabs and 4.1 % of the hospital environmental swabs yielded MDREC, and on the basis of multiplex PCR, PFGE and plasmid profiling, these were confirmed to belong to either CG 1 or CG 2. Both CG 1 and CG 2 isolates were obtained from clinical cases of extraintestinal infection and rectal swabs from hospitalized dogs over the same period of time, whereas only CG 1 isolates were obtained from the hospital environment. Both CGs were prevalent during the first 6 months, but only CG 2 was isolated during the second 6 months of the study. Two isolates obtained from rectal swabs of staff working in the hospital belonged to CG 2, with one of the isolates possessing the same REDP as nine isolates from dogs, including six isolates associated with cases of extraintestinal infection. CG 1 isolates belonged to E. coli serotypes O162 : H−, OR : H− or Ont : H−, whereas CG 2 isolates belonged to O153 : HR, OR : HR or OR : H34. These results confirm that in this particular outbreak, canine MDREC were highly clonal and CG 2 MDREC may colonize both humans and dogs.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257004
Author(s):  
Ramzy B. Anafo ◽  
Yacoba Atiase ◽  
Fleischer C. N. Kotey ◽  
Nicholas T. K. D. Dayie ◽  
Patience B. Tetteh-Quarcoo ◽  
...  

Aim To investigate the epidemiology of S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage among people with diabetes at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, including the prevalence, predictors of carriage, and antibiotic resistance. Methodology This study was cross-sectional, involving 300 diabetes patients and 106 non-diabetic individuals. Swab specimens of the nares were obtained from the participants and bacteriologically-cultured. Identification and characterization of S. aureus and MRSA were based on standard bacteriological methods; antimicrobial susceptibility testing was by the Kirby-Bauer method. Results The prevalence of staphylococcal carriage, the diabetes group relative to the non-diabetes group, were 31.0% and 10.4% (S. aureus), and 3.3% and 0.0% (MRSA). Presence of diabetes predisposed to S. aureus carriage, but not MRSA nor coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) carriage (OR = 3.88; p < 0.0001). Colonization with CoNS was protective of S. aureus (OR = 0.039, p < 0.001) and MRSA (OR = 0.115, p = 0.043) colonization among the diabetics. The antimicrobial resistance patterns recorded among the S. aureus isolated from the diabetic individuals relative to the non-diabetics were as follows: penicillin (95% vs. 91%), tetracycline (37% vs. 27%), cotrimoxazole (30% vs. 36%), erythromycin (17% vs. 0%), norfloxacin (13% vs. 0%), clindamycin (12% vs. 0%), gentamicin (9% vs. 0%), fusidic acid (10% vs. 9%), linezolid (4% vs. 0%), and rifampicin (5% vs. 0%). The proportion of multidrug resistant S. aureus was 41% (n = 38) in the diabetes group and 0% in the non-diabetes group; this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Conclusions The presence of diabetes predisposed the participants to S. aureus carriage by almost four folds, but not MRSA carriage. Colonization with CoNS was protective of S. aureus and MRSA carriage in the diabetes group. Finally, linezolid remains a good therapeutic agent for anti-MRSA therapy.


Author(s):  
EV Belyaeva ◽  
GB Ermolina ◽  
EV Boriskina ◽  
IS Shkurkina ◽  
VS Kropotov

Introduction: Staphylococcal infections rank high among healthcare-associated infections. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, especially S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus, often induce inflammatory processes in newborns. In this regard, it is important to study the persistence of these microorganisms in pediatric hospitals using intraspecific differentiation based on the comparison of spectra of their extracellular proteins. Our objective was to study circulation of S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus strains in a children’s hospital by electrophoretyping of their extracellular proteins. Materials and methods: We studied 277 strains of S. haemolyticus and 267 strains of S. epidermidis isolated from patients and various objects of the hospital environment by obtaining extracellular proteins of the isolates, analyzing them using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and determining their antibiotic resistance and ability to form biofilms. Results: The analysis of electrophoregrams of extracellular proteins of staphylococci revealed groups of identical strains. Isolates from different patients were combined into 21 S. haemolyticus groups comprising of 69 strains and 13 groups of S. epidermidis comprising of 38 strains. All the cultures were methicillin-resistant, with the exception of one group of two S. haemolyticus strains. More than half of the cultures grouped by spectra of extracellular proteins were multidrug resistant. The absolute majority of S. haemolyticus strains (97.2 %) and three quarters of S. epidermidis strains (76.0 %) were able to form biofilms. The average values of the degree of film formation in S. haemolyticus strains were significantly higher than those in S. epidermidis. Conclusions: Of all the studied cultures of staphylococci, 25 % of strains and 14 % of S. epidermidis strains persisted and were endemic in the children’s hospital, including 88.4 % of hemolytic and 42.1 % of epidermal staphylococcus strains for more than a month, and 21.7 % of S. haemolyticus and 21.1 % of S. epidermidis strains for almost a year. The strains were resistant to methicillin, and the isolates of S. haemolyticus had a high ability to form biofilms.


Author(s):  
N.U. Adabara ◽  
C.E. Amarachi ◽  
A.S. Adedeji ◽  
A. Usman ◽  
M. Maude ◽  
...  

Food borne disease associated with inappropriately treated or untreated eggs is a major public health problem affecting developing and developed countries. This study isolated, identified and determined the Antibiogram of bacteria isolates from eggshell of eggs obtained from three major markets in Minna, Nigeria. A total of ten (10) duplicate egg samples were purchased from egg retailers. The egg samples were analyzed for the enumeration and isolation of bacteria. The isolated bacteria were identified using biochemical methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test to prescribed commercially available antibiotic discs was also investigated. The total viable bacteria count (TVBC) ranged from 1.38×104 - 2.52×104 cfu/mL while the total coliform count (TCC) ranged from 8.5×103 - 2.02×104 cfu/mL. Escherichia coli (9.1%), Streptococcus pyogenes (4.5%), Enterococcus sp. (4.5%), Shigella sp. (13.6%), Salmonella sp. (13.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (36.4%), Clostridium sp. (9.1%) and Neisseria sp. (9.1%) were isolated and identified from eggshells. Gram positive bacteria showed highest sensitivity to gentamycin (100%) however, resist cloxacillin, ceftadizime and erythromycin (100%). Similarly, there was no ciprofloxacin resistant Gram-negative bacteria though E. coli, Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. isolated from eggshells were resistant to augmentin and amoxicillin. Further analysis of result revealed that all the isolated bacteria from eggshells were multidrug resistant except Neisseria sp. with multidrug resistant index greater than 0.2. The fact that these antibiotic resistant bacteria can be transferred to humans is of public health concern. Therefore, stringent use of public health regulations for cleaning eggs before retailing is advocated.


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S72-S72
Author(s):  
Emil Lesho ◽  
Melissa Bronstein ◽  
Jodi McNamara ◽  
Megan Callahan ◽  
Yoon Kwak ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Candida auris, an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen associated with increased mortality, can disseminate on hospital surfaces and resist disinfection. Transmission dynamics remain poorly understood at community hospitals. Immediately following identification of a C. auris infection in an unsuspected patient admitted to a semi-private room 6 days previously, we sought to limit and determine the extent of C. auris contamination at Rochester General (RG), a 528-bed hospital in New York, using available resources. Methods The index and roommate were placed on enhanced contact precautions and moved to private rooms. Their former room was terminally cleaned with peracetic acid/hydrogen peroxide (PAHP) and UV light. Ten high-touch environmental surfaces in the new rooms of the index and roommate, the nursing stations, and throughout the ward were sampled immediately before and after, and between daily cleaning. The nares, axillae, and groin of the index, the roommate, and all concurrent ward patients were also sampled. All patients on the involved ward were sequentially moved from their initial rooms into vacated rooms that were terminally cleaned with PAHP and UV light. Prior to the index event, RG laboratory began sending all possible C. auris isolates to the state public health laboratory for confirmation, and using PAHP for all cleaning. RG also leverages preexisting agreements with other referral laboratories to support outbreak investigations. Hand-hygiene compliance averaged 80–90% on the ward. Hospital leaders, laboratory, nursing, environmental services, and local public health personnel regularly participate in infection prevention efforts. Results C. auris was isolated from 3 of 132 surface samples on the eighth, nineth, and 15th day of ward occupancy, and 0 of 48 patient samples from 18 co-located patients. The index remained colonized until death on hospital Day 21. No surfaces were C. auris-positive 1 month later. Conclusion Compared with prior reports, dissemination at RG was limited. This, the first such quantitative assessment, illustrates how community hospitals can enhance surveillance and patient safety when formal agreements, vigilance, and multi-disciplinary and interagency teamwork exist before outbreaks occur. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


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