Evaluation of new generation macrolides for the treatment and metaphylaxis of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in cattle experimentally infected with Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides

Abstract Background Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides (Mmm) is an important disease of cattle that causes serious economic losses. With the known effectiveness of new generation macrolides, tulathromycin and gamithromycin were assessed in comparison with oxytetracycline as a positive control and saline as a negative control for effectiveness in inhibiting lung lesion development, promoting resolution, preventing spread and bacteriological clearance in susceptible local cattle breeds in two separate studies in Kenya and Zambia. Animals were monitored for clinical signs, sero-conversion as well as detailed post-mortem examination for CBPP lesions. Results Using the Hudson and Turner score for lesion type and size, tulathromycin protected 90%, gamithromycin 80%, and oxytetracycline 88% of treated animals in Kenya. In Zambia, all animals (100%) treated with macrolides were free of lung lesions, while oxytetracycline protected 77.5%. Using the mean adapted Hudson and Turner score, which includes clinical signs, post-mortem findings and serology, tulathromycin protected 82%, gamithromycin 56% and oxytetracycline 80% of the animals in Kenya whereas in Zambia, tulathromycin protected 98%, gamithromycin 94% and oxytetracycline 80%. The saline-treated groups had 93 and 92% lesions in Kenya and Zambia respectively, with Mmm recovered from 5/14 in Kenya and 10/13 animals in Zambia. Whereas the groups treated with macrolides were free from lesions in Zambia, in Kenya 5/15 tulathromycin-treated animals and 6/15 gamithromycin-treated animals showed lesions. Oxytetracycline-treated animals showed similarities with 3/14 and 4/15 showing lesions in Zambia and Kenya respectively and Mmm recovery from one animal in Kenya and six in Zambia. In both studies, lesion scores of saline-treated groups were significantly higher than those of the antibiotic treated groups (p < 0.001). In sentinel animals, CBPP lesions were detected and Mmm recovered from one and two animals mixed with the saline-treated groups in Kenya and Zambia respectively. Conclusions This study demonstrated that tulathromycin, a mycoplasmacidal, can achieve metaphylactic protection of up to 80%, while non-recovery of Mmm from sentinels suggests macrolides effectiveness in preventing spread of Mmm. It is recommended that further studies are conducted to evaluate strategies comparing vaccination alone or combining vaccination and antibiotics to control or eradicate CBPP.

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PSVI-1 Improvement of gut morphology and meat quality of broiler chickens by encapsulated citral and cinnamaldehyde

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.401 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 195-195

Author(s):

Chongwu Yang ◽

Janghan Choi ◽

Marion Mogire ◽

Argenis Rodas-González ◽

Moussa S Diarra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Meat Quality ◽

Ph Value ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Intestinal Morphology ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Gut Morphology

Abstract This study investigated the effects of encapsulated citral (CIT) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) on growth performance, intestinal morphology and meat quality in broilers. A total of 320 0-day-age male broilers (Cobb 500) were allocated 32 pens with 8 pens per treatment. The treatments included: 1) Corn-wheat-SBM basal diet (negative control); 2) basal diet with 30 ppm avilamycin premix (positive control); 3) basal diet with 50 ppm encapsulated CIT and CIN (CCL); 4) basal diet with 100 ppm encapsulated CIT and CIN (CCH). There were no significant differences between treatments in growth performance (P > 0.05) at each feeding stage. Additionally, birds had similar relative organ weights of heart, liver, spleen and bursa (P > 0.05). The higher ratios of villus height to crypt depth (VCR; P ≤ 0.05) were detected in broilers fed either CCL or CCH, with an average being 14.67 and 15.13 in the duodenum, and 15.13 and 13.58 in the jejunum, respectively. Regarding meat quality, a higher pH value (pH = 6.21) in the breast was observed in 24-h post mortem chickens fed CCL (P ≤ 0.05). No significant differences of pH were detected in the breast in 96-h post mortem birds. The breast color (redness, yellowness, and lightness) in either 24-h or 96-h post mortem chickens was not significantly different among treatments (P > 0.05). No change in purge loss (%) was observed in the breast after 48 h. The severity of white striping (WS) or woody meat (WB) was higher in the positive control (WS = 0.58; WB = 0.15) than in other treatments (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, dietary treatment with encapsulated CIT and CIN improved gut morphology and meat quality of broilers by increasing VCR in the small intestine and reducing the severity of WS/WB in the breast, respectively, without affecting growth performance.

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Comparison of Clinical Effectiveness of Deslorelin Acetate and Osaterone Acetate in Dogs with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10101936 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1936 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wojciech Niżański ◽

Małgorzata Ochota ◽

Christelle Fontaine ◽

Joanna Pasikowska

Keyword(s):

Clinical Signs ◽

Clinical Effectiveness ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Intact Male ◽

Prostate Hyperplasia ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Clinical Action ◽

Healthy Dogs

This article presents the results of a randomized clinical trial, designed to compare the efficacy and therapeutic profiles of YpozaneTM (osaterone acetate—OA) or SuprelorinTM (deslorelin acetate—DA) in male dogs with clinical signs of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Forty-five intact male dogs were used in the study. The Group I (negative control) included 10 healthy dogs, the Group II (positive control) included 10 dogs with confirmed BPH and no treatment, whereas Group III and IV consisted of dogs with BPH and treated either with DA (15 dogs) or OA (10 dogs). The clinical response, testosterone and estradiol levels, hematology, biochemistry, and adverse effects incidence were evaluated. Both OA and DA proved to be effective for BPH treatment in dogs, as they allowed for the clinical remission in all treated dogs. The complete alleviation of BPH symptoms was noticed sooner with the use of OA (in 80% of dogs from day 7) compared to DA (in 40% of dogs within the first 21 days). The recurrence of clinical signs related to BPH was observed from week 24 in dogs treated with OA, whereas no relapse was noticed in dogs treated with DA at the end of the 36 weeks of the observation period. In 5 dogs (33%) treated with DA, a flare-up effect (increase in the clinical signs associated with BPH) was noticed on day 7. Despite individual differences in the clinical action, both medications were effective and safe options for the treatment of symptoms related to BPH in dogs.

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Effect of ZnO nanoparticles in treatment of broilers with Eimeria tenella. experimentally infected.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-377232/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sadiya Aziz Anah ◽

Khadeeja Abees Hmood ◽

Saad Aziz Anah

Keyword(s):

Zinc Oxide ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Treated Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Eimeria Tenella ◽

Positive Control Group ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Control Group ◽

New Treatment

Abstract Coccidiosis is one of the common poultry diseases in Iraq and the world, which causes great economic losses. Therefore, this study aimed to use a new treatment represented by nanoparticles of zinc oxide and compare it with the drug (Amprolium). The Oocysts of Eimeria tenella were isolated from the feces of the briolers received at the Veterinary hospital in Diwaniyah Province and initially diagnosed by compound light microscopy,Then it was confirmed molecularly by PCR technique using the internal transcribed space ITS1 gene with a molecular weight of 409bp. The experiment was carried out on 120 birds of broilers, as the animals were divided into 6 groups with 20 birds per group. The first group(G1) was left as a negative control(uninfected), the second group(G2) was inoculated with 50,000 mature Oocysts and left as a positive control group,the third group(G3) was incubated with 50,000 Oocysts + Amprolium (anticoccidial), the fourth, fifth and sixth groups(G4,G5,G6) were also dosed with 50,000 Oocysts followed by an oral dose of nanoparticles of zinc oxide at a concentration of 20,40,60 mg/kg for each of fourth, fifth and sixth groups respectively. The current results showed that the briolers in G2 suffered from severe disease symptoms and high mortality occurred in the first week of infection, amounting to %10 compared to the anticoccidial (Amprolium group and the groups treated with nanoconcentrations 20,40,60 mg/kg respectively.G6 which was dosed with a concentration of 60 mg /kg, showed a significant decrease in the number of Oocysts excreted compared with the positive control group and the anticoccidial group, in addition to the appearance of mild symptoms and a mortality rate of %0.8,While there was a decrease in the number of Oocysts excreted during the second week in the anticoccidial group and the treated groups with the three nanoconcentrations with a decrease in the mortality rates of birds .The number of Oocysts excreted in the litter significantly decreased in the treated group with a concentration of 60 mg/kg compared to all other groups, and all birds of this group recovered during the second week of infection.

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Ameliorative Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Petroselinum Crispum Against Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rabbits Male

Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.37940/ajvs.2020.13.2.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Sarah Hussain ◽

Mariam Kadhem

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

The Body ◽

Positive Control Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Petroselinum Crispum

The experiment was conducted to investigate the protective effect of Petroselinum crispum leave extracted against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rabbits by studying the body weight, clinical signs, haematological and biochemical parameters, gross lesion and histopathological changes. Twenty four rabbits male were used and divided into 4 groups. Group 1: rabbits served as a negative control, received distilled water 1 ml(orally). Group 2: rabbits served as a positive control group, received gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day intramuscular for 15 days. Group 3: rabbits received gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day then after one hour treated with ethanolic extract of Petroselinum crispum at dose 125 mg/kg orally for 15 days. Group 4: rabbits received gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day then after one hour treated with ethanolic extract of Petroselinum crispum at dose 250 mg/kg orally for 15 days.The results of the gentamicin treated group( positive control group) showed clinical signs such as loss of body weight, loss of appetite and rough hair with hematuria. The body weight a significantly declined (p≤ 0.05) compared other groups. There was a significant decrease (p≤ 0.05) in WBC count, lymphocyte, GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPX levels, while it recorded a significant increase (p≤0.05) in weights of the kidneys, neutrophils, creatinine, urea, and MDA. Histological studies showed several kidney pathological changes such as pale colour, enlargement in size and weight and easy from detaching as opposed to negative control group. On the other hand, the group treated with ethanolic extractof Petroselinum crispum at dose 125 mg/kg induced improved of parameters as recorded significant increased(P ≤ 0.05) in body weight, WBC count, lymphocyte, GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPX, while significant decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in weights of the kidneys, neutrophils, creatinine, urea, and MDA compared with the positive control group whereas rabbits treated with ethanolic extract of Petroselinum crispum at dose 250 mg/kg restored the parameters and histological changes of the kidney to near normal status compared with the negative control group. These results showed that the dose-detected Petroselinum crispum extract (250mg / kg) acts as potential curative effect against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rabbits.

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Multiplex Screening of Surface Proteins from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony for an Antigen Cocktail Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00223-09 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 16 (11) ◽

pp. 1665-1674 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Maja Neiman ◽

Carl Hamsten ◽

Jochen M. Schwenk ◽

Göran Bölske ◽

Anja Persson

Keyword(s):

Immunosorbent Assay ◽

False Negative ◽

Negative Control ◽

Surface Proteins ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia ◽

Mycoplasma Mycoides ◽

Small Colony ◽

Suspension Bead Array ◽

Selection Of

ABSTRACT A recombinant antigen cocktail enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for diagnosis of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) was developed after careful selection of antigens among one-third of the surface proteome proteins of the infectious agent Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony (M. mycoides SC). First, a miniaturized and parallelized assay system employing antigen suspension bead array technology was used to screen 97 bovine sera for humoral immune responses toward 61 recombinant surface proteins from M. mycoides SC. Statistical analysis of the data resulted in selection of eight proteins that showed strong serologic responses in CBPP-affected sera and minimal reactivity in negative control sera, with P values of <10−6. Only minor cross-reactivity to hyperimmune sera against other mycoplasmas was observed. When applied in an ELISA, the cocktail of eight recombinant antigens allowed a fivefold signal separation between 24 CBPP-affected and 23 CBPP-free sera from different geographical origins. No false-positive results and only two false-negative results were obtained. In conclusion, the selected recombinant mycoplasma antigens qualified as highly specific markers for CBPP and could be employed in both a suspension bead array platform and a cocktail ELISA setting. This set of proteins and technologies therefore offers a powerful combination to drive and further improve serological assays toward reliable, simple, and cost-effective diagnosis of CBPP.

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Recent Developments in Vaccines for Bovine Mycoplasmoses Caused by Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9060549 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 549

Author(s):

Katarzyna Dudek ◽

Ewelina Szacawa ◽

Robin A. J. Nicholas

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Mycoplasma Bovis ◽

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia ◽

Cattle Industry ◽

Mycoplasma Mycoides ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Cattle Rearing

Two of the most important diseases of cattle are caused by mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma bovis is a world-wide bovine pathogen that can cause pneumonia, mastitis and arthritis. It has now spread to most, if not all, cattle-rearing countries. Due to its increasing resistance to antimicrobial therapy, vaccination is the principal focus of the control of infection, but effective vaccines are currently lacking. Despite being eradicated from most parts of the world, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, the cause of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), continues to plague sub-Saharan Africa, affecting at least 25 countries. Numerous new experimental vaccines have been developed over the last 20 years to improve on protection afforded by the T1/44, a live vaccine in continuous use in Africa for over 60 years, but none so far have succeeded; indeed, many have exacerbated the disease. Tools for diagnosis and control are adequate for eradication but what is necessary are resources to improve vaccine coverage to levels last seen in the 1970s, when CBPP was restricted to a few countries in Africa. This paper summarizes the results of the main studies in the field of experimental mycoplasma vaccines, reviews data on commercially available bacterin vaccines and addresses issues relating to the search for new candidates for effective vaccines to reduce economic losses in the cattle industry caused by these two mycoplasmas.

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Vaccination of Cattle with the N Terminus of LppQ of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Results in Type III Immune Complex Disease upon Experimental Infection

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00003-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 83 (5) ◽

pp. 1992-2000 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Musa Mulongo ◽

Joachim Frey ◽

Ken Smith ◽

Christian Schnier ◽

Hezron Wesonga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subunit Vaccine ◽

Complex Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia ◽

Content Type ◽

N Terminus ◽

Mycoplasma Mycoides ◽

Major Antigen ◽

Antigen Antibody ◽

First Time

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a serious respiratory disease of cattle caused byMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoides.Current vaccines against CBPP induce short-lived immunity and can cause severe postvaccine reactions. Previous studies have identified the N terminus of the transmembrane lipoprotein Q (LppQ-N′) ofM. mycoidessubsp.mycoidesas the major antigen and a possible virulence factor. We therefore immunized cattle with purified recombinant LppQ-N′ formulated in Freund's adjuvant and challenged them withM. mycoidessubsp.mycoides. Vaccinated animals showed a strong seroconversion to LppQ, but they exhibited significantly enhanced postchallenge glomerulonephritis compared to the placebo group (P= 0.021). Glomerulonephritis was characterized by features that suggested the development of antigen-antibody immune complexes. Clinical signs and gross pathological scores did not significantly differ between vaccinated and placebo groups. These findings reveal for the first time the pathogenesis of enhanced disease as a result of antibodies against LppQ during challenge and also argue against inclusion of LppQ-N′ in a future subunit vaccine for CBPP.

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Chitosan nanoparticle vaccine loaded with crude extracellular proteins of C. perfringens and Salmonella flagella is partially protective against necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens

10.1101/2020.10.15.340661 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Gabriel Akerele ◽

Nour Ramadan ◽

Muhammed Mortada ◽

Revathi Shanmugasundaram ◽

Sankar Renu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Significance ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Extracellular Proteins ◽

Positive Control Group ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Control Group ◽

Necrotic Enteritis ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Control Groups

AbstractNecrotic enteritis (NE) causes significant economic losses and food shortages world-wide. There are currently no licensed commercial vaccines against NE in broilers. Chitosan nanoparticles were formulated with extracellular proteins of C. perfringens surface-tagged with Salmonella flagellar proteins. One-day-old male broiler chicks were completely randomized to 3 treatments: Non-vaccinated non-challenged as negative control, Vaccinated-challenged, and non-vaccinated challenge as positive control. On day of hatch, d7, and d14 post-hatch, vaccinated-challenged birds were orally gavage with 50μg vaccine in 0.5ml PBS while positive control birds were gavage with 0.5ml PBS only. Birds in the vaccinated-challenged and positive control groups were orally infected on d14 post-hatch, with 5,000 oocysts/bird of E. maxima, followed by log 8 CFU of a virulent strain of C. perfringens on d19, d20, and d21 post-hatch. From d14 to 21 and d14 to 28 post-hatches, mortality in the vaccinated-challenged group was higher than that in the positive control group, approaching statistical significance (p=0.07). On d21 post-hatch, the mean lesion score of 3 birds/cage in the vaccinated-challenged group was higher than the positive control group, approaching statistical significance (p = 0.05). From d 14 to 28 post-hatch, the feed intake was higher and feed conversion ratio lower in the vaccinated-challenged group compared to the positive control group (p<0.05). On d21 post-hatch, antigen specific recall proliferation in the vaccinated-challenged group was higher than that in the negative and positive control groups (p<0.05). On d21 post-hatch, cecal tonsils CD8+ T lymphocytes expression in the vaccinated-challenged group was similar to the negative control group (p>0.05) but higher than that in the positive control group (p<0.05). Finally, vaccination resulted in an increase in ileal mRNA levels of zonula occluding on d21 post-hatch. In conclusion, there were numerical but not statistically significant decrease in NE lesions and mortality in vaccinated and challenged broilers. Further studies are needed to improve the efficacy of the vaccine and understand the mechanism underlying protection in vaccinated birds.

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Promotor effect of S-metolachlor generics with different hepatotoxicity in liver carcinogenesis in rats

Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects ◽

10.33273/2663-4570-2019-86-2-5-13 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 86 (2) ◽

pp. 5-13

Author(s):

E.A. Bagley ◽

N.M. Nedopytanska ◽

V.S. Lisovska ◽

O.V. Reshavska ◽

L.V. Tkachenko

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Liver Cancer ◽

Constitutive Androstane Receptor ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Species Specific

Metolachlor and currently its biological active isomer S–metolachlor is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Chronic experiments in rats have found hepatocarcinogenic effect of metolachlor, and epidemiological studies have found positive relationship between enzyme exposure to metolachlor and prevalence of liver cancer. Possibility of the influence of harmful impurities contained in technical products on the detected effects is emphasized. Objective is to study promotor effect of S–metolachlor generics with different hepatotoxicity in carcinogenesis of liver in rats induced by nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and analyse possibility of its realisation in human. Materials and Methods. Experiments were performed in male Wistar Han rats on hepatocarcinogenesis model “NDEA — hepatectomy”. Two specimens of S–metolachlor generics were studied; and their ratio of S/R enantiomers was 87/13 % with different hepatotoxicity. Substances were administered intragastrically in the doses of 1.5,15 and 150 mg/kg body weight for 8 weeks. Animals of the negative control group received water, and positive control — phenobarbital. Promotor effect was evaluated by the standardised parameters of the total area and number of hepatocyte foci expressing γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GTP). Results. No clinical signs of the toxic action of S–metolachlor on the rat body induced to carcinogenesis by NDEA were found. Increase in the number and total area of γ-GTP positive foci in the liver of animals on tumorogenic dose of both specimens of S–metolachlor as well as phenobarbital was found. Mean area of focus in the liver of rats on more toxic specimen was lower. The threshold of promotor action of S–metolachlor on hepatocarcinogenesis has been established at the level of γ 15 mg/kg body weight. Analysis of literature data on the mechanism of hepatotoxic action of metolachlor allowed to make a conclusion aboutphenobarbital-like mechanism of promotor action that is realised through constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). This mechanism is species-specific for rodents; therefore, the results of epidemiological studies on the possibility of liver cancer in human cannot be confirmed experimentally. Conclusion. Tumorogenic dose of S–metolachlor generics with different degree of hepatotoxicity shows promotor effect in NDEA induced carcinogenesis in rat liver. Hepatotoxicity of S–metolachlor inhibits growth of γ-GTP positive foci. The threshold of hepatocarcinogenesis promotion has been established at the level of γ 15 mg/kg body weight. The mechanism of the observed effect is not relevant for human. Key Words: S–metolachlor, hepatocarcinogenesis initiated by nitrosodiethylamine, Wistar Han rats, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase.

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Effect of peppermint oil and its microemulsion on necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2021.483-491 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 483-491

Author(s):

Hend K. Sorour ◽

Reham A. Hosny ◽

Dalia M. A. Elmasry

Keyword(s):

Zeta Potential ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Positive Control ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Control Group ◽

Necrotic Enteritis ◽

Peppermint Oil ◽

Intestinal Pathogens

Background and Aim: Clostridium perfringens is one of the multiple drug-resistant intestinal pathogens causing necrotic enteritis disease, leading to great economic losses in poultry farms. This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of peppermint oil and its microemulsion (ME) as an alternative to antibiotics to control necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: Peppermint oil ME formulation (15% oil/water) was prepared and characterized by zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the peppermint oil and its ME were investigated. A total of 80 commercial one day old Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four groups of 20 birds each. The four groups were the negative control, positive control, peppermint oil (0.5 mL/mL water/10 days old), and its ME (0.25 mL/mL water/10 days old) groups. C. perfringens was orally provided at concentration of 1×108 CFU/mL on days 14, 15, and 16. Clinical signs and mortality were observed daily. Growth performance, gross lesions and cecal samples were investigated and examined on days 21, 28, and 35. Results: Peppermint oil ME formulation has a polydispersity index, zeta potential and droplet size of 0.234, –24 mV±4.19, and 29.96±1.56 nm, respectively. LC–MS/MS analysis of oil and ME revealed common presence of phenolic compounds such as rosmorinic (360.31 g/mol), chlorogenic acid (354.31 g/mol), hesperidin (610.56 g/mol), and luteolin 7-O-β- glucuronide (462.1 g/mol). The treated groups with peppermint oil and ME showed lower lesions, mortality and colony-forming units in addition to higher growth performance (p<0.05) compared to the positive control group. Conclusion: Our study suggests the potential efficacy of peppermint oil and ME in the reduction of necrotic enteritis lesions and C. perfringens count.

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