Correlation between Limiting Oxygen Index and Phosphorus Content of the Cotton Fabric Treated with a Hydroxy-Functional Organophosphorus Flame Retarding Finish and Melamine–Formaldehyde

As far as the value addition of textile is concerned, flame retardancy of textile materials is considered to be one of the most important properties in textile finishing by both industries as well as academic researchers. Flame-retardant property with thermal stability was imparted to cotton by using green coconut ( Cocos nucifera Linn) shell extract, a natural waste source of coconut. Coconut shell extract was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry and its phytochemical analysis was also carried out. The coconut shell extract (acidic after extraction) was applied in three different pH (acidic, neutral, and alkaline) conditions to the cotton fabric. Flame-retardant properties of the untreated and the treated cotton fabrics were analyzed by limiting oxygen index and vertical flammability. The study showed that all the treated fabrics had good flame resistance property compared to that of the untreated fabric. The limiting oxygen index value was found to increase by 72.2% after application of the coconut shell extract from alkaline pH. Pyrolysis and char formation behavior of the concerned fabrics were studied using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis in a nitrogen atmosphere. The physicochemical composition of the untreated and coconut shell extract treated cotton fabrics were analyzed by attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Also, treated cotton fabric showed natural brown color and antibacterial property against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The durability of the flame-retardant functionality to washing with soap solution has also been studied and reported in this paper.

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Multifunctional modified cotton fabric by one-step process using eco-friendly phytic acid and 1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetracarboxylic acid

International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology ◽

10.1108/ijcst-10-2020-0154 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Yinchun Fang ◽

Xinhua Liu ◽

Hailong Liu ◽

Qian Wang

Keyword(s):

Phytic Acid ◽

Cotton Fabric ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Cotton Fiber ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Step Method ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Content Type ◽

One Step ◽

Butanetetracarboxylic Acid

PurposeCotton is one of the most common nature textile fiber that is widely used in clothing, bedding and decorative fields due to its comfort. However, the cellulosic cotton fiber has its own drawbacks. Cotton fiber belongs to flammable material with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value about 18% that restricts its applications. Cotton fiber is easy to crease during the repeat wearing and laundering process that will influence the wearability. Therefore, it is very important to improve the flame retardancy and anticrease performance of cotton fabric.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, flame retardant and anticrease multifunctional modifications of cotton fabric were conducted by one-step pad–dry–cure process using eco-friendly phytic acid and 1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetracarboxylic acid.FindingsThe results of limited oxygen index (LOI) values and vertical burning test indicate that the flame retardancy of modified cotton fabric was greatly improved. The LOI value of modified cotton fabric reached 30.8% when the usage of phytic acid was 12%. The crease recovery angle was over 250° of the modified cotton fabric revealing good anticrease performance.Originality/valueThis research provides a novel feasible cost-effective one-step method for the multifunctional modified cellulosic fiber using eco-friendly chemical agents.

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Imparting high flame retardancy to epoxy resin with ultra-low loading of 5,10-dihydro-phenophosphazine-10-oxide functioned triazine

High Performance Polymers ◽

10.1177/0954008317723083 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 742-751

Author(s):

Xiaoli Wu ◽

Chunlei Dong ◽

Alvianto Wirasaputra ◽

Haohao Huang ◽

Shumei Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epoxy Resin ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Phosphorus Content ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Diglycidyl Ether ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Link Density ◽

Cross Link Density ◽

Index Value

High mechanical properties and flame retardancy of epoxy are important for its applications. A novel star-shaped flame-retardant 5,10-dihydro-phenohphosphazine-10-oxide functioned triazine (TRIDPPA) with high efficiency is synthesized, and its structure is characterized. TRIDPPA is used as the co-curing agent for diglycidyl ether of the bisphenol A/4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane system. The introduction of TRIDPPA greatly improves the flame retardancy of the cured epoxy resins. The epoxy resin (ER)/TRIDDPA1.0 resin acquires a limiting oxygen index value of 30.7% and UL-94 V-0 rating when the mass fraction of TRIDDPA is 1.0 wt% with only 0.086 wt% of phosphorus content. The cross-link density of ER/TRIDDPA1.0 is increased, and the glass transition temperature is improved by 5°C. Besides, tensile strength and toughness of ER/TRIDDPA1.0 are also enhanced.

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Phosphorous-Nitrogen Modification of Epoxy Grafted Poly-Acrylic Resin: Synergistic Flame Retardment Effect

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13162826 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 2826

Author(s):

Chao Liu ◽

Hui Qiao ◽

Guilong Xu ◽

Yun Liang ◽

Jin Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Nitrogen Content ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Phosphorus Content ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Acrylic Resin ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Flame Retardant Property ◽

High Efficient ◽

Nitrogen Containing Compounds

A novel high-efficient flame retardant epoxy grafted poly-acrylic resin modified by phosphorus and nitrogen was successfully synthesized by radical grafting polymerization and solution polymerization simultaneously. The flame retardancy of copolymer resin was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimetric test (CONE), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and so on. The micro-morphology and chemical composition of char formed after a CONE calorimetric test was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The Kissinger method was used to evaluate the kinetics of thermal decomposition on copolymer resin. The results showed that the flame retardant property of copolymer resin increased with the increase in phosphorus content. With the increase in nitrogen content, however, the flame retardant property first increased and then decreased. The flame retardant property of the resin was the best and the limiting oxygen index could reach 34.3% when the phosphorus content and nitrogen content of the copolymer resin were 6.45 wt% and 2.33 wt%, respectively. Meanwhile, nitrogen-containing compounds will interact with phosphorus-containing compounds to form P-N intermediates during combustion, which have stronger dehydration and carbonization and could further enhance the flame retardant performance of the resin and generate phosphorus-nitrogen synergistic interactions.

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Phosphorus-Based α-Amino Acid Mimetic for Enhanced Flame-Retardant Properties in an Epoxy Resin

Australian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1071/ch18527 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 226 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Melissa K. Stanfield ◽

Filip Stojcevski ◽

Andreas Hendlmeier ◽

Russell J. Varley ◽

Jeronimo Carrascal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Phosphorus Content ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Polymer Network ◽

Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽

Neat Polymer ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Low Phosphorus ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Temperature Standard

This work demonstrates the introduction of a phosphonate moiety into a commonly used curing agent, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), via an α-aminophosphonate. This compound (DDMP) can be prepared and isolated in analytical purity in under 1h and in good yield (71%). Thermoset polymer (epoxy-derived) samples were prepared using a room-temperature standard cure (SC) and a post-cured (PC) protocol to encourage incorporation of the α-aminophosphonate into the polymer network, with improved flammability properties observed for the latter. Thermogravimetric analysis under a nitrogen atmosphere showed increased char yield at 600°C, and similar observations were made when analysis was conducted in air. Significant reductions in flammability are observed at very low phosphorus content (P%=0.16–0.49%), demonstrated by higher char yields (25.5 from 14.0% in air), decreased burn time from ignition (60 to 24s), and decreased mass loss after ignition (87.6 to 58.5%). Limiting Oxygen Index for the neat polymer (P%=0%, 20.3±0.8%) increased with increasing α-aminophosphonate additive (P%=0.16%, 20.8±0.6%; P%=0.32%, 21.4±0.4%; P%=0.49%, 22.6±0.8%).

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The Preparation, Thermal Properties, and Fire Property of a Phosphorus-Containing Flame-Retardant Styrene Copolymer

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13010127 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 127 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yu Sun ◽

Yazhen Wang ◽

Li Liu ◽

Tianyuan Xiao

Keyword(s):

Thermal Properties ◽

Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽

Phosphorus Containing ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Ft Ir Spectroscopy

A 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) acrylate, (6-oxidodibenzo [c,e][1,2] oxaphosphinin-6-yl) methyl acrylate (DOPOAA), has been prepared. Copolymers of styrene (St) and DOPOAA were prepared by emulsion polymerization. The chemical structures of copolymers containing levels of DOPOAA were verified using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. The thermal properties and flame-retardant behaviors of DOPO-containing monomers and copolymers were observed using thermogravimetric analysis and micro calorimetry tests. From thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), it was found out that the T5% for decomposition of the copolymer was lower than that of polystyrene (PS), but the residue at 700 °C was higher than that of PS. The results from micro calorimetry (MCC) tests indicated that the rate for the heat release of the copolymer combustion was lower than that for PS. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) for combustion of the copolymer rose with increasing levels of DOPOAA. These data indicate that copolymerization of the phosphorus-containing flame-retardant monomer, DOPOAA, into a PS segment can effectively improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the copolymer.

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Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14071801 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 1801

Author(s):

Rafał Oliwa ◽

Joanna Ryszkowska ◽

Mariusz Oleksy ◽

Monika Auguścik-Królikowska ◽

Małgorzata Gzik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Polyurethane Foams ◽

Expandable Graphite ◽

Ftir Analysis ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Scanning Electron

We investigated the effect of the type and amount of expandable graphite (EG) and blackcurrant pomace (BCP) on the flammability, thermal stability, mechanical properties, physical, and chemical structure of viscoelastic polyurethane foams (VEF). For this purpose, the polyurethane foams containing EG, BCP, and EG with BCP were obtained. The content of EG varied in the range of 3–15 per hundred polyols (php), while the BCP content was 30 php. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the additional introduction of BCPs into EG-containing composites allows for an additive effect in improving the functional properties of viscoelastic polyurethane foams. As a result, the composite containing 30 php of BCP and 15 php of EG with the largest particle size and expanded volume shows the largest change in the studied parameters (hardness (H) = 2.65 kPa (+16.2%), limiting oxygen index (LOI) = 26% (+44.4%), and peak heat release rate (pHRR) = 15.5 kW/m2 (−87.4%)). In addition, this composite was characterized by the highest char yield (m600 = 17.9% (+44.1%)). In turn, the change in mechanical properties is related to a change in the physical and chemical structure of the foams as indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis.

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An Effective Method for Preparation of Liquid Phosphoric Anhydride and Its Application in Flame Retardant Epoxy Resin

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14092205 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 2205

Author(s):

Qian Li ◽

Yujie Li ◽

Yifan Chen ◽

Qiang Wu ◽

Siqun Wang

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Epoxy Resins ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Decomposition Temperature ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Good Thermal Stability ◽

Low Viscosity ◽

The Impact

A novel liquid phosphorous-containing flame retardant anhydride (LPFA) with low viscosity was synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA) and further cured with bisphenol-A epoxy resin E-51 for the preparation of the flame retardant epoxy resins. Both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements revealed the successful incorporation of DOPO on the molecular chains of MeTHPA through chemical reaction. The oxygen index analysis showed that the LPFA-cured epoxy resin exhibited excellent flame retardant performance, and the corresponding limiting oxygen index (LOI) value could reach 31.2%. The UL-94V-0 rating was achieved for the flame retardant epoxy resin with the phosphorus content of 2.7%. With the addition of LPFA, the impact strength of the cured epoxy resins remained almost unchanged, but the flexural strength gradually increased. Meanwhile, all the epoxy resins showed good thermal stability. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal decomposition temperature (Td) of epoxy resin cured by LPFA decreased slightly compared with that of MeTHPA-cured epoxy resin. Based on such excellent flame retardancy, low viscosity at room temperature and ease of use, LPFA showed potential as an appropriate curing agent in the field of electrical insulation materials.

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Research on Properties of Flame Retardant Silk Georgette

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.284 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 441 ◽

pp. 284-288

Author(s):

Hong Lu ◽

Yan Chen ◽

Jin Ping Guan

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Graft Copolymerization ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Color Fastness ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Wrinkle Resistance ◽

Garment Design

In this paper, four kinds of silk georgettes with different density were chosen as samples. The flame retardant formaldehyde-free vinyl phosphate dimethyl-2-(methacryloyloxyethyl) phosphate (DMMEP) was grafted onto them by graft copolymerization technique. Some tests such as Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), vertical flammability, wrinkle resistance and color fastness were examined. Through the discussion and analysis of the experiment results, the properties of original and treated fabrics were compared and suggestions were given for the flame retardant process and garment design.

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Flame Retardation of Plain Weave Fabrics Made of Polyacrylonitrile Pre-Oxidized Yarns

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.175-176.465 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 175-176 ◽

pp. 465-468 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lei Shi ◽

Hua Wu Liu ◽

Ping Xu ◽

Dang Feng Zhao

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Plain Weave ◽

Weave Fabric ◽

Short Period ◽

Flame Retardation ◽

Fabric Structures

Plain weave fabrics of polyacrylonitrile pre-oxidation yarns (PANOF) were prepared by small rapier loom. The flame retardation properties, mechanical properties and wear behaviors of PANOF plain weave fabrics were tested. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of these PANOF plain weave fabric samples was 31%, which meets the criterion of flame-retardant fabrics. These fabrics neither melt nor shrunk when left in flame for a short period of time and the fabric structures were well maintained. Compared with flammable polyacrylonitrile fabrics, the polyacrylonitrile pre-oxidation fabrics exhibited excellent flame retardation properties, with satisfactory mechanical properties and comfortable handle.

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