Effect of ammoniation and harvest method on waste and consumption of corn residue bales fed to cows in a round bale feeder

Abstract To determine the effects of harvest method and ammoniation (3.7% of dry matter) on consumption and waste of baled corn residue, a 6 × 6 Latin square with a 3 × 2 factorial treatment structure was conducted. Six treatments consisted of either nonammoniated or ammoniated residue, harvested one of three ways: conventional rake and bale (CONV), New Holland Cornrower with two rows of stem chopped into the windrow with tailings (2ROW), or EZBale system (EZB) with a disengaged combine spreader and tailings dropped in a windrow. Open cows were grouped by body weight to produce a light block of two pens (448 kg ± 49.6) and a heavy block of four pens (649 kg ± 65.9). One bale was fed to each pen during each of six 7-d periods using round bale ring feeders with closed bottom panels. Residue falling around (waste) and remaining in (refusals) the feeder was collected. The daily nutrient intake was estimated as the difference between what was offered and what remained (waste plus refusals). Crude protein (CP) of residue offered did not differ (P = 0.58) among harvest methods. The digestible organic matter (DOM) content of residue offered in 2ROW and EZB bales did not differ (P = 0.86) and was greater (P < 0.01) than CONV. Ammoniation increased (P < 0.01) CP and DOM content of the residue offered. Total wasted and refused residue did not differ (P = 0.12) between 2ROW (29%) and EZB (37%), while CONV (42%) was greater (P = 0.02) than 2ROW but did not differ (P = 0.34) from EZB. Ammoniation reduced (P = 0.03) total waste and refusals from 41% to 32%. The nutrient content of both waste and refusals did not differ (P ≥ 0.34) among harvest methods and, with the exception of CP, was not affected (P ≥ 0.15) by ammoniation. The CP content of the waste was greater (P = 0.02) and refusals tended to be greater (P = 0.08) from ammoniated bales. The CP intake of 2ROW was greater (P ≤ 0.02) than both EZB and CONV, while EZB tended (P = 0.06) to be greater than CONV. The CP intake of all ammoniated residues was greater (P < 0.01) than the nonammoniated residue. The DOM intake of nonammoniated 2ROW and EZB did not differ (P = 0.61) but was greater than nonammoniated CONV (P < 0.01). Ammoniation increased (P < 0.01) DOM intake. Overall, ammoniation had much larger effects than harvest method, resulting in reduced waste and refusals and greater intake of DOM and CP. However, the combination of both ammoniation and selective harvest (2ROW or EZB) was needed to result in energy and protein intakes that would meet the needs of a mature cow in mid-gestation.

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PSII-15 Effect of ammoniation and harvest method on waste and consumption of corn residue bales fed to cows in a round bale feeder

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.397 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 226-226

Author(s):

Ashley Conway ◽

Zac Carlson ◽

Henry Hilscher ◽

James C MacDonald ◽

Terry Klopfenstein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latin Square ◽

Corn Residue ◽

Treatment Structure ◽

Bale Feeder ◽

Harvest Method

Abstract To determine the effects of harvest method and ammoniation (3.7% of DM) on the consumption and waste of baled corn residue, a 6 x 6 Latin square with a 3 x 2 factorial treatment structure was conducted. Six treatments consisted of either untreated or ammoniated residue, harvested one of three ways: conventional rake-and-bale (CONV), New Holland Cornrower with two rows of stem chopped into the windrow with tailings (2ROW), or EZ-Bale system (EZB) with a disengaged combine spreader and tailings dropped in a windrow. Open beef females (12 heifers and 30 cows) were stratified and blocked by age into 6 pens (7 hd/pen) such that each pen had similar total BW. One bale was fed to each pen over six, 7 d periods using round-bale ring feeders with closed bottom panels. Residue falling around (waste) and remaining in (orts) the feeder were weighed. There was a significant (P < 0.01) harvest method by ammoniation interaction for DMI (% BW) and a tendency (P = 0.07) for waste. Intake of non-ammoniated EZB (1.6%) was greater (P = 0.03) than CONV (1.3%) and 2ROW (1.4%) which did not differ (P = 0.80). Intake of ammoniated CONV (1.2%) and EZB (1.5%) did not differ (P = 0.45) from their non-ammoniated counterpart, but ammoniation increased intake of 2ROW (1.9%). Within the unammoniated residue, waste did not differ (P > 0.13) among harvest methods and was 17.8%, 23.4%, and 22.7% for EZB, CONV and 2ROW. Ammoniated EZB (16.3%) and CONV (21.8%) did not differ from each other or their unammoniated counterpart. However, waste (10.6%) of ammoniated 2ROW was less (P < 0.01) than non-ammoniated 2ROW. Ammoniation and, to a lesser extent, harvest method, can be used to increase intake and reduce waste of corn residue bales fed to cows.

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Insulin response to feeding forage with varying crude protein and amino acid content in horses at rest and after exercise

Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.3920/cep13014 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 9 (3-4) ◽

pp. 209-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Ringmark ◽

A. Jansson

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Plasma Insulin ◽

Insulin Response ◽

Latin Square ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Plasma Insulin Response

This study assessed the insulin response to forage intake with varying crude protein (CP) content in horses at rest and after exercise. Six geldings were fed three grass haylage-only diets for 7 days according to a 3×3 Latin square design. On day 7, blood samples were collected before and for 120 min after feeding 15% of the daily allowance before exercise (feeding A) and after standardised exercise (feeding B). Feed samples were collected before each feeding. Dry matter (DM) and nutrient content varied (DM: 37-58%, water-soluble carbohydrates minus fructans (WSC-f): 3-12% of DM, CP: 10-15% of DM) which resulted in a variation in nutrient intake within haylage batches. Based on individual CP and WSC-f intakes, intake groups were therefore formed (low and high CP intake; ≤ and ≯180 g CP/100 kg body weight, respectively and low and high WSC-f intake; ≤ and ≯100 g/100 kg body weight, respectively). Amino acids were analysed and intakes were generally higher in the high CP group than in the low CP group. An ANOVA model including horse, CP group and WSC-f intake explained 95% of the variation in plasma insulin response compared to 87% using a model including horse and WSC-f group alone. The plasma insulin area under curve (AUC) following feeding A tended to be higher in the high CP group than in the low CP group (P=0.08), but there was no difference after feeding B. Plasma glucose AUC was not affected by CP group (P≯0.05). The study indicates that the post-prandial plasma insulin response in horses fed a forage-only diet is increased by high WSC-f intake but may also be increased by high CP intake, at least at rest. However, due to the low number of observations further studies are needed.

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The influence of the legume Leucaena leucocephala and formal-casein on the production and composition of milk from grazing cows

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600062870 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 92 (2) ◽

pp. 351-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

J. F. Flores ◽

T. H. Stobbs ◽

D. J. Minson

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Leucaena Leucocephala ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Latin Square ◽

Design Experiment ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Digestible Organic Matter ◽

Chloris Gayana ◽

Jersey Cows

SummaryTwenty-four lactating Jersey cows, grazing a 3-week regrowth of nitrogen-fertilized Chloris gayana cv. Pioneer pastures selected a diet containing 18% crude protein and were given 0, 2 or 4 kg/day of fresh Leucaena leucocephala or 250 g/day of formal-casein. The effect of the treatments on milk production was measured in a 4 × 4 latin-square design experiment with experimental periods of 14 days.Mean milk yield of unsupplemented cows was 9·6 kg/day, 10·1 kg/day when cows were supplemented with formal-casein and 10·3 kg/day when fed 2 or 4 kg Leucaena/day. Yields of solids-not-fat, protein, casein, butterfat and short and medium-chain (C4–C16) fatty acids in milk fat were higher when cows were fed supplements (P < 0·01). Intake of digestible organic matter was lowest on the unsupplemented diets although feed in excess of 40 kg D.M./cow/day was offered and cows had little difficulty harvesting feed with a mean bite size of 350 mg organic matter/bite and mean grazing time of 507 min/24 h.It was concluded that a tropical grass diet containing 18% crude protein was deficient in protein for lactating cows and that small quantities of the legume Leucaena can alleviate such a deficiency.

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EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH MANGGIS (Garcinia Mangostana L.) SEBAGAI OBAT ANTI DIARE

Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi & Herbal ◽

10.36656/jpfh.v2i1.195 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 9-13

Author(s):

Zaim Anshari ◽

Chrismis Novalinda Ginting ◽

Linda Chiuman ◽

Yuliani Mardiati Lubis

Keyword(s):

Blood Vessels ◽

Smooth Muscles ◽

Latin Square ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Garcinia Mangostana ◽

Pharmacology And Toxicology ◽

The Difference ◽

North Sumatra ◽

Papaverine Hydrochloride

This study aims to determine whether mangosteen rind extract (in the form of ethanol extract/EE) can be used as an anti-diarrhea drug after compared with other anti-diarrhea substances in three experimental groups. This research is an in vitro experimental study using adult male guinea pigs weighing 400-600 gr through the standard method of Magnus with the Latin square controlled experiment design. The study was conducted at the Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of North Sumatra. The results showed that the contraction of ileum in Ach with Atp + Ach compared the difference in contraction of ileum Ach with EE + Ach showed the difference in difference between the two contractions of the ileum was significant, the contraction of ileum in His with Dip + His compared indifference in contraction of ileum His with EE + His showed a difference indifference. the two ileal contractions are significant, the ileal contraction in the bar with Papa + Bar compared to the difference between the ileum bar contraction with EE + Bar shows no difference in the difference between the two ileum contractions. The conclusion is that the Mangosteen Skin Ethanol Extract works similarly to Papaverine Hydrochloride which is an antidiarrheal drug used to relax smooth muscles so that it can also make blood vessels dilate by relaxing smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels.

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What is the digestibility and caloric value of different botanical parts in corn residue to cattle?1

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz137 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (7) ◽

pp. 3056-3070 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Emily A Petzel ◽

Evan C Titgemeyer ◽

Alexander J Smart ◽

Kristin E Hales ◽

Andrew P Foote ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Nutrient Availability ◽

Heat Production ◽

Latin Square ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Net Energy ◽

Digestible Energy ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Corn Residue ◽

Completely Randomized Design

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to measure rates of ruminal disappearance, and energy and nutrient availability and N balance among cows fed corn husks, leaves, or stalks. Ruminal disappearance was estimated after incubation of polyester bags containing husks, leaves or stalks in 2 separate ruminally cannulated cows in a completely randomized design. Organic matter (OM) that initially disappeared was greatest for stalks and least for husks and leaves (P < 0.01), but amounts of NDF that initially disappeared was greatest for husks, intermediate for stalks, and least for leaves (P < 0.01). Amounts of DM and OM that slowly disappeared were greatest in husks, intermediate in leaves, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). However, amounts of NDF that slowly disappeared were greatest in leaves, intermediate in husks, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). Rate of DM and OM disappearance was greater for leaves, intermediate for husks and least for stalks, but rate of NDF disappearance was greatest for stalks, intermediate for leaves, and least for husks (P < 0.01). Energy and nutrient availability in husks, leaves, or stalks were measured by feeding ruminally cannulated cows husk-, leaf-, or stalk-based diets in a replicated Latin square. Digestible energy lost as methane was less (P = 0.02) when cows were fed leaves in comparison to husks or stalks, and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg DM) was greater (P = 0.03) when cows were fed husks and leaves compared with stalks. Heat production (Mcal/d) was not different (P = 0.74) between husks, leaves, or stalks; however, amounts of heat produced as a proportion of digestible energy intake were less (P = 0.05) among cows fed leaves in comparison to stalks or husks. Subsequently, there was a tendency (P = 0.06) for net energy available for maintenance from leaves (1.42 Mcal/kg DM) to be greater than stalks (0.91 Mcal/kg DM), and husks (1.30 Mcal/kg DM) were intermediate. Nitrogen balance was greater when cows were fed leaves, intermediate for husks, and least for stalks (P = 0.01). Total tract digestion of NDF was greater (P < 0.01) for husks and leaves compared with stalks. Husks had greater (P = 0.04) OM digestibility in comparison to stalks, and leaves were intermediate. Apparently, greater production of methane from husks in comparison to leaves limited amounts of energy available for maintenance from husks even though total-tract nutrient digestion was greatest when cows were fed husks or leaves.

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EFFECTS OF LYSINE INFUSION PER ABOMASUM OF STEERS FED CONTINUOUSLY

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas72-080 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 681-687 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. J. BOILA ◽

T. J. DEVLIN

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Linear Increase ◽

The Body ◽

The Other ◽

Body Tissue ◽

Rumen Microorganisms

Four dairy steers were allotted to four lysine infusion levels in a 4 × 4 latin square design and fed an 11.5% crude protein (90% dry matter (DM)) diet continuously (10-min intervals every 24 hr). Lysine hydrochloride equivalent to 0.0, 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 g lysine per day was infused per abomasum. When 9 g lysine were infused per day, the percent of absorbed nitrogen (N) retained was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced; urinary N excretion as a percentage of N intake and plasma-free lysine were increased significantly compared with the other three infusion treatments. The infusion of 9 g lysine per day apparently exceeded the body tissue requirements for this amino acid and the excess N was excreted in the urine. A possibility of lysine being limiting (0.28% lysine of a 100% DM diet) was apparently offset by the synthesis of lysine by rumen microorganisms, which increased the dietary lysine two- to threefold. Increased levels of infused lysine did not result in a linear increase of lysine in the abomasum. With 3 g per day lysine infusion rumen ammonia and N retentions were high. However, a smaller amount of N reached the abomasum with steers on this treatment.

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Variability of apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in different pea samples for growing-finishing pigs

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a99-003 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 79 (4) ◽

pp. 467-475 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

M. Z. Fan ◽

W. C. Sauer

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Corn Starch ◽

Latin Square ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Trypsin Inhibitor Activity ◽

Significant Finding ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Initial Body Weight ◽

Ileal Digestibility

Six barrows, average initial body weight 32.5 kg, fitted with a simple T-can-nula at the distal ileum, were used to investigate factors responsible for the variability of apparent ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility values among six pea samples. The barrows were fed six corn-starch-based diets, formulated to contain 16.5% crude protein (CP) (as-fed) from six different pea samples, according to a 6 × 6 Latin square design. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as the digestibility marker. The pigs were fed twice daily, at 0800 and 2000 h. The dietary allowance was 1600 g−1. Each experimental period lasted 7 d. Ileal digesta were collected at 2-h intervals for a total of 24 h from 0800 h on day 6 to 0800 h on day 8. With the exception of arginine, cysteine, histidine, and methionine, there were differences (P < 0.05) in the apparent ileal digestibility values of the indispensable including semi-essential (+semi-) AA among the pea samples. Of the indispensable AA (+semi-) within each pea sample, the digestibility values of arginine and lysine were relatively high, ranging from 88.3 to 91.3% and from 78.7 to 85.2%, respectively, while the digestibility values of cysteine, methionine, and tryptophan were relatively low, ranging from 53.8 to 62.7%, from 69.4 to 75.4%, and from 53.1 to 70.4%, respectively. With the exception of arginine, cysteine, and tryptophan, the ileal digestibility values of the indispensable AA (+semi-) were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the neu-tral-detergent fiber content in the pea samples. Of all the AA, only the digestibility of tryptophan was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the trypsin inhibitor activity in the pea samples. The significant finding of this study was that with the exception of arginine, cysteine, and proline, differences in the digestibility values of all other AA in the pea samples were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with their respective dietary AA contents. This suggests that differences in AA levels in the assay diets were responsible for the variability of apparent ileal digestibility values of AA between pea samples. Therefore, to eliminate this methodological effect, true rather than apparent ileal AA digestibility values for peas should be determined. Key words: Amino acids, ileal digestibility, peas, pigs

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Effects of graded inclusion levels of raw garbanzo beans on apparent total tract digestibility, fecal quality, and fecal fermentative end-products and microbiota in extruded feline diets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab297 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lauren M Reilly ◽

Fei He ◽

Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas ◽

Bruce R Southey ◽

Jolene M Hoke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Latin Square ◽

Protein Source ◽

Pet Food ◽

Nutritional Factors ◽

End Products ◽

Maintain Body Weight ◽

Inclusion Level

Abstract Garbanzo beans (GB; Cicer arietinum) are a readily available pulse crop that have gained popularity as a plant-based protein source in the pet food industry. However, raw GB contain anti-nutritional factors that can reduce digestibility and cause digestive upsets in pets that are undesirable to owners. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the inclusion of raw or cooked GB in extruded feline diets on macronutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal tolerance, and fermentative end-products in cats. Five diets were formulated to contain raw GB at 0, 7.5, 15, or 30% or cooked GB at 30%. Ten adult, male cats (mean age: 1.0 ± 0.0 yr, mean BW: 4.7 ± 0.4 kg) were used in a replicated 5x5 Latin square design. Each period consisted of 14 d, with 10 d of diet adaptation followed by 4 d of total fecal and urine collection. At the end of each period, 4 mL of blood were collected and analyzed for a serum chemistry and complete blood count to ensure all animals remained healthy throughout the study. Cats were fed twice daily and food intake was calculated to maintain body weight. Food intake was highest (P < 0.05) for cats fed 0% raw GB (72.2 g/d, DMB) compared with GB inclusions of 7.5% or greater (average 70.3 g/d, DMB). Dry matter and organic matter apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) were lowest (P < 0.05) for cats consuming the 30% cooked GB diet (77.3% and 81.7%, respectively). Cats fed 7.5% raw GB had greater (P < 0.05) crude protein ATTD (86.2%) than cats fed 15% raw GB (82.3%) or 30% cooked GB (81.6%). Total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were highest (P < 0.05) for 30% cooked GB at 682 μmol/g but not different (P > 0.05) than 15% GB (528 μmol/g) or 30% raw GB (591 μmol/g) diets. In terms of fecal microbial abundance, the predominant phyla were Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteria. Cats fed the 0% GB diet had a greater relative abundance of Firmicutes (62.1%) and Fusobacteria (4.0%) than the remaining diets (average 54% and 1.6%, respectively). In conclusion, all inclusion levels of raw GB resulted in high digestibility (average > 80%) and ideal fecal scores (average 2.9), demonstrating their adequacy as a protein source in feline diets up to a 30% inclusion level.

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EFFECT OF SOME PROCESSING METHODS ON NUTRIENT CONTENT AND ANTI-NUTRITIONAL FACTORS OF A VARIETY OF DOLICHOS LABLAB (LABLAB PURPUREUS L.) BEANS GROWN IN KENYA

10.37512/500 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Proximate Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Trypsin Inhibitor Activity ◽

Research Station ◽

Lablab Purpureus ◽

Processing Methods ◽

Nutritional Factors ◽

Dolichos Lablab ◽

Trypsin Inhibitory Activity

This study aimed to determine the effect of different processing methods on the proximate composition and anti-nutritional factors of Dolichos lablab beans (Lablab purpureus) of Kenya. The seeds of KAT/DL-2 variety,sourced from Kenya Agricultural Livestock and Research Organisation, Katumani Dryland Research Station were sorted, then subjected to different processing methods (soaking, cooking and germination). The samples were analysed for proximate composition, tannins, phytates and trypsin inhibitory activity. The results showed a significant increase (2.0%) in crude protein content for germinated lablab beans while carbohydrates content was high in cooked samples. The variety KAT/DL-2 had high levels of phytates; 723.6 mg/100g and tannins 330.3mg/100g and trypsin inhibitor activity 1.3mg/100g. Cooking achieved the highest reduction of anti-nutrients with 88% reduction in TIU. The results revealed that the anti-nutrients in lablab beans can be reduced using different methods of processing. However, there is need to investigate the effect of combined methods on the nutrients and anti-nutrients.

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Replacing grass silage with pea-barley intercrop silage in the feeding of the dairy cow

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.2137/145960606779216281 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 235 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. PURSIAINEN ◽

M. TUORI

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Latin Square ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Ad Libitum Intake ◽

Barley Silage

The effect of replacing wilted grass silage (GS) with pea-barley intercrop silage (PBS) on feed intake, diet digestibility and milk production was studied with 8 multiparous Ayrshire-cows in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Proportion of PBS was 0 (PBS0), 33 (PBS33), 67 (PBS67) or 100 (PBS100) % of silage dry matter (DM). The DM content was 559 and 255 g kg-1 for GS and PBS. Crude protein content was 131 and 170 g kg-1 DM, respectively. Pea-barley silage was more extensively fermented than GS with total fermentation acid content of 120 vs. 12 g kg-1 DM. Silage was fed for ad libitum intake and supplemented with on the average 13 kg concentrate per day. Silage DM intake was 9.2 (PBS0), 9.7 (PBS33), 9.0 (PBS67) and 7.1 (PBS100) kg per day (Pquadr. < 0.05). The energy corrected milk yield [30.3 (PBS0), 29.8 (PBS33), 30.3 (PBS67), 31.3 (PBS100) kg per day] was not significantly affected by the treatment. Milk protein concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.05) in response to feeding PBS. It is concluded that PBS can replace up to two thirds of wilted, moderate quality GS in the feeding of dairy cows because in this experiment pure pea-barley silage reduced silage intake.

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