scholarly journals Cell migration and axon guidance at the border between central and peripheral nervous system

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 365 (6456) ◽  
pp. eaaw8231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey A. C. S. Suter ◽  
Alexander Jaworski
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Axon Guidance ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Open Questions

The central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS, respectively) are composed of distinct neuronal and glial cell types with specialized functional properties. However, a small number of select cells traverse the CNS-PNS boundary and connect these two major subdivisions of the nervous system. This pattern of segregation and selective connectivity is established during embryonic development, when neurons and glia migrate to their destinations and axons project to their targets. Here, we provide an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control cell migration and axon guidance at the vertebrate CNS-PNS border. We highlight recent advances on how cell bodies and axons are instructed to either cross or respect this boundary, and present open questions concerning the development and plasticity of the CNS-PNS interface.

No pun intended: future directions in invertebrate glial cell migration studies

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Cafferty ◽  
Vanessa J. Auld
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
System Development ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Function

AbstractGlial cells play a wide range of essential roles in both nervous system development and function and has been reviewed recently (Parker and Auld, 2006). Glia provide an insulating sheath, either form or direct the formation of the blood–brain barrier, contribute to ion and metabolite homeostasis and provide guidance cues. Glial function often depends on the ability of glial cells to migrate toward specific locations during nervous system development. Work in nervous system development in insects, in particular in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, has provided significant insight into the roles of glia, although the molecular mechanisms underlying glial cell migration are being determined only now. Indeed, many of the processes and mechanisms discovered in these simpler systems have direct parallels in the development of vertebrate nervous systems. In this review, we first examine the developmental contexts in which invertebrate glial cell migration has been observed, we next discuss the characterized molecules required for proper glial cell migration, and we finally discuss future goals to be addressed in the study of glial cell development.

scholarly journals AAV Targeting of Glial Cell Types in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System and Relevance to Human Gene Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon J. O’Carroll ◽  
William H. Cook ◽  
Deborah Young
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nerve Degeneration ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

Different glial cell types are found throughout the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), where they have important functions. These cell types are also involved in nervous system pathology, playing roles in neurodegenerative disease and following trauma in the brain and spinal cord (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes), nerve degeneration and development of pain in peripheral nerves (Schwann cells, satellite cells), retinal diseases (Müller glia) and gut dysbiosis (enteric glia). These cell type have all been proposed as potential targets for treating these conditions. One approach to target these cell types is the use of gene therapy to modify gene expression. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have been shown to be safe and effective in targeting cells in the nervous system and have been used in a number of clinical trials. To date, a number of studies have tested the use of different AAV serotypes and cell-specific promoters to increase glial cell tropism and expression. However, true glial-cell specific targeting for a particular glial cell type remains elusive. This review provides an overview of research into developing glial specific gene therapy and discusses some of the issues that still need to be addressed to make glial cell gene therapy a clinical reality.

scholarly journals Anaphylactic Degranulation of Mast Cells: Focus on Compound Exocytosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ofir Klein ◽  
Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Regulated Exocytosis ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Compound Exocytosis

Anaphylaxis is a notorious type 2 immune response which may result in a systemic response and lead to death. A precondition for the unfolding of the anaphylactic shock is the secretion of inflammatory mediators from mast cells in response to an allergen, mostly through activation of the cells via the IgE-dependent pathway. While mast cells are specialized secretory cells that can secrete through a variety of exocytic modes, the most predominant mode exerted by the mast cell during anaphylaxis is compound exocytosis—a specialized form of regulated exocytosis where secretory granules fuse to one another. Here, we review the modes of regulated exocytosis in the mast cell and focus on compound exocytosis. We review historical landmarks in the research of compound exocytosis in mast cells and the methods available for investigating compound exocytosis. We also review the molecular mechanisms reported to underlie compound exocytosis in mast cells and expand further with reviewing key findings from other cell types. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons for the mast cell to utilize compound exocytosis during anaphylaxis, the conflicting evidence in different mast cell models, and the open questions in the field which remain to be answered.

scholarly journals Immune Actions on the Peripheral Nervous System in Pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1448
Author(s):  
Jessica Aijia Liu ◽  
Jing Yu ◽  
Chi Wai Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Lipid Mediators ◽  
Cellular Changes

Pain can be induced by tissue injuries, diseases and infections. The interactions between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and immune system are primary actions in pain sensitizations. In response to stimuli, nociceptors release various mediators from their terminals that potently activate and recruit immune cells, whereas infiltrated immune cells further promote sensitization of nociceptors and the transition from acute to chronic pain by producing cytokines, chemokines, lipid mediators and growth factors. Immune cells not only play roles in pain production but also contribute to PNS repair and pain resolution by secreting anti-inflammatory or analgesic effectors. Here, we discuss the distinct roles of four major types of immune cells (monocyte/macrophage, neutrophil, mast cell, and T cell) acting on the PNS during pain process. Integration of this current knowledge will enhance our understanding of cellular changes and molecular mechanisms underlying pain pathogenies, providing insights for developing new therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Neuropathologic Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mar Pacheco-Herrero ◽  
Luis O. Soto-Rojas ◽  
Charles R. Harrington ◽  
Yazmin M. Flores-Martinez ◽  
Marcos M. Villegas-Rojas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The current pandemic caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a public health emergency. To date, March 1, 2021, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused about 114 million accumulated cases and 2.53 million deaths worldwide. Previous pieces of evidence suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may affect the central nervous system (CNS) and cause neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients. It is also known that angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), the primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, is expressed in different brain areas and cell types. Thus, it is hypothesized that infection by this virus could generate or exacerbate neuropathological alterations. However, the molecular mechanisms that link COVID-19 disease and nerve damage are unclear. In this review, we describe the routes of SARS-CoV-2 invasion into the central nervous system. We also analyze the neuropathologic mechanisms underlying this viral infection, and their potential relationship with the neurological manifestations described in patients with COVID-19, and the appearance or exacerbation of some neurodegenerative diseases.

Some fly sensory organs are gliogenic and require glide/gcm in a precursor that divides symmetrically and produces glial cells

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (17) ◽  
pp. 3735-3743 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Van De Bor ◽  
R. Walther ◽  
A. Giangrande
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Sensory Organ ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Glial Precursor

In flies, the choice between neuronal and glial fates depends on the asymmetric division of multipotent precursors, the neuroglioblast of the central nervous system and the IIb precursor of the sensory organ lineage. In the central nervous system, the choice between the two fates requires asymmetric distribution of the glial cell deficient/glial cell missing (glide/gcm) RNA in the neuroglioblast. Preferential accumulation of the transcript in one of the daughter cells results in the activation of the glial fate in that cell, which becomes a glial precursor. Here we show that glide/gcm is necessary to induce glial differentiation in the peripheral nervous system. We also present evidence that glide/gcm RNA is not necessary to induce the fate choice in the peripheral multipotent precursor. Indeed, glide/gcm RNA and protein are first detected in one daughter of IIb but not in IIb itself. Thus, glide/gcm is required in both central and peripheral glial cells, but its regulation is context dependent. Strikingly, we have found that only subsets of sensory organs are gliogenic and express glide/gcm. The ability to produce glial cells depends on fixed, lineage related, cues and not on stochastic decisions. Finally, we show that after glide/gcm expression has ceased, the IIb daughter migrates and divides symmetrically to produce several mature glial cells. Thus, the glide/gcm-expressing cell, also called the fifth cell of the sensory organ, is indeed a glial precursor. This is the first reported case of symmetric division in the sensory organ lineage. These data indicate that the organization of the fly peripheral nervous system is more complex than previously thought.

Clinical relevance of the neurotrophins and their receptors

2006 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelley J. Allen ◽  
David Dawbarn
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Neuronal Tissues

The neurotrophins are growth factors required by discrete neuronal cell types for survival and maintenance, with a broad range of activities in the central and peripheral nervous system in the developing and adult mammal. This review examines their role in diverse disease states, including Alzheimer's disease, depression, pain and asthma. In addition, the role of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) in synaptic plasticity and memory formation is discussed. Unlike the other neurotrophins, BDNF is secreted in an activity-dependent manner that allows the highly controlled release required for synaptic regulation. Evidence is discussed which shows that sequestration of NGF (nerve growth factor) is able to reverse symptoms of inflammatory pain and asthma in animal models. Both pain and asthma show an underlying pathophysiology linked to increases in endogenous NGF and subsequent NGF-dependent increase in BDNF. Conversely, in Alzheimer's disease, there is a role for NGF in the treatment of the disease and a recent clinical trial has shown benefit from its exogenous application. In addition, reductions in BDNF, and changes in the processing and usage of NGF, are evident and it is possible that both NGF and BDNF play a part in the aetiology of the disease process. This highly selective choice of functions and disease states related to neurotrophin function, although in no way comprehensive, illustrates the importance of the neurotrophins in the brain, the peripheral nervous system and in non-neuronal tissues. Ways in which the neurotrophins, their receptors or agonists/antagonists may act therapeutically are discussed.

scholarly journals Co-ordination of cell cycle and differentiation in the developing nervous system

2012 ◽  
Vol 444 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Hindley ◽  
Anna Philpott
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Cell Cycle Regulators ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinases ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Developing Nervous System

During embryonic development, cells must divide to produce appropriate numbers, but later must exit the cell cycle to allow differentiation. How these processes of proliferation and differentiation are co-ordinated during embryonic development has been poorly understood until recently. However, a number of studies have now given an insight into how the cell cycle machinery, including cyclins, CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases), CDK inhibitors and other cell cycle regulators directly influence mechanisms that control cell fate and differentiation. Conversely, examples are emerging of transcriptional regulators that are better known for their role in driving the differentiated phenotype, which also play complementary roles in controlling cell cycle progression. The present review will summarise our current understanding of the mechanisms co-ordinating the cell cycle and differentiation in the developing nervous system, where these links have been, perhaps, most extensively studied.

scholarly journals Efficient GFP-labeling and analysis of spermatogenic cells using the IRG transgene and flow cytometry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah L. Zagore ◽  
Cydni C. Akesson ◽  
Donny D. Licatalosi
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Haploid Male ◽  
Human Reproductive ◽  
Development And Differentiation

AbstractSpermatogenesis is a highly ordered developmental program that produces haploid male germ cells. The study of male germ cell development in the mouse has provided unique perspectives into the molecular mechanisms that control cell development and differentiation in mammals, including tissue-specific gene regulatory programs. An intrinsic challenge in spermatogenesis research is the heterogeneity of germ and somatic cell types present in the testis. Techniques to separate and isolate distinct mouse spermatogenic cell types have great potential to shed light on molecular mechanisms controlling mammalian cell development, while also providing new insights into cellular events important for human reproductive health. Here, we detail a versatile strategy that combines Cre-lox technology to fluorescently label germ cells, with flow cytometry to discriminate and isolate germ cells in different stages of development for cellular and molecular analyses.

scholarly journals Neurofibroma of the peroneal nerve

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (videosuppl1) ◽  
pp. V2
Author(s):  
Clayton Haldeman ◽  
Amgad Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Peroneal Nerve ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Popliteal Fossa ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
Total Resection ◽  
Painful Mass ◽  
Different Cell Types

Neurofibromas are benign tumors composed of different cell types from the peripheral nervous system. Neurofibromas infiltrate between nerve fascicles and do not have a discrete capsule. On MRI, they are T1 hypointense or isointense, T2 hyperintense, often with a “target sign,” and contrast enhancing. The video shows gross-total resection of a peroneal nerve neurofibroma presenting as a painful mass in the popliteal fossa. Incisions across a skin crease can be either oblique or zigzag, but never perpendicular to it. It is also key to expose normal nerve proximal and distal to the tumor. The patient had a good functional outcome.The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/G74Zoa1Y2JM.

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