Prevalence, patterns and correlates of smokeless tobacco use in Nigerian adults: An analysis of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey

Introduction The global tobacco epidemic contributes to more than 8 million deaths annually. However, most tobacco control interventions have been driven by an emphasis on smoked tobacco. Globally and more so in Nigeria, less attention has been paid to the similarly harmful smokeless tobacco (SLT) whose use appeals to a different demography. We examined the prevalence, patterns of use and correlates of SLT in Nigerian adults to guide targeted control efforts. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of the 2012 Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) data. We obtained data on 9,765 non-institutionalised adults aged 15 years and older. Variables included current SLT use, sociodemographic characteristics and perceived harm of SLT use. We used Chi-square test to examine associations and binary logistic regression to assess predictors of current SLT use. All analyses were conducted with sample-weighted data. Results The prevalence of current SLT use was 1.9% of all adults. About 1.4% were daily users. The main types were snuff by nose (1.6%) and snuff by mouth (0.8%). There were higher odds of current SLT use for those in the South-East region (aOR = 13.99; 95% CI: 4.45–43.95), rural area residents (aOR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.04–2.35), males (aOR = 4.43; 95% CI: 2.75–7.11), the 45–64 years age-group (aOR = 10.00; 95% CI: 4.12–24.29), those with no formal education (aOR = 2.67; 95% CI: 1.01–7.05), and those with no perception of harm from SLT use (aOR = 3.81, 95% CI: 2.61–5.56). Conclusion The prevalence of SLT use among Nigerian adults was low with clearly identified predictors. While a majority were aware of harm from SLT use, an unacceptably high proportion remain unaware. We recommended targeted interventions to increase awareness of the harmful effects of SLT use especially among residents of the South-East, those in rural areas, males, and individuals with no formal education. We also recommended a follow-up survey.

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Population and prevalence of hypertension in different regions of China

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202123302009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 233 ◽

pp. 02009

Author(s):

Wang Jie ◽

Yang Kun ◽

Dong Wen

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Spatial Difference ◽

Chi Square ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Common Chronic Disease ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Education Status ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Hypertension is the most common chronic disease in the Chinese population. The study analyzes the differences of hypertension in different regions in China from space, analyzes the influencing factors of the disease, and the spatial distribution of different populations. The data comes from CHARLS Harmonize. 22,310 interviewees were selected to respond effectively. Single-factor chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the factors affecting hypertension. BMI, urban and rural areas, jogging 1KM, smoking, drink, gender, education status, public medical insurance and hypertension chi-square test are significant, BMI (OR=1.193 95%CI 1.182~1.203), age (OR =1.049, 95%CI 1.045~1.053). There is a spatial difference in the prevalence of hypertension in China, which provides a spatial reference for the control and prevention of different regions, so as to better prevent and treat patients with hypertension. Keywords: hypertension, spatial difference, CHARLS data

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Rural-Urban Differences in Stroke Types, Risk Factors, Severity and Prognosis in Babol, Northern Iran

Elderly Health Journal ◽

10.18502/ehj.v4i2.258 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Payam Saadat ◽

Alijan Ahmadi Ahangar ◽

Soraya Khafri ◽

Mandana Kalantar ◽

Azin Dariaie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chi Square ◽

Northern Iran ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Rural Patients

Introduction: Stroke recognized as the third most common cause of death. Stroke survivors often suffer a large amount of physical and mental disability. Due to assess difference between stroke types, progression and distribution of risk factors according to residential status, to get the correct information for prevention planning and management, this study was conducted. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study on stroke patient from 2016 to 2017 that admitted to Ayatollah Rohani Hospital of Babol was conducted. Type of stroke, their severity, risk factors, and urban or rural area of residence of patients were recorded in the checklist. The chi-square test was used to compare frequencies of gender, and stroke risk assessment between the urban and rural residents. Binary logistic regression modeling was used to estimate the association of risk factors with living in urban and rural areas. The results were expressed as multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs). A two-sided p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All data analyses were performed, using SPSS statistical analysis software. Results: Of 241 stroke patients, 133 patients (55 %) were female and 213 patients (88.4 %) were ischemic. Also, 140 cases were (58 %) rural. Embolic strokes more in urban population and thrombotic strokes were more in rural populations. Hyperlipidemia was more in urban than rural p = 0.01. Severity of stroke in admission time (p = 0.03) and at discharge (p = 0.005) was more in rural than urban. The mortality was higher in rural 12 (8.6) vs. 2 (2) urban resident,( p = 0.03). Conclusion: Rural patients had more severity, thrombotic type and mortality than urban. Suitable policy regard to residential parameter is suggested.

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Factors associated with sarcopenia in subjects aged 80 years and over

Revista de Nutrição ◽

10.1590/1415-52732015000300008 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 319-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vanessa Ribeiro dos Santos ◽

Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro ◽

Igor Conterato Gomes ◽

Ricardo Ribeiro Agostinete ◽

Ismael Forte Freitas Júnior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Sociodemographic Factors ◽

Noncommunicable Diseases ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significance Level ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Epidemiological Factors ◽

Chi Square Test

OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether sarcopenia is associated with sociodemographic factors and chronic noncommunicable diseases in adults aged 80 years and older. METHODS: The sample consisted of 120 adults aged 80 to 95 years (83.4±2.9 years) from the city of Presidente Prudente (São Paulo, Brazil), of which 76 were females (83.4±3.0 years) and 44 were males (83.4±2.6 years). The study sociodemographic and epidemiological factors were: age stratum, gender, marital status, education level, chronic noncommunicable diseases, ethnicity, and nutritional status. Body composition was determined by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and sarcopenia was identified by the appendicular lean mass ratio (upper limb lean mass + lower limb lean mass [kg]/height [m]2). The Chi-square test analyzed whether sarcopenia was associated with sociodemographic and epidemiological factors and binary logistic regression expressed the magnitude of the associations. The data were treated by the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (17.0) at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The factors associated with sarcopenia were gender, age, nutritional status, and osteopenia/osteoporosis. CONCLUSION: The factors gender, age, nutritional status, and osteopenia/osteoporosis are independently associated with sarcopenia in adults aged 80 years and older.

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Appraisal of Issues Influencing Soil-Steps Application for Sustainable Farmland Management in High-Potential District, Ethiopia

Environmental Management and Sustainable Development ◽

10.5296/emsd.v7i3.13535 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 102

Author(s):

Mehretie Belay

Keyword(s):

Smallholder Farmers ◽

Group Discussion ◽

Household Head ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Study Data ◽

High Potential ◽

Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test

Soil damage by moving water is a somber predicament on farmlands in highland Ethiopia. Sizeable number of trial in farmland preservation has been executed to handle the crisis during the last tens of years. However, the attempts have not been vibrant to trim-down the danger to an attractive extent. This paper evaluates factors contributing to application of soil-steps (bunds) as sustainable farmland management technology (SFLMT) by smallholder farmers in one of the high-potential districts of northwest Ethiopia named Dangila Woreda (District). Mixed method triangulation designs involving concurrent acquisition and interpretation of quantitative and qualitative data were used in the study. Data were acquired from randomly chosen 201 farming households during the harvest seasons of 2011 and 2012. Ordered questionnaire, participatory field observation, key informant interview and focus group discussion were mechanisms employed during the data acquisition. Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations and percentiles), Chi-square test, t-test and the binary logistic regression model were used to analyze the quantitative data. The qualitative information was textually narrated to augment the quantitative results. Findings of the investigation confirm that age of the household head, the number of household members, slope of the farmland, the size of the farmland held, households’ participation in indigenous labour-sharing activities and the number of farm tools owned were significantly increasing the building of soil-steps as SFLMT in the study district. Involvement in off-farm activities and pest invasions were considerably hindering farmers from building soil-steps on their farmlands. The results in general indicated that households’ access to livelihood assets are key promoters for farmers’ implementation of soil-steps on their farmlands. Local resource preservation and improvement trials should thus ponder on convalescing farmers’ material endowments to improve their capability to use soil-steps as SFLMT in their farming activities.

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Innovation and Management by Regional Rural Banks in Achieving the Dream of Financial Inclusion in India: Challenges and Prospects.

Marketing and Management of Innovations ◽

10.21272/mmi.2020.1-18 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 222-234

Author(s):

Anis ur Rehman

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

The State ◽

Financial Inclusion ◽

Credit Expansion ◽

Achieving The Dream ◽

Chi Square ◽

Political Interference ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The Government

The Regional Rural Banks are government-owned, regionally based and rurally oriented financial institutions specialized in catering to the credit needs of the neglected and weaker sections of the society. In the recent past, RRBs have become a potent mediator for financial inclusion in rural areas. This paper summarizes the innovative methods used by the employees of these banks in deposit mobilizations, credit expansion and recovery of the loan. The primary purpose of the research is to find the problems faced by officials of these banks in marketing their services to the rural customer. The opinions of these bank officials regarding the above factors and the functioning of these banks and their impact on society have also been studied. For this purpose, a sample of 96 bank officials of Aryavart bank and Purvanchal Bank have been taken from the rural areas of Uttar Pradesh. Methodological tools of the research methods were Frequency and Chi-square test of independence which have been used to test the hypotheses developed in the study. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that the employees and staff of these two regional rural banks in the state are making their earnest effort to channelize the savings of rural people by mobilization of deposits by motivating them to deposit their surplus money in the regional rural banks. The bank officials are making efforts to extend credit facilities in rural areas to uplift the people economically. The bank officials are facing problems in deposit mobilization, and credit expansion in the rural areas of the state and they are managing these problems very efficiently. Some political interference was found in the functioning of these banks. In the opinion of these bank officials, the overall working of these regional rural banks is proper. The results of the research can be useful for policymakers in the government to understand the hurdles faced by regional rural banks in reaching to the poor and needy sections of the society. The insights from this paper can help the policymakers to craft innovative schemes which enable these banks to reach the most inaccessible customers in rural areas. Keywords Regional Rural Banks, deposit mobilizations, credit expansion, financial inclusion, loan recovery.

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Born Too Soon; Implications in a Tertiary Health Facility in Enugu State Nigeria

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ◽

10.52403/ijhsr.20210630 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 190-196

Author(s):

Nwoga Hope Obiageli ◽

Ajuba Miriam Obinwanne ◽

Igweagu Chukwuma Paulinus

Keyword(s):

Caesarean Section ◽

Health Facility ◽

Preterm Delivery ◽

Tertiary Education ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Enugu State

Background: Preterm birth (PTB) is a complex complication of pregnancy with multiple etiologies. This results in long term medical burdens to the families and health care system at large. The objective of the study was to determine the socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics that affect preterm delivery. Methods: The study was a prospective cohort study conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of a tertiary health facility in Nigeria. Data for the study were retrieved from the ante-natal and delivery card of the women that delivered at the unit within the time of data collection. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25 and variables were presented as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviation. Bivariate analysis was done using chi-square test. The level of significance was set at p value ≤ 0.05. Binary logistic regression was used to determine factors that predicted preterm delivery. Results: Majority of them were married 746(96.9%), Igbos 763(99.1) and Christians 766(99.5%). Most of the women were civil servants 429(55.7%), while about 31.3% of them were unemployed 241(31.3%). Majority of the women 484(62.9%) had tertiary education. About 48% of them delivered through caesarean section while 53.9% booked within 14-28weeks gestation. Delivering through caesarean section and gestational age at booking predicted preterm delivery. Un-booked mothers have about 7times odds of having PTB when compared to those that booked at ≥28 week’s gestation. Conclusion: The prevalence of PTB is still high in Nigeria. Booking status of the mother and C/S delivery were found to be strongly associated with preterm delivery. Key words: Enugu State, Nigeria, Preterm delivery, Prevalence, Tertiary health facility.

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The pattern of admission and outcome of neonates managed in the neonatal intensive care unit in a Sudanese hospital

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20211068 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 616

Author(s):

Safaa A. M. Ahmed ◽

Mohammed A. O. Ali ◽

Esraa A. A. Mahgoub ◽

Mohammed Nimir ◽

Elfatih M. Malik

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ◽

Medical Records ◽

Neonatal Intensive Care ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Neonatal Morbidity ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test

Background: This study aimed to assess the admission pattern and outcome of neonates managed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a Sudanese hospital.Methods: This hospital-based retrospective study was conducted in the NICU of Saad Abu Elella Teaching Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan. Data was collected from medical records of 207 neonates using an extraction form. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used in analysis.Results: Most of the neonates were term, and 43% of them had a birth weight less than 2.5 kg. Moreover, the most common morbidities among them were sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal jaundice and asphyxia, and the mortality rate was 15%. Additionally, the birth weight, gestational age, the need for resuscitations, direct breast feeding and being beside mother were found to be significantly associated with the studied outcome.Conclusions: Majority of causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality in our study were preventable diseases. Therefore, interventions to improve services in the NICU are highly needed to improve the outcomes.

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Exploring the association between adverse maternal circumstances and low birth weight in neonates: a nationwide population-based study in Bangladesh

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036162 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. e036162

Author(s):

Md Mostaured Ali Khan ◽

Md Golam Mustagir ◽

Md Rafiqul Islam ◽

Md Sharif Kaikobad ◽

Hafiz TA Khan

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Population Based ◽

Chi Square ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Study Designs

ObjectiveThis study is concerned with helping to improve the health and care of newborn babies in Bangladesh by exploring adverse maternal circumstances and assessing whether these are contributing towards low birth weight (LBW) in neonates.Study designs and settingsData were drawn and analysed from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2014. Any association between LBW and adverse maternal circumstances were assessed using a Chi-square test with determinants of LBW identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis.ParticipantsThe study is based on 4728 children aged below 5 years and born to women from selected households.ResultsThe rate of LBW was around 19.9% (199 per 1000 live births) with the highest level found in the Sylhet region (26.2%). The rate was even higher in rural areas (20.8%) and among illiterate mothers (26.6%). Several adverse maternal circumstances of the women included in the survey were found to be significant for increasing the likelihood of giving birth to LBW babies. These circumstances included the women being underweight (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.26, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.49); having unwanted births (AOR 1.22, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.44); had previous pregnancies terminated (AOR 1.28, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.57); were victims of intimate partner violence (AOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.45) and taking antenatal care <4 times (AOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.48). Other important risk factors that were revealed included age at birth <18 years (AOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.83) and intervals between the number of births <24 months (AOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.55). When taking multiple fertility behaviours together such as, the ages of the women at birth (<18 years with interval <24 months (AOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.57) and birth order (>3 with interval <24 months (AOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.37), then the risk of having LBW babies significantly increased.ConclusionThis study finds that adverse maternal circumstances combined with high-risk fertility behaviours are significantly associated with LBW in neonates. This situation could severely impede progress in Bangladesh towards achieving the sustainable development goal concerned with the healthcare of newborns.

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Risk factors for esophageal cancer in a low-incidence area of Brazil

Sao Paulo Medical Journal ◽

10.1590/s1516-31802013000100005 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 131 (1) ◽

pp. 27-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Orlando Milhomem Mota ◽

Maria Paula Curado ◽

José Carlos Oliveira ◽

Edesio Martins ◽

Daniela Medeiros Milhomem Cardoso

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Esophageal Cancer ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Oral Sex ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Low Incidence ◽

Control Study

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVESEsophageal cancer is the eighth commonest type of cancer worldwide, occupying sixth place in terms of mortality. Smoking and alcohol use are known risk factors for this type of cancer. The aim here was to evaluate the risk factors for esophageal cancer in a low-incidence area.DESIGN AND SETTINGCase-control study in Goiânia, with 99 cases of esophageal cancer and 223 controls.METHODSThe variables were sociodemographic, dietary, occupational and lifestyle data. The sample was analyzed using the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test and Mantel-Haenszel approach for multivariate analysis. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated with 5% significance and 95% confidence intervals.RESULTSThe risk of esophageal cancer was higher in patients ≥ 55 years (OR = 1.95; P < 0.001). Patients from rural areas were at greater risk of esophageal cancer (OR = 4.9; P < 0.001). Smoking was a risk factor among the cases (OR = 3.8; P < 0.001), as was exposure to woodstoves (OR = 4.42; P < 0.001). The practice of oral sex was not a risk factor (OR = 0.45; P = 0.04). Consumption of apples, pears, vegetables, cruciferous vegetables and fruit juices were protective against esophageal cancer.CONCLUSIONIn a region in which the incidence of esophageal cancer is low, the most significant risk factors were exposure to woodstoves, smoking and living in rural areas.

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Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Serum And Intelligence Levels of Elementary School Children in Rural Areas, Seluma Regency

Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat ◽

10.26553/jikm.2021.12.1.60-68 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 60-68

Author(s):

Rostika Flora ◽

Ena Juhaina ◽

Ahmad Fickry Faisya ◽

Nur Alam Fajar ◽

Yeni Anna Appulembang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elementary School ◽

School Children ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Neurotrophic Factor ◽

Elementary School Children ◽

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽

Average Risk ◽

Chi Square ◽

Intelligence Level ◽

Chi Square Test

Children living in rural areas are prone to nutritional deficiencies. Low-income levels impact people’s purchasing power so that the intake of most nutrients comes from plant-based foods and consumes less animal food. Nutritional intake greatly affects the development of children’s cognitive function. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a group of neurotrophins that contribute greatly to the learning process and memory. This study aims to analyze the relationship between levels of BDNF with the level of intelligence in elementary school children in rural areas of Seluma Regency. This was a cross-sectional study involving 70 elementary school children aged 9-12 years were taken by multi-stage random sampling, who came from 5 districts of Seluma Regency. Blood was collected for measurement of BDNF levels, and stool samples were examined to detect intestinal parasites. The data on respondent characteristics were derived from questionnaires. Data analysis were done by using the chi-square test. The results of BDNF measurements found 31 children (44.3%) had BDNF levels below the average (<3342.95ng / mL). The results of measuring intelligence level found that 54 children (77.1%) had a level of intelligence below the average. Chi-Square test results obtained p = 0.012 with a PR value of 7.538. There was a significant association between the BDNF level and intelligence level in elementary school students in the rural area. Elementary school children in rural areas with BDNF levels below the average risk of 7.538 times have below-average intelligence levels.

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