Phytochemical composition analysis and evaluation of in vitro medicinal properties and cytotoxicity of five wild weeds: A comparative study

Background: Medicinal plants are a source of phytochemicals and they are used for the treatment of several oxidative stress-related or other diseases for their effectiveness, low toxicity and easy availability. Five traditionally used and less characterized herbaceous weeds of West Bengal, India, namely, Heliotropium indicum, Tridax procumbens, Cleome rutidosperma, Commelina benghalensis and Euphorbia hirta, were investigated for the current research study. Methods: Aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of the leaves were analyzed for estimation of essential phytochemicals and to evaluate their in vitro antioxidant status, medicinal properties and cytotoxic effects. To the best of our knowledge, several assays and comparative evaluations using these herbs are reported for the first time. For quantitative study, UV-vis spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector HPLC-DAD techniques were used. Antibacterial properties were investigated using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. For in vitro anti-lithiatic study, a titration method was used. The cell viability assay was done using peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results: The aqueous extract exhibits higher content of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins and inhibition percentage values for free radical scavenging assays, whereas the 70% ethanolic extract exhibits higher content of alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. HPLC-DAD analysis of 70% ethanolic extracts led us to identify 10 predominant phenolic constituents. Euphorbia hirta extracts showed minimum cytotoxicity (cell death ~2.5% and 4% in water and 70% ethanolic extract, respectively), whereas Cleome rutidosperma and Tridax procumbens’ 70% ethanolic extracts showed higher cell death (~13% and 28%, respectively), compared with the control (cell death ~10-12%). Conclusions: The study concluded that of all the medicinal weeds selected for the current study, Euphorbia hirta possesses the highest amount of bioactive compounds and hence exhibits the highest in vitro antioxidant activity and promising in vitro medicinal properties.

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In-vitro cytotoxic and anti-Vibrio cholerae activities of alcoholic extracts of Desmodium triflorum (L.) whole plant and Terminalia citrina (Roxb.) fruits

Clinical Phytoscience ◽

10.1186/s40816-021-00272-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rubaba Karim ◽

Mst Marium Begum ◽

Yeasmin Jui ◽

Tanjina Islam ◽

Masum Billah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Cytotoxic Activities ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Vincristine Sulphate ◽

Ethanolic Extracts

Abstract Background The majority of epidemic Vibrio cholerae strains have become resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents for many reasons, including mutations, horizontal gene transfers, etc. Therefore, secondary means of treatment are needed to overcome this impediment in combating cholera. Desmodium triflorum (L.) and Terminalia citrina (Roxb.) are extensively used in traditional medicine. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Desmodium triflorum (L.) whole plant and Terminalia citrina (Roxb.) fruits against V. cholerae isolates. Methods Initially, different extracts of both plant materials were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening. Anti-V. cholerae activities were assessed by performing MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) test using disc diffusion method with different concentrations (1.25, 2.50, 8.00, 10.00, 12.50, 15.00 mg/ml) where standard discs of gentamycin and meropenem (10 μg/disc) were used. Further, Brine shrimp lethality bioassay was done to evaluate the extracts’ cytotoxic activities using different concentrations (800, 400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 μg/ml) against vincristine sulphate. Results The preliminary screening confirms the presence of convenient phytochemical constituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, etc., and are liable for the emergence of the antibacterial activities in different strains. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of both methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Terminalia citrina (fruits) and Desmodium triflorum (L.) (whole plant) were found to be 2.50 mg/ml and 5 mg/ml, respectively. Moreover, 100% mortality was observed only in ethanolic extract of Terminalia citrina fruits at the highest concentration (800 μg/ml). In comparison, the rest of the test extracts showed less than 90% mortality at the highest concentration (800 μg/ml). Conclusions Both plants possess significant phytoconstituents and showed appreciable anti-V. cholerae activities with mild toxicity. Hence, Desmodium triflorum (L.) whole plant and Terminalia citrina (Roxb.) fruits may be recommended as potential phytotherapy against cholera disease.

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Anticancer effects of the combined Thai noni juice ethanolic extracts and 5-fluorouracil against cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-94049-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jeerati Prompipak ◽

Thanaset Senawong ◽

Banchob Sripa ◽

Albert J. Ketterman ◽

Suppawit Utaiwat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nude Mice ◽

Combination Treatment ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Single Agent ◽

Xenograft Model ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Model Combination ◽

Mouse Xenograft Model ◽

Ethanolic Extracts

AbstractApplication of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is limited by adverse side effects and chemoresistance. Therefore, the combination therapy of 5-FU with other substances, especially natural products may provide a new strategy for CCA treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combination effects of 5-FU and two ethanolic extracts of Thai noni juice (TNJ) products on CCA cell lines and nude mice xenografts. The results of antiproliferative assay showed the combination treatment of 5-FU and each TNJ ethanolic extract exerted more cytotoxicity on CCA cells than either single agent treatment. Synergistic effects of drug combinations can enable the dose reduction of 5-FU. The mechanism underlying a combination treatment was apoptosis induction through an activation of p53 and Bax proteins. In the nude mouse xenograft model, combination treatments of 5-FU with each TNJ ethanolic extract suppressed the growth of CCA cells implanted mice more than single agent treatments with no effects on mouse body weight, kidney, and spleen. Moreover, low doses of TNJ ethanolic extracts reduced the hepatotoxicity of 5-FU in nude mice. Taken together, these data suggested that the ethanolic extracts of TNJ products can enhance the anti-CCA effect and reduce toxicity of 5-FU.

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Motilitas Ascaridia galli Dewasa dalam Larutan Ekstrak Etanol Biji Palem Putri (Veitchia merrillii)

Jurnal Agripet ◽

10.17969/agripet.v16i1.3022 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Ummu Balqis ◽

Darmawi Darmawi ◽

Maryam Maryam ◽

Muslina Muslina ◽

Abdullah Hamzah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethanolic Extract ◽

The Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Ascaridia Galli ◽

Fourth Group ◽

The Third ◽

Ethanolic Extracts ◽

Aqueous Ethanolic Extract ◽

Normal Controls

ABSTRAK. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui motilitas Ascaridia galli dewasa dalam ekstrak etanol biji Veitchia merrillii. Ekstrak etanol V. merrillii dianalisis fitokimia. Sebanyak 16 ekor cacing A. galli dewasa dibagi kedalam empat kelompok. Cacing pada kelompok pertama adalah kelompok tanpa perlakuan. Cacing pada kelompok kedua diberi 0,6 mg/ml levamisole. Cacing pada masing-masing kelompok ketiga dan keempat diberi 50 dan 100 mg/ml crude ekstrak biji V. merrillii. Motilitas A. galli ditentukan dalam skor persentase setelah 12, 24, 36 jam dengan menggunakan kriteria: 3 (badan bergerak), 2 (hanya sebagian badan bergerak), 1 (tidak bergerak tetapi masih hidup), 0 (mati). Hasil fitokimia V. merrillii mengandung alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids. Ekstrak biji V. merrillii dosis 100 mg/ml secara in vitro dapat mempersingkat selama 12 jam waktu motilitas cacing A. galli dewasa. Penelitian ini mengindikasikan potensi anthelmintik berbasis herbal untuk pengendalian A. galli. (Motility of Ascaridia galli adult worms in vitro in ethanolic extracts of Nuts Veitchia merrillii) ABSTRACT. The purpose of this research was to know the motility of Ascaridia galli adult worms in aqueous ethanolic extracts of nuts Veitchia merrillii. The ethanolic extract of the V. merrillii was analyzed. Amount of sixteen head A. galli adult worms were divided into four groups. The first group, worms were left as un-treated normal controls. The second group, worms were treated with concentrations of 0,6 mg/ml levamisole. The third and fourth group, worms were treated with crude aqueous ethanolic extract of 50 and 100 mg/ml concentrations nuts of the V. merrillii, respectively. Motility of A. galli were determined after 12, 24, 36 hour by mean of persentage scored using the following criteria: 3 (moving whole body), 2 (moving only parts of the body), 1 (immobile but alive), and 0 (died). The result of phytochemical V. merrillii contains alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. V. merrillii nuts extract concentrations of 100 mg/ml in vitro can shorten the time motility A. galli adult worms for 12 hours. The study indicated the potential for developing herbal-based anthelmintics to control A. galli.

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A Comparative Study of Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Tecoma stans and Abutilon indicum Leaves: An In vitro Study

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i47b33161 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 609-615

Author(s):

M. Binigha ◽

R. Gayatri Devi ◽

J. Selavaraj ◽

A. Jothi Priya

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Agar Plate ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Flowering Plant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

The Family ◽

Abutilon Indicum

Tecoma stans is a flowering plant belonging to the family Bignoniaceae. It is the floral emblem of the Bahamas. Abutilon indicum belongs to the family Malvaceae. It is also called Indian Mallow. Tecoma stans and Abutilon indicumhave antimicrobial activity and can be used in producing antibiotics. There is an urgent need to produce new antibiotics as there is an increase in the development of pathogen resistant drugs. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Tecoma stansand Abutilonindicum leaves. E.faecalis bacteria were maintained in nutrient agar slopes. The powder of the two herbs, were subjected to extraction by Soxhlet extractor and was concentrated to dry residue by Agar well diffusion method. The nutrient broth was inoculated with bacterial strains. The culture was adjusted to 0.5McFarland turbidity standard. Lawn culture was done in Muller-Hinton agar plate and then the plates were dried. A 6 mm diameter well is bored for different concentrations. The extracts were introduced into the well and allowed to stand for 24 hrs. The antibacterial activity was determined by measuring the zone of inhibition. The present finding on the antimicrobial potential of Abutilon indicum and Tecoma stands showed that the two plants have growth inhibitory activity against oral pathogen E. faecalis. Abutilon indicum has a zone of inhibition greater than Tecoma stans. Abutilon indicum exhibited better activity compared to Tecoma stans.

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In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Organic and Aqueous Extracts of Bacillus clausii KP10

Journal of the chemical society of pakistan ◽

10.52568/000721/jcsp/41.01.2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 161-161

Author(s):

Farzana Nighat and Zahid Mushtaq Farzana Nighat and Zahid Mushtaq

Keyword(s):

Hot Springs ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Current Case ◽

Bacillus Clausii

Humans and plants are experiencing different kinds of diseases. Many of these diseases are mainly caused by microorganisms like fungi, bacteria and viruses that adversely affect their hosts. Bioactive compounds produced by bacteria can be used to treat the infections caused by these microorganisms. Free radicals that can cause serious damage to the cell can be repressed by antioxidants that are produced by bacteria as secondary compounds. The current case study was therefore planned to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of the organic and aqueous extracts of Bacillus clausii KP10 isolated recently by our group from hot springs of Tatta Pani, Poonch, Azad Kashmir. The antimicrobial activities were assessed using well diffusion method against two Gram positive bacteria; B. subtilis, and S. aureus, and two Gram negative bacteria; E. coli and P. multocida and three fungal strains; A. niger, A. parasiticus and A. ustus. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were done by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. In our experiments the maximum zones of inhibition were shown by ethanolic extract against P. multocida (21 mm), S. aureus (13 mm) and methanol soluble fraction showed zone of inhibition against A. ustus (21 mm) as compared to the standard ciprofloxacin for bacteria and as antifungal agents with terbinafine. In our studies n-hexane fraction of B. clausii KP10 showed maximum 88.67% antioxidant activity. Finally, results were analyzed statistically through analysis of variance (ANOVA). Hence it is proved that the bioactive fractions obtained from B. clausii KP10 are good source of antimicrobials and antioxidants and they can be used as medicines in future for the respective treatments.

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ESSENTIAL OILS AND METHYLGLYOXAL: A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT FOR ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2016.v8i9.12242 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 107

Author(s):

Erin Cieslak ◽

James P. Mack ◽

Albert Rojtman

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Alternative Treatment ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Medicinal Properties

Objective: Essential oils are of significant interest in today’s world of healthcare because these compounds have a variety of medicinal properties. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antibiotic role of essential oils as a possible alternative treatment in combatting Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Methods: In conjunction with carrier oils, three essential oils (cassia, cinnamon bark, and thyme), as well as methylglyoxal were tested on MRSA using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration of each tested essential oil and methylglyoxal in carrier oil was determined to be 25% essential oil and 75% carrier oil mixture. This concentration worked much more effectively than the standard antibiotic, vancomycin, which is currently used to treat MRSA infections.Conclusion: Antibacterial emollients made from naturally occurring products like essential oils can be cost-effective alternatives to antibiotics. The results of this research show that these emollients are more effective against MRSA than standard antibiotics in cell culture.

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PRELIMINARY MYCOCHEMICAL, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF CALOCERA VISCOSA (PERS.) FR.

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i3.27997 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 86-93

Author(s):

NAVEEN KUMAR NAIK S ◽

ASHWATHANARAYANA R ◽

RAJA NAIKA

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Petroleum Ether ◽

Mass Spectroscopy ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Medicinal Properties ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

Objectives: Calocera viscosa, commonly called as the yellow stagshorn, is a jelly fungus, belongs to the family of Dacrymycetales, unknown for its medicinal properties and biological activities. Method: The sporocarps of C. viscosa (Pers.) Fr. were collected from Agumbe, Karnataka. Mycochemical and Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis done by standard procedures and antibacterial activity was done by agar well diffusion method. Results: Physicochemical was analyzed and results revealed the highest percentage of alcohol-soluble extractives were present followed by ash content. Alcohol-soluble extractives were 20.76%, total moisture content (10.9%), and foreign matter (0.5%). Extraction was done by Soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethanol and subjected to qualitative mycochemicals analysis both petroleum ether and chloroform extract confirms less mycochemicals, whereas ethanolic extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, sterols, glycosides, terpenoids, and phenols. GC–MS analysis of ethanoic extract showed many known bioactive compounds in that, 19 compounds were unknown and 21 compounds were known for its medicinal properties, most of them were food additives and flavoring agents. Antibacterial potentials were studied against pathogenic bacteria revealed that ethanolic extract showed appreciable zone of inhibition against pathogenic bacteria, in that maximum zone of inhibition showed against Klebsiella pneumonia followed by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: C. viscosa (Pers.) Fr. sporocarp can be explored for potential antibacterial with rich full of useful mycochemicals.

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Clinical Relevance and Antimicrobial Profiling of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on Routine Antibiotics and Ethanol Extract of Mango Kernel (Mangifera indica L.)

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/4150678 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Ali Al Bshabshe ◽

Martin R. P. Joseph ◽

Amgad A. Awad El-Gied ◽

Abdalla N. Fadul ◽

Harish C. Chandramoorthy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Clinical Relevance ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Drug Candidate ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Mango Kernel ◽

Ethanolic Extracts ◽

Mrsa Strains

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is known for serious health problems. Testing new inexpensive natural products such as mango kernel (Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae) may provide alternative and economically viable anti-MRSA drugs. In the current study, we screened clinical isolates from Aseer Central Hospital, Saudi Arabia, during 2012–2017 for MRSA and tested an ethanolic extract of mango kernel for anti-MRSA activity. Brief confirmation of MRSA was performed by the Vitek 2 system, while antibiotic sensitivity of strains was tested for their clinical relevance. The In vitro disc diffusion method was used to test the anti-MRSA activity of the ethanolic mango kernel extract. The antimicrobial activity of mango kernel was compared to that of standard drugs (oxacillin and vancomycin). Of the identified 132 S. aureus strains, 42 (31.8%) were found to be MRSA and their prevalence showed a clear increase during the last two years (2016-2017; p<0.001). MRSA strains showed 100% sensitivity to vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, tetracycline, daptomycin, tigecycline, and tobramycin and 100% resistance to ampicillin and 98% to penicillin. The ethanolic extracts of mango kernel were found active against both S. aureus and the MRSA strains. Inhibitory activities (mean ± SE) were achieved at concentrations of 50 mg/mL (20.77 ± 0.61), 5 mg/mL (16.18 ± 0.34), and 0.5 mg/mL (8.39 ± 0.33) exceeding that of vancomycin (p=0.0162). MRSA strains were sensitive to mango kernel extracts when compared to vancomycin. Therefore, ethanolic extracts of mango kernel can be escalated to animal model studies as a promising leading anti-MRSA drug candidate and can be an economic alternative to high-priced synthetic antibiotics.

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Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Combined Plant Extract of Pyracantha crenulata and Zanthoxylum armatum

Universities' Journal of Phytochemistry and Ayurvedic Heights ◽

10.51129/ujpah-2020-29-2(5) ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (29) ◽

pp. 32-36

Author(s):

Semwal Amit Negi Sweta

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Moderate Activity ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Zanthoxylum Armatum ◽

Plant Extraction

Abstract-Medicinal plants represent an essential source of drugs and have played an important role in healthcaresystem.PyracanthacrenulataandZanthoxylum armatumhave been used as traditional medicine. The main aim of the study was to find the antibacterial activity of the selected plants against bacterialspecies:E.coliandPseudomonasaeruginosa. The solvents used for plant extraction were hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was performed by Agar disk diffusion method. The hexane and aqueous extracts showed moderate activity whereas theethanolicextractsshowedasignificantantibacterial activity. In the study Tetracycline was used as standard. The combined ethanolic extract of both the selected plant showed the synergistic effect on the bacterial strain tested. This leads to the conclusion that the combined effect can have possible application in the development of products as antimicrobial.

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Anacardic acid derivatives from Brazilian propolis and their antibacterial activity

Eclética Química ◽

10.1590/s0100-46702008000300008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 53-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

M. S. S. Silva ◽

S. G. De Lima ◽

E. H. Oliveira ◽

J. A. D. Lopes ◽

M. H. Chaves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Dimethyl Disulfide ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Anacardic Acid ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Phenol Derivatives ◽

Shigella Spp ◽

Brazilian Propolis

Propolis is a sticky, gummy, resinous substance collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) from various plant sources, which has excellent medicinal properties. This paper describes the isolation and identification of triterpenoids and anacardic acid derivatives from Brazilian propolis and their antibacterial activity. Their structures were elucidated by ¹H and 13C NMR, including uni- and bidimensional techniques; in addition, comparisons were made with data from academic literature. These compounds were identified as: cardanols (1a + 1b), cardols (2a + 2b), monoene anacardic acid (3), a-amirine (4), b-amirine (5), cycloartenol (6), 24-methylene-cycloartenol (7) and lupeol (8). The determination of the position of the double bond after a reaction with Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) is described for the phenol derivatives. The ethanolic extract was tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity by using the disc diffusion method and it showed significant results against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella spp.

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