Urban development and health inequalities

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (59_suppl) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
Mark McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Cultural Experiences ◽  
The Life Course

Urban development has historically been seen as both a cause and solution for social inequalities in health. However, environmental and individual gradients within urban areas occur everywhere, and are resistant to change. Environments are infl uenced by the degree and type of industrialization, quality of housing, accessibility to green space and - of increasing concern - transport. Individual behaviour, however, also contributes to social differences, both through migration and by the effects on individuals of cultural experiences through the life-course. Reduction on inequalities may be possible through larger social action, for example urban regeneration. There remains an important role for public health in addressing determinants of health at the population level.

THE ALGORITHM OF ASSESSMENT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT BASED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOSPHERIC COMPATIBILITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya Vladimirovna BAKAEVA ◽  
Irina Victorovna CHERNYAEVA
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Criteria And Indicators ◽  
Mechanisms Of Formation ◽  
Innovative System ◽  
The City

In order to create an environment favorable for human development and preservation of the natural environment of the city by means of architecture and urban planning, the need for theoretical justifi cation of urban planning and urban development practices, taking into account the new requirements for the mechanisms of formation of the urban environment. Based on the fundamental principles of the concept of biosphere compatibility, an algorithm for assessing urban development was developed, criteria and indicators for assessing the quality of the urban environment were determined. Using the developed algorithm, the analysis of the feasibility of the principles of biosphere compatibility in urban development of the city of Orel. It is concluded that it is necessary to create an innovative system of employment and strategic planning for the development of urban areas on the principles of biosphere compatibility.

scholarly journals PUBLIC DEMAND FOR ECO-EFFICIENT CONCEPTS IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT / VISUOMENINĖ EKOLOGIŠKAI EFEKTYVIŲ KONCEPCIJŲ PAKLAUSA MIESTŲ PLĖTROS KONTEKSTE

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seppo Junnila ◽  
Miro Ristimäki
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Integrated Design ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Information Platform ◽  
Extensive Information ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Integrated Design Process

Global warming has brought new challenges to urban development worldwide. Built environment and cities are estimated to cause some 40-70% of the environmental impacts. This questions our current urban development practises and challenges us to find new solutions to manage the issues. The purpose of this study is to identify feasible eco-efficient concepts that can be implemented in the urban development process. These concepts are identified with a constructive research method, where potential concepts are originally identified from literature and further enhanced with thematic expert interviews, and finally, the suggested concepts are tested with a questionnaire and presented in an integrated framework for the eco-efficient concepts to better understand the requirements and opportunities in public urban development. The results showed that the urban development concepts that were most appealing to public stake holders were; an integrated design process, eco-efficient traffic and transportation solutions, and eco-efficient complementary development. Local energy procurement and management was also perceived as relatively lucrative services when developing eco-efficient urban areas. This study provides an extensive information platform (different ideas, themes, and concepts) to promote eco-efficiency in urban development in order to maintain and improve the sustainable quality of life and welfare in our urban society. Santrauka Pasaulinis atšilimas miestų plėtrai visame pasaulyje atnešė naujų iššūkių. Skaičiuojama, kad statiniai, jų aplinka ir miestai atsako už maždaug 40–70 proc. poveikio aplinkai. Tai verčia abejoti esama miestų plėtros praktika ir ragina ieškoti naujų sprendimų, kaip spręsti šias problemas. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti įmanomas ekologiškai veiksmingas koncepcijas, kurias galima įdiegti vykstant miestų plėtros procesui. Koncepcijos nustatomos taikant konstruktyvaus tyrimo metodą, kurio metu potencialios koncepcijos randamos literatūroje, vėliau patobulinamos atliekant teminius pokalbius su ekspertais, o paskui pasiūlytos koncepcijos patikrinamos pagal anketą ir įtraukiamos į integruotą ekologiškai efektyvių koncepcijų sistemą, kuri leidžia geriau suprasti visuomeninės miestų plėtros reikalavimus ir galimybes. Rezultatai parodė, kad suinteresuotoms visuomenės grupėms patraukliausios buvo šios miestų plėtros koncepcijos: integruotas projektavimo procesas, ekologiškai efektyvūs eismo ir transporto sprendimai, ekologiškai veiksmingas papildomų erdvių ir patalpų vystymas. Vystant ekologiškai efektyvias miesto zonas, vietinis energijos pirkimas ir valdymas taip pat laikomi gana pelningomis paslaugomis. Šiame tyrime pateikiama išsami informacijos platforma (įvairios idėjos, temos ir koncepcijos), skatinanti ekologiškai efektyvią miestų plėtrą, idant urbanizuota visuomenė palaikytų ir gerintų darnią gyvenimo kokybę bei gerovę.

scholarly journals Ethnic and social inequalities in COVID-19 outcomes in Scotland: protocol for early pandemic evaluation and enhanced surveillance of COVID-19 (EAVE II)

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. e048852
Author(s):  
Paul Henery ◽  
Eleftheria Vasileiou ◽  
Kirsten J Hainey ◽  
Duncan Buchanan ◽  
Ewen Harrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Early Assessment ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

IntroductionEvidence from previous pandemics, and the current COVID-19 pandemic, has found that risk of infection/severity of disease is disproportionately higher for ethnic minority groups, and those in lower socioeconomic positions. It is imperative that interventions to prevent the spread of COVID-19 are targeted towards high-risk populations. We will investigate the associations between social characteristics (such as ethnicity, occupation and socioeconomic position) and COVID-19 outcomes and the extent to which characteristics/risk factors might explain observed relationships in Scotland.The primary objective of this study is to describe the epidemiology of COVID-19 by social factors. Secondary objectives are to (1) examine receipt of treatment and prevention of COVID-19 by social factors; (2) quantify ethnic/social differences in adverse COVID-19 outcomes; (3) explore potential mediators of relationships between social factors and SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 prognosis; (4) examine whether occupational COVID-19 differences differ by other social factors and (5) assess quality of ethnicity coding within National Health Service datasets.Methods and analysisWe will use a national cohort comprising the adult population of Scotland who completed the 2011 Census and were living in Scotland on 31 March 2020 (~4.3 million people). Census data will be linked to the Early Assessment of Vaccine and Anti-Viral Effectiveness II cohort consisting of primary/secondary care, laboratory data and death records. Sensitivity/specificity and positive/negative predictive values will be used to assess coding quality of ethnicity. Descriptive statistics will be used to examine differences in treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Poisson/Cox regression analyses and mediation techniques will examine ethnic and social differences, and drivers of inequalities in COVID-19. Effect modification (on additive and multiplicative scales) between key variables (such as ethnicity and occupation) will be assessed.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the National Research Ethics Committee, South East Scotland 02. We will present findings of this study at international conferences, in peer-reviewed journals and to policy-makers.

scholarly journals Evolution of Green Areas in Europe—A Comparison Between Three Urban Areas

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir ◽  
Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir ◽  
Kalantari ◽  
Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Architecture And Design

Urbanization is a continuous and dynamic process which has a direct impact on ecosystems and their services provided to human society. Restriction of green areas greatly accentuates urban ecological risks, having an immediate negative impact on their viability and sustainability, on life quality and population health. Increasing population density in urban areas leads to an increasing need for space. Parallel to the tentacular development of urban agglomerations, structure, architecture and design have changed, at the expense of green spaces. The development of urban areas in several European Countries (e.g., Romania, Portugal, Sweden, amid substantial demographic growth, it was made at the expense of green areas. Historical milestones of urban and peri-urban development are also key milestones in green space strategies, both in terms of development and conversion into different land-uses. This article investigates the evolution of green infrastructure in three distinct countries in Europe. In western Romania (Timisoara urban area and its neighboring peri-urban zones) we investigate the strong correlation with the evolution of urban development and the strategies developed for improving the life quality. In central Portugal, we analyze the dynamics of green infrastructures in a peri-urban catchment close to Coimbra city Centre, driven by long term urbanization. In Sweden (Malmö city), we study the history of blue-green infrastructures such as sustainable urban drainage over the past two decades and application of this in the physical planning. We will emphasize the main key milestones in green space strategies, similitudes and differences between three urban areas located in three different bio-geographical areas.

scholarly journals Forests as the key component of green belts surrounding urban areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Szczepańska ◽  
Adam Senetra
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Location Quotient ◽  
Spatial Continuity ◽  
Green Belts

The development of Polish cities leads to the urbanization of the surrounding rural areas. This process induces changes in the land-use structure, which is manifested by the expansion of urbanized and developed areas at the expense of open areas. The National Urban Development Plan until 2030 has introduced the concept of obligatory green belts around metropolitan and regional hubs to prevent uncontrolled suburbanization and to promote rational urban development. Green belts are protective areas that serve numerous functions, increase the quality of life and promote the ecological cohesion of space. Green belts limit urban sprawl and maintain urban open spaces that are accessible to city residents for recreational purposes. They also contribute to the local climate and act as sanitary cordons. The main components of green belts are green spaces, river valleys and forests. Therefore, the size as well as the distribution of forests around urban centers are important considerations. This study analyzes the distribution and spatial continuity of forests and the spatial relationships (spatial autocorrelations) between the forests situated in the rural suburbia of Olsztyn in north-eastern Poland. Suburban municipalities were analyzed at the level of cadastral districts (villages). The aim of the analysis was to evaluate the spatial continuity of forests by grouping similar objects and identifying areas which could be included in green belts. The location quotient (LQ) and Gini’s coefficient were taken into account in the analysis of the spatial distribution of forests. Local Moran’s statistics were calculated and spatial clusters were identified to illustrate the diversity of the examined suburban space based on the similarity of the neighboring objects (cadastral districts) and to determine the statistical significance of these relationships. The results of the study reveal spatial irregularities and disproportions in the distribution of forests in the suburban zone of Olsztyn as well as the presence of local instabilities and discontinuities. The applied methods are a useful tool for evaluating, planning and optimizing the spatial distribution of forests around large urban centers. Spatial management solutions in the suburban zone should aim to eliminate spatial discontinuities and improve the quality of life of the local communities.

scholarly journals Spatial pattern analysis and identification type of open green space in Yogyakarta city

2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 03004
Author(s):  
Muhammad Dimyati ◽  
Akhmad Fauzy ◽  
Anggara Setyabawana Putra
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Spatial Pattern Analysis ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Field Check ◽  
Index Approach ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Images ◽  
Data Update ◽  
Yogyakarta City

Open green Space is a spatial plan model aiming to maintain the quality of the environment. Nowadays, the number and distribution of Open green Space have decreased, particularly in urban areas. Such decline is due to many reasons, one of which is land conversion caused by social activities. This research aimed to analyse the distribution pattern and identify the type of Open green Space in Yogyakarta City. The method in this study using moran's I Index approach, GIS and direct field review. The results showed that the Open green Space was clustered with Moran's Index of 0,074594. Validation with field check indicated that there was an absence of even, thorough, and most recent Open green Space identification. Visual detection using high-resolution satellite images and aerial photos affirmed that many open green spaces had not been inventoried, justifying the need for data update in Yogyakarta City. The identification process resulted in different types of Open green Space, but the most widely distributed ones in Yogyakarta City were in the forms of Private yard, Office park, Green belt, and City Parks.

Relevance and Biographical Experience in Urban Social Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 51-75
Author(s):  
Hermilio Santos ◽  
Priscila Susin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Narrative Interviews ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Epistemological Foundation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultural Experiences ◽  
Biographical Approach

This paper analyses how the epistemological foundation proposed by Alfred Schutz, especially his notion of system of relevance, can adequately inform interpretive social research that adopts biographical narrative interviews and the method of biographical case reconstruction. We exemplify this adequacy between Schutz’s theory and the interpretive biographical approach by exploring a research project conducted in favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We claim that social research on urban development and social inequalities can greatly benefit from this type of phenomenologically based perspective because it offers a longitudinal and in-depth understanding of individuals’ life courses and experiences in urban everyday life and how they unfold always intertwined with a wide range of different historical and cultural experiences, contexts, and meanings.

scholarly journals Quality assessment of urban areas based on neural network modeling and GIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 02032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Popova ◽  
Julia Glebova ◽  
Andrey Pustovgar
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Residential Development ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Neural Network Modeling ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
High Rise

In this article the authors carry out the research of the urban development areas structure and propose the system of its characteristics on the basis of sector affiliation of the municipal economy. The authors have developed an algorithm for quality assessment of urban development areas. The results of the research are presented on the example of several central quarters of Arkhangelsk city. The city’s residential development was formed in the periods from 1900-1950, 1950-1980 and from 2002 to date. It is currently presented by low-rise wooden, homestead type residential houses and barracks-type houses; mid-rise and high-rise brick and panel buildings of typical development, buildings of large-panel housing construction. Structural SOM-analysis compiled separate quarters of Arkhangelsk into 5 groups with a high level of characteristic similarity: "Commercial", "Prospective complex development", "Sustainable development", "Perspective renovation of residential development", "Investment-unattractive". Typical development strategies for each group of quarters are determined. Most developed areas characterized by upward height. The development strategies for depressed areas is in a high-rise building, which show the economic, social and environmental benefits of upward growth of the city. Using GIS allows to visually reflect the state and assess the quality of the urban development area by the aggregate of all parameters, and also to assess the quality of the quarters for each sector.

scholarly journals Sociálna marginalizácia v dobe kamennej? K počiatkom sociálnych nerovností a možnostiam ich identifikácie

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
Jana Mellnerová Šuteková
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Theoretical Paper

The study is a theoretical paper focused on social differences and inequalities in Europe's Early Prehistory in societies of hunters-gatherers and earliest farmers. According to current knowledge, hunters-gatherers were more egalitarian with mechanisms that eliminate differences. The presence of social inequalities and differences in relation to kin (inheritance), the value of ownership associated with the quality of life at the time of neolithisation were identified at the latest. The aim of the paper is to outline the theoretical basis of research in terms of cultural anthropology and social behavior of the human population, which should lead to the correct identification of marginalized members of society.

scholarly journals Assessing the level of greening in a major city: subjective and objective evaluation on the example of the city of Kyiv

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (48) ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
Alla Mikhailivna Pleshkanovska
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
City Development ◽  
Major City ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
The City

AbstractOne of the ways to ensure the sustainable development of settlements is to improve comfort of living in urban areas. The formation of a developed landscaping system is one of the priorities of modern city development and provides an opportunity to realise the main functions of green areas of public use – ecological, historical, cultural, urban and social. Sufficiency or insufficiency of green areas is determined by indicators both objective (the level or area of landscaping per person), and subjective (the feeling of green space and comfort of urban areas). This study addresses both of these aspects. Significant differences in the findings of sociological surveys conducted earlier were also analysed. Residents of the city of Kyiv completed a questionnaire, which evaluated not only the existing greening system of the city, but also the perceived priority directions for its improvement. Four main criteria for assessing the quality of landscaping elements are proposed – environmental friendliness, contact, accessibility and attractiveness.

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