Signals

The Age of Em ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Financial Intermediation ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Cry For Help ◽  
Favorable Impression ◽  
Negative Feelings

Today, we make many choices with an eye to how those choices influence how others see us. For example, we try to give others a favorable impression of our general capacities, such as wealth, health, vigor, intelligence, knowledge, skills, conscientiousness, and artistic sense. With this in mind, we try to appear impressive in our arts, sports, schooling, hobbies, vocabularies, and other markers. For example, we plausibly pay extra for visibly nice clothes, cars, houses, etc., in part to show that we can afford such things. We use big words and witty banter in part to show our intelligence and schooling. We go to school in part to show our intelligence, conscientiousness, and conformity. We play sports in part to show our intelligence, health, strength, self-control, toughness, and cooperativeness. We play music in part to show our intelligence, self-control, passion, and creativity. We also try to give others a favorable impression of our loyalties and connections. That is, we try to credibly show that we feel strong positive ties toward certain individuals and groups, who feel similarly toward us. We can also try to show negative feelings toward rivals and outsiders. With this in mind, we choose with whom we spend our time, who we praise or criticize, and our styles of clothing, music, movies, etc. We follow gossip, news, and fashion in part to help show that we are well connected to respected sources of information. We enjoy stories and participate in politics in part to convince associates of our moral sympathies. We sometimes even cry for help, to show who will come running. Today, we spend a large fraction of our energy and wealth on such “signaling,” both because humans naturally care greatly about gaining status and respect in the eyes of others, and because being rich allows us to attend more to such concerns. As mentioned in Chapter 2, Era Values section, in terms of simple functionality, we seem today to spend excessive amounts on schools, medicine, financial intermediation, and huge projects. In contrast, while ems share most of our desires for respect, they live in a more competitive world, where they can less afford to indulge such desires.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Behaviors Related to The COVID–19 Pandemic in Malawi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jethro Banda ◽  
Albert N. Dube ◽  
Sarah Brumfield ◽  
Abena Amoah ◽  
Mia Crampin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Sub Saharan

ABSTRACTBackgroundThere are limited data on knowledge and behaviors related to COVID–19, and on the adoption of preventive behaviors, in sub-Saharan countries.MethodsBetween April 25th and May 23rd, we contacted 793 individuals aged 18 and older, who previously participated in studies conducted in the Karonga Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in Karonga District, Malawi. During an interview by mobile phone, we ascertained respondents’ sources of information about COVID–19 and we evaluated their knowledge of the transmission and course of SARS-CoV-2/COVID–19. We also asked them to evaluate their own risk of infection and severe illness. Finally, we inquired about the preventive measures they had adopted in response to the pandemic. We describe patterns of knowledge and behaviors among survey respondents, by area of residence (rural vs. urban).ResultsWe interviewed 630 respondents (79.5% response rate) which included 260 men and 370 women. Four hundred and eighty-nine respondents resided in rural areas (77.6%) and 141 resided in urban areas (22.4%). Only one respondent had never heard of COVID–19. Respondents reported on average 4 distinct sources of information about COVID–19. Misconceptions about the modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and about the course and severity of COVID–19, were common. For example, two thirds of respondents believed that everyone with COVID–19 would eventually become severely ill. Increased hand washing and avoiding crowds were the most reported strategies to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Use of face masks was more common among urban residents (22.5%) than among rural residents (5.0%).ConclusionDespite widespread access to information about the COVID–19 pandemic, gaps in knowledge about COVID–19 persist in this population. The adoption of preventive strategies remains limited, possibly due to limited perceived risk of infection among a large fraction of the population.

scholarly journals Health literacy of commercial industry managers: an exploratory qualitative study in Germany

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Pfaff ◽  
S Fiedler
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Knowledge Gap ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Ability To Act

Abstract Background Managers have been neglected in health literacy research. There still is little known about the health literacy status and needs of commercial industry managers. This study reduces the existing knowledge gap by presenting findings of an exploratory qualitative study. Methods We conducted 23 separate semi-structured interviews of managers from all management levels (low, middle and top) and experts in the field of health management and/or personnel management. The qualitative interviews were analysed according to Mayring’s content analytic approach using MAXQDA. Results The findings indicate that managers do have considerable information levels about existing health topics and relevant problems but have difficulties of discernment as to which sources of information can be activated or accessed in a timely fashion due to work and information overload. Even those who devise strategies often fail in implementing health-literate behavior. Experts and managers had fairly consistent views on the importance of health literacy among managers. Most agreed that mental health was neglected and that company conditions were important in influencing the ability to act in a way that promoted health literacy. The findings also show that strengthening of managerial self-perception, self-regulation and self-control, raising awareness and ability to take personal responsibility for one’s own health, developing skills in handling large amounts of information and fostering open and trusting communication are all essential. Conclusions The findings provide specific points which are important for promoting health literacy among managers. The study underscores the need to incorporate and integrate different perspectives in the implementation of health literacy interventions. To develop health-promoting companies, further research has to provide guides to action for managers and investigate ways in which health literacy can be promoted among managers on all hierarchical levels. Key messages Industry managers in this study agreed that their mental health has been neglected and company conditions were important in influencing the ability to act in a way that promoted health literacy. This study reduces the knowledge gap about the health literacy of managers. Further research should focus on promoting mental health and providing guides to action for managers and companies.

scholarly journals Empathic And Assertive Communication. Efficient Communication Developments

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-217
Author(s):  
Oana-Antonia Ilie ◽  
Ileana-Gentilia Metea
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Favorable Impression ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
Empathic Communication

Abstract We are always confronted with situations in which prevailing socially is strictly a matter of conversational technique. First, empathy and the mirroring of the other's emotional states and gestures is a must of efficient communication. Secondly, in order to prevent conflict situations one must learn to communicate assertively. Empathic communication is the ability or talent of knowing what other people feel and is essential when we want to produce or generate feedback. Assertive communication refers to the ability to express feelings and choices in a way that the self-esteem and feelings of others are not affected. A person who has these communicative competences will know to express wishes and feelings, to refuse and express opinions without offending the others, while maintaining a favorable impression and self-control.

scholarly journals INNOVATIVE DRIVERS OF SELF-CONTROL IN ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 148-154
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Panteleiev
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Enterprise Management ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
Innovative Project ◽  
Organizational Aspect ◽  
Further Development

Purpose. The aim of the article is to disclose the organizational aspect of self-control (setting tasks and sources of information) based on innovations. Methodology of research. The following methods are used to achieve this goal: comparative law ‒ to study the regulations governing innovation in Ukraine; system approach ‒ in the process of studying the factors that affect self-control; systematization, grouping and abstraction ‒ for the formation of tasks and sources of information for the organization of self-control and the content of the test of the innovative project of self-control. Findings. It is established that the main elements of innovations of self-control are methods and programs of self-control, modern software and means of automation of self-control, continuous training of employees. Indicators of efficiency of innovations at self-control are resulted. It is proved that the introduction of self-control based on innovations helps to strengthen the owner's control over capital. The test of the innovative project of self-control is offered. According to the stages of self-control, its tasks and necessary sources of information are determined. Originality. The substantiation of the expediency of self-control on the basis of innovations in the management of the enterprise, in particular, at the expense of the offered test of the innovative project of self-control has got further development. Practical value. The study is the basis for further development of self-control in the management of Ukrainian enterprises. The proposed test of the innovative project of self-control can be used in assessing the level of internal control of the enterprise. The proposals can be applied to most companies, with certain options for science-intensive operations, small businesses, etc. Key words: self-control, managerial innovations, classification of innovations, test of innovative project of self-control.

scholarly journals PREVENTIVE „NON-EXISTENT ANIMAL" DRAWING FOR THE STUDY OF AGGRESSION IN CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE BY DECIMATING THE SYMPTOMS ACCOMPANYING „COGNITIVE DISMODERATE INTERCOURSE”

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-471
Author(s):  
Vesela Ivanova Bozhkova
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Self Control ◽  
School Age ◽  
Behavioral Deficits ◽  
The People ◽  
Primary School Age ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Town

The studied students are from the fourth grade, the town of Kyustendil. The drawing of the "Non-existent animal" aims to prevent the essence of the problem of working at the level of primary prevention of aggression in children of primary school age. The following criteria are distinguished in order to analyze the symptom of the "non-existent animals" depicted by children: the preventive symbolic meaning of the depicted objects; preventative importance of colors; degree of aggression; the presence of decorative details. The preventative approach in the drawing is based on the stage in which children painting the non-existent animal, drawing themselves in situations of social communication. When children accumulate in their minds subjective, emotional estimates of their intercourse with their peers, they as a result of cognitive psychological stress sharpen their feelings of being suppressed. Students begin to experience inwardly negative feelings, as a result of which they push these experiences unconsciously and at a conflict moment of perturbation from the external environment with which they communicate, these emotions of emotion in the children are unleashed. At such times, children with lower self-control outweigh the aggressive manifestation of a calm reaction that avoids the aggressive outburst. There are situations where the propensity of children to irritable behavior leads to behavioral deficits in my forms of communication with others. When there is an unfavorable relationship between children, they start distancing and non-acceptance of the other's point of view, and then begin to feel lonely as a factor in „cognitive dismoderate intercourse". Incomplete interactions between children help to ignore the essential moments of communication between children; in practice, incorrect feedback is broken in the course of cognitive processes in communication. There is a distance, not a clarification of the relationship. A small percentage of children start sharing their emotions even with their loved ones. In practice, children do not clarify their positions and relationships with peers and those with whom they have problematic interactions. In this way, children reconstruct in their minds subjective assumptions about the actual irritants leading to aggressive manifestations. Children begin to get angry at themselves and the people they communicate with on every occasion, even with the most common remark. These children are predominantly irritable, especially among the students, which contributes to the escalation of their aggressive behavior. Children do not realize what behavior they actually have and how it affects the people they communicate with. They lack the proactive behavioral standard. Subsequently, there is an imbalance between perceptual views of children and their classmates about attitudes related to problematic issues. In practice, there is an incorrect refraction of the feedback in the process of communication between children, and the focus on their own perceptual attitudes comes to the fore. Emphasizing on one's own views and neglecting the corrective preventive attitude of adult authority on the problematic situation only reinforces the process of „cognitive dismoderate intercourse", among children.

scholarly journals Cancer and the emotions in 18th-century literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelle Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patient ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Positive Thinking ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Literary Device ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
Century Literature

This essay argues that the emotional rhetoric of today’s breast cancer discourse—with its emphasis on stoicism and ‘positive thinking’ in the cancer patient, and its use of sympathetic feeling to encourage charitable giving—has its roots in the long 18th century. While cancer had long been connected with the emotions, 18th-century literature saw it associated with both ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ feelings, and metaphors describing jealousy, love and other sentiments as ‘like a cancer’ were used to highlight the danger of allowing feelings—even benevolent or pleasurable feelings—to flourish unchecked. As the century wore on, breast cancer in particular became an important literary device for exploring the dangers of feeling in women, with writers of both moralising treatises and sentimental novels connecting the growth or development of cancer with the indulgence of feeling, and portraying emotional self-control as the only possible form of resistance against the disease. If, as Barbara Ehrenreich suggests, today’s discourse of ‘positive thinking’ has been mobilised to make patients with breast cancer more accepting of their diagnosis and more cooperative with punitive treatment regimens, then 18th-century fictional exhortations to stay cheerful served similarly conservative political and economic purposes, encouraging continued female submission to male prerogatives inside and outside the household.

scholarly journals MEKANISME KOPING PADA PENDERITA DIABETES MELLITUS DI POLI PENYAKIT DALAM RSUD DR SOEGIRI LAMONGAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Devi Hujratur Rohmah ◽  
Abu Bakar ◽  
Erna D Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Coping Mechanisms ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Coping Mechanism ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Diabetic Person ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
Individual Effort

Introduction: Coping mechanism was an individual effort to deal with a stressor. Diabetes mellitus was a degenerative disease that could not be cured and could become a stressor for the patients. If this stressor unhandled it can make the condition of patients become worse.Methods: The object of this research was to know the coping mechanism of diabetic person. Design used in this research was quasy experimental pre post test design. This research was using purposive sampling with five people as the samples. The recording result of interview would be transcribed as the data. Data would be classified depend on the criteria inclusion and would be analyzed by reduction, data serving, and data conclution to get the good result.Result and Analysis: The results showed that interviews with partisipants indicated they have accepted their condition by making efforts to deal with negative feelings experienced through self control, taking a positive appraisal and accepting the responsibility. They tended able to do a good self-management to deal with diabetes mellitus by performing the routine control, dietary changes, looking for information about diabetes mellitus and exercise regularly. Partisipants were also getting support from family, friends, and health professionals.Discussion: coping mechanisms were performed by diabetic person include emotional focused coping to deal with negative emotions and problem focused coping to deal with diabetes itself through management regimen task.

scholarly journals Crossing the Credit Channel

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (267) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Anderson ◽  
Ambrogio Cesa-Bianchi
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Financial Intermediation ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Credit Spreads ◽  
Credit Channel ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Financial Firms

Credit spreads rise after a monetary policy tightening, yet spread reactions are heterogeneous across firms. Exploiting information from a panel of corporate bonds matched with balance sheet data for U.S. non-financial firms, we document that firms with high leverage experience a more pronounced increase in credit spreads than firms with low leverage. A large fraction of this increase is due to a component of credit spreads that is in excess of firms' expected default. Our results suggest that frictions in the financial intermediation sector play a crucial role in shaping the transmission mechanism of monetary policy.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC CONTROL BY CIVIL SOCIETY: AN INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (04) ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Maryna AFANASIEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Economic Control ◽  
Commercial Secret ◽  
Tax Reporting

The article studies the significance of public institutions for successful functioning of a market economy. The emphasis is placed on the fact that market institutions are formed through social organization and evolution. The structure of modern society is clarified; combination of professional performance of the functions of its social group and adherence to moral values are selected to be the main criterion of the structure. The hypothesis of isomorphism of the social structure is advanced, according to which the decrease in the share of people in civil society with rent-seeking behavior can lead to similar shifts in business and public sector. The system of economic control is proposed that corresponds to division of society into three main social groups. The new content of control, which proceeds from the concept of sustainable development and the theory of systems, is revealed. The essence of the new type of control is formation of socially significant analytical information capable of launching mechanisms of self-organization of enterprises, including self-control. The main corrective tool is the publication of these findings. Attention is paid to original sources of information for civil control (for example, financial and tax reporting of enterprises), which is not a commercial secret in accordance with Ukrainian legislation. Institutional mechanisms, such as compulsory mechanism of the law, normative mechanism of professional opinion, imitative mechanism of positive practice, promotion of information, involvement of supporters and cooperation with foundations are listed. It is concluded that the introduction of economic control by civil society can strengthen public institutions such as law, morality, property, enterprise, trust in society, fair competition, etc. This, most likely, will have a positive impact on development of the economy.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Intellectual Learning in Dentistry Practices on self-esteem, negative affectivity, social inhibition and cognitive functions in undergrad-uate students

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1214-1217
Author(s):  
Sai Sailesh Kumar Goothy ◽  
Ravikanth Manyam ◽  
Gauthami S Penumatsa ◽  
Chandrashekar R ◽  
Sudhakara Reddy R ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Negative Affectivity ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Control ◽  
First Year ◽  
Social Inhibition ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Negative Feelings

The present study was an experimental (pre and post without control) design where the participants served as self-control. ILDP is a four-day workshop designed for first-year BDS students at Vishnu Educational Development &Innovation Centre (VEDIC), Hyderabad. Psychological parameters like self-esteem, negative affectivity and social inhibition were assessed. Cognitive parameters like reaction time, spatial and verbal memory and academic performance in the MCQ test were assessed before and after the ILDP program. Our study provides first scientific evidence for the beneficial effects of the ILDP program as there was a significant improvement in the self-esteem and decrease in the negative feelings and social inhibition. These changes contributed to the increase in the cognitive performance of the students. We recommend adoption of the ILDP program in the regular curriculum for the benefit of the college students in general.

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