Regional Variation in Restorative Treatment Need among Finnish Young People

Aim. To evaluate the regional variation in restorative treatment need among Finnish young people based on the socioeconomic factors. Materials and Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 20 garrisons of the Finnish Defence Forces in January and July 2011. The study population comprised 13,819 Finnish conscripts born in the beginning of 1990s, including females. A computer-based survey was done together with clinical oral examination to gather background information, e.g., educational status. Furthermore, average annual income of the conscript’s residence municipality was achieved from the Statistics of Finland. The zip code of the place of residence of each conscript was later extracted from the Mildoc® system. Georeferenced place of residence and income status were merged as information on provinces’ level in a dataset. The association between the outcome variable and explanatory variables was determined by using the generalized linear mixed model, and geomaps were constructed. Results. Mean D value was 1.41 ranging from 0.89 (Kymenlaakso) to 2.33 (Kainuu). Higher education and high-income level were protective factors for restorative treatment need. Restorative treatment need was also low in those areas with high (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.56–0.87) and medium (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.70–0.89) yearly income compared to low yearly income. The high odds for the need of restorative treatment were discovered in Northern Ostrobothnia (OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.53–3.33) followed by Central Ostrobothnia (OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.17–3.70), Uusimaa (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.16–2.08), and Central Finland (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.10–2.16) compared to Varsinais-Suomi. Conclusion. In conclusion, there is a significant regional variation in restorative treatment need among Finnish young people in their twenties based on the socioeconomic factors.

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Examining the association between HIV prevalence and socioeconomic factors among young people in Zambia: Do neighbourhood contextual effects play a role?

10.21203/rs.3.rs-15670/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chola Nakazwe ◽

Knut Martin Fylkesnes ◽

Charles Michelo ◽

Ingvild F. Sandøy

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Hiv Prevalence ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Men And Women ◽

Individual Level ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Hiv Serostatus ◽

Individual Variables

Abstract Background: Evidently, socioeconomic factors are strongly associated with HIV infection, however, the pattern of association varies. Understanding how these factors influence HIV infection can help public health authorities design targeted comprehensive prevention strategies. Methods: We used multi-level logistic regression models to examine the association of individual and neighbourhood level variables on HIV prevalence based on data from the 2013-14 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey, a population-based cross-sectional survey. The analysis was restricted to young people (15–24 years) with HIV serostatus results (n= 11,751). HIV serostatus was the outcome variable and socioeconomic status was measured by wealth, education and employment.Results: Overall, at individual level, an additional year of education was associated with 5% and 2% reduced odds of infection among young women and men, respectively. Conversely, relative wealth and employment were associated with increased odds of infection among women, while among men the socioeconomic factors were associated with reduced odds of HIV infection. Living in neighbourhoods with medium proportion employed residents and neighbourhoods with higher average level of education were associated with a tendency of higher odds of HIV infection. Thirty percent and 9% of the variation in HIV infection among young men and women, was attributed to neighbourhoods. Inclusion of individual variables to the intercept-only model accounted for 34.9% and 58.1% of the variance for men and women, and reduced the unexplained variance by an average of 17%. However, adding neighbourhood variables to the intercept-only model explained a relatively small part of the variance (0.04 for men and 0.06 for women), and adding the cluster variables to the individual variables only lead to a slight increase in R-squared (explained variance) (36.2% and 58.4%).Conclusion: Our study shows that individual-level socioeconomic factors are clearly associated with young people’s vulnerability to HIV infection in Zambia and that community level factors are less important than previous studies in selected areas of Zambia have indicated. However, the high neighbourhood variation among men, which was mostly unexplained, indicates that there are dynamics within communities, possibly affecting the way people interrelate, that can put them at increased risk.

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The Use of Telehealth Technology in Assessing the Accuracy of Self-Reported Weight and the Impact of a Daily Immediate-Feedback Intervention among Obese Employees

International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications ◽

10.1155/2011/909248 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nicolaas P. Pronk ◽

A. Lauren Crain ◽

Jeffrey J. VanWormer ◽

Brian C. Martinson ◽

Jackie L. Boucher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Linear Mixed Model ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Study Groups ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Control Group ◽

Immediate Feedback ◽

The Impact

Objective.To determine the accuracy of self-reported body weight prior to and following a weight loss intervention including daily self-weighing among obese employees.Methods.As part of a 6-month randomized controlled trial including a no-treatment control group, an intervention group received a series of coaching calls, daily self-weighing, and interactive telemonitoring. The primary outcome variable was the absolute discrepancy between self-reported and measured body weight at baseline and at 6 months. We used general linear mixed model regression to estimate changes and differences between study groups over time.Results.At baseline, study participants underreported their weight by an average of 2.06 (se=0.33) lbs. The intervention group self-reported a smaller absolute body weight discrepancy at followup than the control group.Conclusions.The discrepancy between self-reported and measured body weight appears to be relatively small, may be improved through daily self-monitoring using immediate-feedback telehealth technology, and negligibly impacts change in body weight.

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What Explains the Regional Variation in the Use of General Practitioners in Australia?

10.21203/rs.2.15575/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chunzhou Mu ◽

Jane Hall

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Population Health ◽

General Practitioners ◽

Regional Variation ◽

Regional Differences ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Supply Side ◽

Demand Side ◽

Gp Visits ◽

Supply Side Factors

Abstract Background: Regional variation in the use of health care services is widespread. Identifying and understanding the sources of variation and how much variation is unexplained can inform policy interventions to improve the efficiency and equity of health care delivery. Methods: We examined the regional variation in the use of general practitioners (GPs) using data from the Social Health Atlas of Australia by Statistical Local Area (SLAs). 756 SLAs were included in the analysis. The outcome variable of GP visits per capita by SLAs was regressed on a series of demand-side factors measuring population health status and demographic characteristics and supply-side factors measuring access to physicians. Each group of variables was entered into the model sequentially to assess their explanatory share on regional differences in GP usage. Results: Both demand-side and supply-side factors were found to influence the frequency of GP visits. Specifically, areas in urban regions, areas with a higher percentage of the population who are obese, who have profound or severe disability, and who hold concession cards, and areas with a smaller percentage of the population who reported difficulty in accessing services have higher GP usage. The availability of more GPs led to higher use of GP services while the supply of more specialists reduced use. 30.56% of the variation was explained by medical need. Together, both need-related and supply-side variables accounted for 32.24% of the regional differences as measured by the standard deviation of adjusted GP-consultation rate. Conclusions: There was substantial variation in GP use across Australian regions with only a small proportion of them being explained by population health needs, indicating a high level of unexplained clinical variation. Supply factors did not add a lot to the explanatory power. There was a lot of variation that was not attributable to the factors we could observe. This could be due to more subtle aspects of population need or preferences and therefore warranted. However, it could be due to practice patterns or other aspects of supply and be unexplained. Future work should try to explain the remaining unexplained variation.

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PROFESSIONAL TEST AS PROFESSIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION OF TEENAGERS

“Educational bulletin “Consciousness” ◽

10.26787/v ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (9) ◽

pp. 34-40

Author(s):

Zotov V.V.

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Vocational Guidance ◽

Self Determination ◽

Place Of Residence ◽

Raising Children ◽

Professional Self ◽

The Government ◽

The Individual ◽

Additional Education

The article discusses the concept of a professional test, its essence and features of organizing profes-sional tests as an effective way of professional self-determination of young people in public organiza-tions club type at the place of residence. The author investigated the issues vocational guidance work among adolescents through professional trials, the types, forms and results of passing professional tests are considered. Today, the Government of the Russian Federation is developing and implementing measures to create a favorable environment for the stable formation of the sphere additional education of children, because it is this sector of educational activities contributes to the professional definition of adolescents and represented by various organizations, including not the last place assigned to public organizations of the club type at the place of residence. Demand for the participation of children's clubs in the additional education of children caused by the recently complicating situation with the socio-cultural raising children and young people in the amid of growing concern of parents and teachers by creating a safe environment for the pastime of adolescents. A modern public organization of a club type at the place of residence acts a voluntary community of children and adolescents who are united by a common activity according to interests, and contributes to their professional self-determination and self-realization. The purpose of this work is to identify the features activities of organizations in the field of additional education for children in the process self-determination in adolescence and considering an effective way professional self-determination of young people with the help of professional tests. Research of issues of vocational guidance work of organizations in the sphere additional education of children and their role in professional self-determination adolescents was carried out on the basis of works by Russian authors, researching work in the field of additional education for children and sociological aspects of the professional self-determination role of the individual for the choice of the future profession [1-3]. The study made it possible to formulate conclusions about the demand for organizations in the field of additional education for children in the process of professional self-determination and organization of professional tests.

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Beneath Raven Moon by D. Bouchard

The Deakin Review of Children s Literature ◽

10.20361/g2cp4g ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Kristie Oxley

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

First Nations ◽

Oral Traditions ◽

Read Aloud ◽

Background Information ◽

Flute Music ◽

Night Time ◽

Creation Myth ◽

The Earth ◽

Auditory Experience

Bouchard, David. (2012). Beneath Raven Moon. North Vancouver, BC: More Than Words Publishers. Print and CD. Trickster Raven is at it again in Beneath Raven Moon, a creation myth taken from the tradition of the Kwakwaka’wakw people of British Columbia. Metis author David Bouchard weaves together the enchanting tale of how keen-eyed Eagle and whimsical Raven conspire to create a love match between two young people with the story of how the Earth was given Grandmother Moon. Each page is beautifully illustrated with West Coast First Nation’s designs in the dark golds, silvers, blues and oranges of nighttime. Bouchard sets a quiet, ethereal tone for the text through carefully-paced repetition and descriptions of night time scenes. The use of playful dialogue, traditional terms such as Grandmother Moon or Grandfather Cedar and Bouchard’s placement of Trickster as a force in many aboriginal cultures enhances the timeless feeling of the text. Beneath Raven Moon derives its authenticity from its Metis author and K’omoks First Nations illustrator. Source notes are background information that places this myth in the tradition of the Kwakwaka’wakw people from BC’s Inside Passage. Each page contains both English and Kwakwala text, with the Kwakwala translation attributed to Pauline and Pewi Alfred. In keeping with First Nations' oral traditions, a CD of the story read aloud in English, Kwakwala and French is included with the book. The CD also features the haunting First Nations flute music of Mary Youngblood. Students aged eight to twelve will enjoy the visual and auditory experience of Beneath Raven Moon. Recommended: 3 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Kristie Oxley Kristie Oxley is an elementary Montessori teacher at Richard McBride Elementary School in New Westminster, BC.

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High regional variation in prostate surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia in Switzerland

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254143 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. e0254143

Author(s):

Maria M. Wertli ◽

Brigitta Zumbrunn ◽

Pascal Weber ◽

Alan G. Haynes ◽

Radoslaw Panczak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Regional Variation ◽

Disease Burden ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Population Based ◽

Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Multilevel Regression ◽

Discharge Data ◽

Swiss German

Background Among various treatment options for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), surgical therapy is the most invasive. As Switzerland has the highest transurethral prostatectomy rate among OECD countries, we assessed the regional variation in prostate surgery for BPH and explored potential determinants of variation. Methods We conducted a population-based analysis using discharge data for men aged ≥40 years with transurethral or simple prostatectomy from all Swiss hospitals during 2013–2018. After excluding patients with genitourinary/prostate cancer, we derived hospital service areas (HSAs) by analyzing patient flows. We calculated age-standardized mean procedure rates and variation indices (extremal quotient [EQ] and systematic component of variation [SCV]). We estimated the reduction in variance across HSAs of prostatectomy rates in multilevel regression models, with incremental adjustment for age, regional cultural and socioeconomic factors, disease burden, density of urologists, and the time since urologists’ graduation. Results Overall, 44,253 prostatectomies (42,710 transurethral and 1543 simple) from 44 HSAs were analyzed. The mean age-standardized prostate surgery rate was 314 (range 166–500) per 100,000 men aged ≥40 years per year. The EQ was 3.01 and the SCV 5.53, indicating a high regional variation. In multivariate models, men aged 75–79 years had an 11.6-fold higher prostatectomy rate than those aged 50–54 years. French/Italian language areas had a 21% lower rate than Swiss German speaking areas. Socioeconomic factors, disease burden, and density of urologist/time since graduation were not associated with prostatectomy rates. After full adjustment, 80% of the variance in prostate surgery across HSAs remained unexplained. Conclusion We found a remarkably high regional variation in prostate surgery rates for BPH within Switzerland.

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Components of value-semantic sphere of personality as predictors of migration intentions among the youth (on the example of Komsomolsk-on-Amur).

Social Psychology and Society ◽

10.17759/sps.2019100208 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 95-113

Author(s):

A.V. Bakina ◽

O.A. Orlova ◽

S.V. Yaremtchuk

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Young People ◽

Well Being ◽

Explanatory Models ◽

Subjective Well Being ◽

Place Of Residence ◽

Migration Activity ◽

Sample Group ◽

The City

The article is devoted to the study of migration intentions among young people in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The study tested two hypotheses: 1) differences between groups of young people with different migration activity will be manifested in the mismatch between values and their accessibility, as well as in the level of subjective well-being; 2) components of the value-semantic sphere are predictors of migration intentions among young people. The sample group included 130 subjects aged 16—25 years (mean age 23.1 years). To explore value-semantic sphere was used the methodology of E.B. Fantalova “level of correlation between “value” and “accessibility” in various spheres of life” and the Index of personal well-being. The results of the study showed that 26% of young people are not going to change their place of residence, 22% — are going to leave the city. Step-by-step regression analysis allowed us to identify explanatory models that predict the migration activity of young people. Subjective well-being is the most significant predictor of migration intentions (28% of variance). The second place is occupied by the sharpness of the mismatch between the importance of values and their subjective accessibility (26% of the variance).

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Trends and determinants of teenage childbearing in Ethiopia: evidence from the 2000 to 2016 demographic and health surveys

Italian Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s13052-019-0745-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Getachew Mullu Kassa ◽

Ayodele O. Arowojolu ◽

Akin-Tunde Ademola Odukogbe ◽

Alemayehu Worku Yalew

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Sexual Intercourse ◽

Community Level ◽

Intervention Programs ◽

Early Marriage ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

P Value ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Teenage Childbearing ◽

Factors Associated

Abstract Background Teenage childbearing among adolescents aged 15 to 19 is a common sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issue among young people, particularly in developing countries. It is associated with higher maternal and neonatal complications. Almost half (47%) of the population in Ethiopia are young people under 15 years old. Therefore, a clear understanding of the trend and determinants of teenage childbearing is essential to design proper intervention programs. Methods Secondary analysis of the 2000 to 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data were conducted. A total of 3710 (DHS 2000), 3266 (DHS 2005), 4009 (DHS 2011) and 3381 (DHS 2016) adolescents (aged 15 to 19 years old) were included from the four surveys. The main outcome variable of this study was teenage childbearing, and independent variables were categorized into individual- and community-level factors. The 2016 DHS was used to identify the factors associated with teenage childbearing. Multi-level logistic regression analysis technique was used to identify the factors associated with teenage childbearing. The analysis was adjusted for different individual- and community- level factors affecting teenage childbearing. Data analysis was conducted using STATA software. Results The prevalence of adolescents who started childbearing reduced from 16.3% in 2000 DHS to 12.5% in 2016 DHS, p-value = < 0.0001. From the 2016 DHS, the percentage of adolescents who have had a live birth was 10.1%, and the percentage of adolescents who were currently pregnant was 2.4%. The highest percentage of teenage childbearing was in Affar region (23.4%), and the lowest was in Addis Ababa city (3%). The odds of teenage childbearing was higher among adolescents in the age range of 18–19 years old (AOR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.29, 3.94, p-value < 0.01), those who started sexual intercourse before their eighteenth birthday (AOR = 12.74; 95% CI: 4.83, 33.62, p-value < 0.001), who were married or living together (AOR = 8.98; 95% CI: 2.49, 32.41, p-value < 0.01), and among those who were widowed, divorced or separated (AOR = 4.89; 95% CI: 1.36, 17.61, p-value < 0.05). Conclusions One in ten teenage girls have already started childbearing in Ethiopia. Variations were observed in the percentage of teenage childbearing across different sociodemographic- and economic variables. Factors like age, early sexual initiation before 18 years of age, ever married, and geographical region were significant factors associated with teenage childbearing. School- and community- based intervention programs aimed at prevention of early marriage and early sexual intercourse is essential to reduce teenage childbearing and its complications.

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THE RELATIONSHIP OF POLISH STUDENTS' HEIGHT, WEIGHT AND BMI WITH SOME SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932010000180 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 643-652 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

MONIKA KRZYŻANOWSKA ◽

WIOLETA UMŁAWSKA

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Body Height ◽

Place Of Residence ◽

Student Body ◽

Socioeconomic Variables ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Structured Questionnaire

SummaryThe aim of this study was to assess the variation in student body height, weight and BMI in relation to several socioeconomic factors. Data (collected in 1998) were obtained through a structured questionnaire from 2800 students (1023 men and 1777 women) from Wrocław Universities, Poland. Information on students' age, reported height and weight and their place of residence prior to starting university, the number of siblings and parents' education were collected. Students with mothers or fathers with higher education had, on average, higher mean heights, but after correcting for other socioeconomic variables only place of residence showed a significant association with height and BMI, with those living in medium or large urban centres having a higher mean height and those living in small or medium urban areas having a lower mean BMI.

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Coherent Power Analysis in Multilevel Studies Using Parameters From Surveys

Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics ◽

10.3102/1076998616675607 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 166-194

Author(s):

Christopher Rhoads

Keyword(s):

Power Analysis ◽

Treatment Effects ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Linear Mixed Model ◽

Educational Interventions ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Planning Stage ◽

Adjustment Factors ◽

Multilevel Studies ◽

Cluster Randomized

Researchers designing multisite and cluster randomized trials of educational interventions will usually conduct a power analysis in the planning stage of the study. To conduct the power analysis, researchers often use estimates of intracluster correlation coefficients and effect sizes derived from an analysis of survey data. When there is heterogeneity in treatment effects across the clusters in the study, these parameters will need to be adjusted to produce an accurate power analysis for a hierarchical trial design. The relevant adjustment factors are derived and presented in the current article. The adjustment factors depend upon the covariance between treatment effects and cluster-specific average values of the outcome variable, illustrating the need for better information about this parameter. The results in the article also facilitate understanding of the relative power of multisite and cluster randomized studies conducted on the same population by showing how the parameters necessary to compute power in the two types of designs are related. This is accomplished by relating parameters defined by linear mixed model specifications to parameters defined in terms of potential outcomes.

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