scholarly journals Dogs fail to reciprocate the receipt of food from a human in a food-giving task

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0253277
Author(s):  
Jim McGetrick ◽  
Lisa Poncet ◽  
Marietta Amann ◽  
Johannes Schullern-Schrattenhofen ◽  
Leona Fux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Human Type ◽  
Human Partner ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Free Interaction

Domestic dogs have been shown to reciprocate help received from conspecifics in food-giving tasks. However, it is not yet known whether dogs also reciprocate help received from humans. Here, we investigated whether dogs reciprocate the receipt of food from humans. In an experience phase, subjects encountered a helpful human who provided them with food by activating a food dispenser, and an unhelpful human who did not provide them with food. Subjects later had the opportunity to return food to each human type, in a test phase, via the same mechanism. In addition, a free interaction session was conducted in which the subject was free to interact with its owner and with whichever human partner it had encountered on that day. Two studies were carried out, which differed in the complexity of the experience phase and the time lag between the experience phase and test phase. Subjects did not reciprocate the receipt of food in either study. Furthermore, no difference was observed in the duration subjects spent in proximity to, or the latency to approach, the two human partners. Although our results suggest that dogs do not reciprocate help received from humans, they also suggest that the dogs did not recognize the cooperative or uncooperative act of the humans during the experience phase. It is plausible that aspects of the experimental design hindered the emergence of any potential reciprocity. However, it is also possible that dogs are simply not prosocial towards humans in food-giving contexts.

scholarly journals Teaching Wh-Question To Young Learners Through Picture For Sekami Of Paroki Roh Kudus Tomohon

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Tuilan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Objective Test ◽  
Young Learners ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean

This study intends to find out the effectiveness of using picture as teaching media in teaching WH-Question. The Subject consisted of 10 young aged students attending SEKAMI during the period November 2018 – February 2019. The data were collected through objective test pre-experimental design of one group pre-test post-test. The data were analyzed based on descriptive statistics, in which the mean of pre-test was compared to the mean of post-test. The finding shows that students improved their achievement after being treated with picture. The mean of post-test is higher than the mean of pre-test (X2 is higher than that of X1 = 82.5 > 61.5). This indicates that the use of picture as a teaching media was interesting and made the students easy to understand the situation that had been explained to them. Keywords: WH-Question, Young learners, teaching through picture.

scholarly journals IMPROVING STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION IN STUDYING ENGLISH USING AUDIO-LINGUAL METHOD

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfa E. J. Wullur ◽  
Nitha V. F. Liando ◽  
Rinny Rorimpandey
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Motivation To Learn ◽  
Grade Student ◽  
Seventh Grade ◽  
Teaching Motivation ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Seventh Grade Student

This research is based on the students’ motivation in studying English. It intends to prove that students can improve their motivation and it is seen in their achievement in their study. The purpose of this research is to prove that this method is effective in order to improve students’ motivation to learn English. This research is conducted at SMP Negeri 11 Bitung. The subject of this research is a seventh-grade student of SMP Negeri 11 Bitung consisted of 24 students. The design of this research is a pre-experimental design with one group pre-test and post-test design. The data are collected through multiple choice as an instrument and with questionnaires and interviews to support the data. In analyzing the data writers use percentage formula. The result of this research shows that the score of the post-test is higher (72.09%) than the score of the pre-test (44.16%). Based on the fact of the result of this research, it can be concluded that the Audio-lingual method is effective to be applied in class to improve students’ motivation in studying English. Keywords: Teaching; Motivation; Audio-lingual method.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STORY TELLING AND STORY READING METHODS IN TEACHING SPEAKING

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Andi ST Aldilah Khaerana ◽  
Nadya Nurhidayah Nurdin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Comparative Effectiveness ◽  
Story Telling ◽  
Story Reading ◽  
Reading Methods ◽  
Achievement Score ◽  
Speaking Skill ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Subject

This research aims to find out the effectiveness of story telling and story reading methods in teaching speaking. The researchers applied comparative study method which aims at finding out the comparative effectiveness between the application of storytelling and story reading method in teaching speaking skill. The researchers apply experimental design that involves two groups; storytelling and story reading method in pretest, treatment and posttest. The subject in this research will consist of the 2nd semester students of Speaking 2 class of STKIP YPUP Makassar. There would be two variables in this research, independent and dependent variable. The independent variable is the effectiveness of story reading and story telling, while the dependent variable includes the students’ speaking ability. The result shows that there is no method which more effective between storytelling and story reading methods in teaching speaking. This conclusion refers to the overall of the students’ speaking achievement score. But based on the speaking categories investigations namely accuracy, fluency and comprehensibility, the storytelling method is more effective in increasing the students’ accuracy and fluency in speaking, while the story reading method is more effective in improving the students’ comprehensibility.

scholarly journals Προσδιορισμός της ζημίας κατά χρόνο επί αδικοπρακτικής ευθύνης

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Κίμωνας Σαϊτάκης
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Complete Restoration ◽  
Value Loss ◽  
Real Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Opposite View ◽  
Court Of First Instance ◽  
Damage Claim

In order to determine the sum payable to the injured party on torts, one must initially determine thactual damage occured, as the law of compensation is based on the "all or nothing" principle. A major component in the assessment of damages and hence the compensation due is time: In most tort cases, the question which is the crucial time for determining the amount of damages to be made good is crucial, given that the gap occurred to the injured party’s estate, resulting from the illegal act or omission of the tortfeasor, is usually a size variable through time.This problem arises especially in monetary assessment of the recoverable pecuniary damages, in the context of monetary compensation (based on the provisions of article 297 of the Civil Code), as a result of the time lag between the birth and the fulfilment of the damage claim. In the meantime -between birth and fulfillment of the damage claim- incidents usually occur, that appear to influence the extent of the damage, increasing, reducing or eliminating it. This increase or decrease (up to total elimination) of the damage may result either from the appreciation or depreciation of the goods or services necessary for the complete restoration of the damage or from fluctuations in the intrinsic value of the currency as a measure of the damage, which appear after the occurrence of the damage and until its full restoration, making total restitution cheaper or more expensive for the trotfeasor.Opinions and views expressed by theorists regarding the above issue could be grouped into two main poles, from the time of the occurrence of the damage to the time of total restoration. The subject and aim of this thesis is the search for appropriate de lege lata solutions to the issue of the crucial time for assessment of damages on torts and the attempt to establish a comprehensive, practically workable, counter to the firm positions of jurisprudence, which consistently refers to the time of first discussion of the case at court of first instance. The opposite view, that the determination of damages shall be conducted at the time of its occurrence, is adopted in this thesis. This view is presented through a functional standardization (increase or decrease of damages, real value - nominal value, loss of profits), in the quest for teleologically consistent solutions, by utilizing the specificity of each category.In this way, weighing of interests of all parties takes place within the framework of a single conception of damages from the perspective of time.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN VALUE CLARIFICATION TECHNIQUE (VCT) TIPE PERCONTOHAN TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR DAN TANGGUNG JAWAB MATERI GLOBALISASI

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desty Ratna Permatasari
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Fourth Graders ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning Achievement ◽  
Civics Education ◽  
Short Answer ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
Academic Year

This research aims to find out the effectiveness of Value Clarification Technique (VCT) learning modelof exampling type toward learning achievement for the fourth graders of SD N 1 Tinggarjaya in Civic EducationThe subject on the topic of Globalization. This is an experimental design with Randomized control group pretest-posttest research design. The subject of the research was the student off for the Fourth Graders of SD N 1Tinggarjaya academic year 2014/2015 consisting of 32 students of class IVA as control, class and 33 students ofclass IVB as an experimental class. The technique of the data collection was by posttest in the form of filling short answer and statement with 10 items., while for the student’s responsibility technique, it used the questionnaire technique. The data had been gained were then analyzed to test a hypothesis by using the formula of the t-test. Based on the result of the research, it was found that the application of VCT learning model exampling type affected on learning achievement for the fourth graders of SD N 1 Tinggarjaya in Civics Education Subject on the topic of Globalization.

scholarly journals ОСНОВНІ ЧИННИКИ ФОРМУВАННЯ Й РОЗВИТКУ ДИЗАЙНУ МЕБЛІВ

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-128
Author(s):  
В. Ф. Стрілець
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Furniture Design ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Spatial Environment ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

The purpose of this article is the definition of factors that influence the development of modern furniture design and trends in its development in the context of the formation of the subject-spatial environment. The methodology of this study is to apply general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparative analysis, field surveys, experimental design, as well as study of cultural heritage for this research problem.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INSIDE-OUTSIDE CIRCLE METHOD BY USING CUE CARD FOR STUDENTS’ SPEAKING ABILITY AT SEVENTH GRADERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mochammad Sudrajad ◽  
Armeria Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Circle Method ◽  
T Test ◽  
Seventh Graders ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Experimental Group

As far as the researcher’s knowledge, the analysis of “The Effectiveness of Inside-Outside Circle Method  by Using Cue Card for Students’ Speaking Ability” is still difficult to find, the researcher formulates the  statement of the research, Inside-Outside Circle method is effective for student’s speaking ability. The objective of research is to find out whether Inside-Outside Circle method can be effectively for students’ speaking ability. This research uses experimental design. The subject are 7B grade as experimental group and 7C as controlled group at SMP Muhammadiyah 11 Surabaya, this sample is taken by snowball sampling. The data collection uses test (pre-test and post-test) as intrument to measure the result of students. The results of the research will be counted using T-test statistic with𝛼= 0.05. The result of the the study is gotten that Tcount = 6.059 and Ttable is 2.007. It means that H0push away and H1 is accepted. From the results, it can be summarized that the use of Inside-Outsied Circle by using cue card is effective for students’ speaking ability at seventh graders.

scholarly journals Community health agent: a literature review

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cláudia Garabeli Cavalli Kluthcovsky ◽  
Angela Maria Magosso Takayanagui
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Process Work ◽  
Doctoral Dissertations ◽  
Community Health Agent

Study of the review literature regarding brazilian Community Health Agent. The methodology was descriptive and exploratory study, using the LILACS database (1982 to march/2005) and MEDLINE (1966 to 2005). The analysis resulted 153 publications, from which 97 had been excluded. About type of production, of the 56 references (100%), 53,6% were books, 32,1% periodic articles, 7,1% Master's Theses and remains 7,2%, doctoral dissertations and specialization monographs. It was observed that 59% of the references had been enclosed in the database in 2000. Considering only periodic articles, specialization monographs, Master's Theses and doctoral dissertations, an amount of 26 studies, the experimental design predominated (73%), being the objectives most frequent: characterization of the agents and their functions, process work and results. The data suggest increasing interest on the subject, however, these workers still consist a population little studied.

The investigator: on ‘life’ after death. Charles Lewinsky’s Andersen

2019 ◽  
pp. 216-225
Author(s):  
I. I. Reiderman
Keyword(s):  
Self Awareness ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Moral Self ◽  
Life After Death ◽  
Banality Of Evil ◽  
Human Type ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Enlightenment Project ◽  
The Subject

Devoted to Andersen, a novel by the Swiss-born writer Charles Lewinsky, the article sets out to interpret the book with a special emphasis on its protagonist, a Gestapo officer, whose image experiences a paradoxical reinvention in our time. In his analysis, the author is not limited to interpretation of the novel’s meanings. The article argues that Lewinsky’s novel explores contemporary cultural-philosophical problems: those of humanity in the postmodern situation. On the subject of the ‘banality of evil’ (using Hanna Arendt’s term), the author points out the severe estrangement of the main character’s consciousness, the existence devoid of life, substituted with insensitive functioning. The paper emphasizes that while the human type described in the novel formally conforms to ‘the Enlightenment project’, it demonstrates an egregious lack of moral self-awareness. The author refers to such a description as typical for a ‘hero of our time’ in the 21st c. and, therefore, problematizes the cultural-philosophical discourses invoked by Lewinsky in his book.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Bimbingan Belajar terhadap Kesulitan Belajar Siswa Kelas XII MA Muallimin NW Gunung Rajak Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019

MANAZHIM ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-44
Author(s):  
Ahmad Izzuddin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Academic Year

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of tutoring on learning difficulties of students of class XII MA Muallimin NW Gunung Rajak. The subjects that are the focus of research are Chemistry subjects. This research is a quantitative research with experimental design. The subject of this study was students of class XII IPA MA Muallimin NW Gunung Rajak. Data collection techniques using questionnaires, documentation, interviews, and observations. The implementation of tutoring given to students who have effective learning difficulties in improving learning outcomes of students of class XII IPA MA Muallimin NW Gunung Rajak in the academic year 2018/2019. This can be seen from the acquisition of values ​​in statistical analysis of 3.991. This value is greater than the value of ttable at the significance level of 5% which is equal to 1.658 and at the 1% significance level of 2.358. Therefore, the implementation of tutoring is effective in overcoming student learning difficulties, especially in Chemistry subjects.

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