scholarly journals The structure of the features variability of Hordeum brevisubulatum Trin. (Link) in the middle Lena valley

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-210
Author(s):  
K. V. Kardashevskaya ◽  
V. E. Kardashevskaya ◽  
D. A. Alekseeva
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Hordeum Brevisubulatum ◽  
Inflorescence Length

The structure of variability of morphological features of perennial grass Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.)Link has been studied. The biological and ecological features-indicators defining the vitality state of individual andcoenopopulations of species were determined. Biological indicators are the length of the leaf sheath of the third and fourthleaves of the generative shoot and the signs of the generative sphere (inflorescence length, number of nodes and spikeletsin the inflorescence and potential seed productivity). The group of ecological features-indicators includes the number ofdifferent types of shoots in an individual.

Secular Architecture: Military

2021 ◽  
pp. 362-372
Author(s):  
Stavros I. Arvanitopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Selection Of

The Byzantine state inherited a large number of defensive structures, on its borders and in the hinterland where ancient cities were refortified in response to barbarian raids, primarily during the third century. The fundamental characteristics of fortification architecture developed during the sixth century. Nevertheless, criteria for the selection of the location, dimensions, and certain construction and morphological features of the forts, towers, and city/barrier walls, were continually adapted to changes in society and state until the end of the empire. Systematic study of the defensive architectural remains including excavation, creation of synthetic works, and reliable maps will allow researchers to date, compare, and understand the evolution of fortification architecture as well as aspects of daily life in the empire.

scholarly journals Morphological features of the leaves in clematises as a reflection of their ecological peculiarities

2021 ◽  
Vol 89-90 ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
Iryna Kovalyshyn ◽  
Andrii Pinchuk ◽  
Artur Likhanov
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
The Third ◽  
Small Leaf ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Windy Weather

Quantitative morpho-anatomical features of leaves of nine Clematis taxa (C. alpina ‘Pamela Jackman’, C. macropetala ‘Maidwell Hall’, C. integrifolia ‘Aljonushka’, C. ispahanica ‘Zvezdograd’, C. fargesii ‘Paul Farges’, C. texensis ‘Princess Diana’, C. tibetana, C. viticella, and C. heracleifolia) were determined with the aim to analyze their adaptation to the environmental conditions.Among investigated clematises, there were plants with hypostomatic (C. viticella, C. fargesii ‘Paul Farges’, C. heracleifolia, C. texensis ‘Princess Diana’, C. macropetala ‘Maidwell Hall’, and C. alpina ‘Pamela Jackman’), and amphistomatic leaves (C. ispahanica ‘Zvezdograd’ and C. tibetana). In C. integrifolia ‘Aljonushka’ leaves were hypostomatic, but few solitary stomata were also present on the adaxial surface. In the leaves of investigated taxa, the palisade coefficient ranged from 27.3% (C. alpina ‘Pamela Jackman’) to 49.9% (C. tibetana). The leaves also differed significantly in size. In particular, leaves of C. integrifolia ‘Aljonushka’ were almost ten times smaller than such of C. heracleifolia.As a result of UPGMA clustering, the plants that can survive in severe windy weather in open rocky areas, Clematis tibetana and C. ispahanica ‘Zvezdograd’, were joined in a separate cluster. The second cluster combined C. alpina ‘Pamela Jackman’ and C. macropetala ‘Maidwell Hall’ – cultivars blooming in the spring, during a period of significant difference in daily temperatures. A relatively small leaf area in plants from these two clusters may indicate an adaptation by reducing the transpiration area and general windage. The third cluster united the rest of investigated taxa, mostly – the mesophytic plants with a relatively large leaf area. However, due to similar morpho-anatomical structure of the leaf, the third cluster also comprised C. integrifolia ‘Aljonushka’ with the smallest leaves.

scholarly journals Rodent Suborders

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 292-298
Author(s):  
Lawrence J. Flynn ◽  
Louis L. Jacobs ◽  
Yuri Kimura ◽  
Everett H. Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Future Study ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Morphological Character ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
The Third ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Character Complexes ◽  
Rodent Phylogeny ◽  
Formal Recognition

Abstract For two hundred years the status of rodent suborders has been unstable. What are the natural groupings of extant rodent families? The formal recognition of rodent suborders has remained challenging and consensus has been elusive. Classically conceived rodent suborders are widely viewed as artificial, but no universally accepted classification has emerged to reflect the major features of rodent evolution. Over the last two decades molecular studies have established that extant rodents comprise three monophyletic clades. We review the molecular basis for these groups and recognize them as taxonomic units: Suborder Ctenohystrica Huchon et al., 2000, Suborder Supramyomorpha D’Elía et al., 2019, and a group of families clustered with Sciuridae. The latter differs from Sciuromorpha as traditionally conceived because the suborder includes Aplodontiidae but excludes Castoridae. We review morphological character complexes that are distributed broadly within these three clades, name the third group Eusciurida, new suborder, and find this three-fold division of extant Rodentia to reflect well the major features of rodent phylogeny. That some morphological features do not characterize all families within suborders, or are not unique to individual suborders, indicates major parallel innovations and reversals in rodent evolution. These incongruent morphologies invite future study.

scholarly journals Species of sucking pests of ornamental crops in the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea

2021 ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
N. N. Trikoz ◽  
R. O. Andreev ◽  
S. I. Shevtsov
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Trophic Connections

The results of the analysis of the species composition of sucking pests species during the period from 2009 to 2019 are presented. Based on long-term phytosanitary monitoring, 37 species belonging to 12 families were identified, of which the most numerous are the families Diaspididae and Aphididae of the order Hemiptera. According to the nature of trophic connections, 59.9% are monophages, 32.4% are polyphages and 8.1% are oligophages. According to the nature of the damage caused, sucking species differ from each other. Some species lead to a change in the color of leaves and flowers (thrips, mites, coccids), others cause deformation of the leaf blade and inflorescences (coccids, worms, false coccids, herbivorous mites) and the third group includes species that form galls on the leaves (laurel psyllid, pistachio marginal gall aphid). According to ecological features, sucking pest species are divided into three main groups: open-living species, which include aphids, cicadae, psyllas, white flies, the second group includes species that have covers of various nature on the body, such as coccids, worms and false coccids, and the third group consists of gall makers. The dominant species, the degree of harmfulness, the frequency of occurrence and the range of forage plants were determined.

scholarly journals Bio-ecological features of Salsola Richteri Kar. in cultural conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 50-52
Author(s):  
Baltabaev Muratbay ◽  
Kalbaeva Sarigul
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Ecological Features

The article is devoted to the study of the bio-ecological features of the Richter's saltwort (salsola richteri kar.) In cultural conditions. Good growth of Cherkez on bare sands, high seed productivity, the ability to multiply by seeds and cuttings and tolerate significant salinity, powerful growth of the root system contributed to its promotion as a promising plant when the sands were consolidated.

Ieskats Virgas izloksnes fonētikā un morfoloģijā

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Liene Markus-Narvila
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Primary Material ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Third Person

Virga subdialect is one of the subdialects of Southwestern Kurzeme, which belongs to Semigallian subdialects of the Middle Latvian dialect. The characteristics of Virga subdialect can be traced by using mostly three sources: materials of Latvian folklore, the compiled answers to the questions of the Dialectal Atlas of Latvian collection programme, and collected texts of the subdialects, including the materials of expeditions in Virga subdialect collected in the 21st century. These three sources are the primary material for the article. The phonetic and morphological features of Virga subdialect are generally consistent with the phonetical and morphological features typical throughout the Southwestern Kurzeme region. The sections of the article focus on the typical and most representative features in phonetics and morphology of Virga subdialect and reveal their relationship with the typical features of the subdialects used in the whole area. Phonetics of Virga subdialect is characterised by the use of broad e, ē in infinitives, palatal consonant ŗ, assimilation of ln to ll, the loss of sounds in different positions, anaptyxis, and vowel extension before the consonant r. Morphology of Virga subdialect is characterised by the abbreviation of verbs (ne)būt, (ne)iet in the past tense, the third person; ē-stem substantives; āio-stem verbs; the use of suffix ūz-. In the future, further research of Virga subdialect is important in order to determine the stability of the use of the registered features and register other features of the subdialect. Studies of the nearest neighbouring subdialects should also be carried out to allow a wider scientific in-depth analysis of the subdialects used in the area.

/ka-/ negative prefix of Choswateng Tibetan of Khams (Shangri-La, Yunnan)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-629
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Suzuki ◽  
Lozong Lhamo
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Feature ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
Rhetorical Question ◽  
The Third ◽  
South Eastern

Abstract Choswateng Tibetan, spoken in the south-eastern corner of the Khams region, has three negative prefixes: /ȵi-/, /ma-/, and /ka-/. The first two are derived from two morphemes which are ubiquitous across Tibetic languages, whereas the third is a newly generated negative prefix found in Choswateng Tibetan as well as its surrounding dialects belonging to the rGyalthang subgroup of Khams and its neighbours. This article describes the morphological feature and use of the prefix /ka-/ in Choswateng Tibetan. Morphologically, the prefix /ka-/ can co-occur with most verbs except for the copulative verb /ˊreʔ/. Pragmatically, the prefix /ka-/ occurs and is restricted in the following ways: (1) expresses ‘definitely not’ for statements regarding the self, and ‘possibly not, judging from the speaker’s knowledge’ for statements regarding others; (2) co-occurs with egophoric and sensory evidentials; (3) is not used for a negation of accomplished aspect; and (4) does not deprive the function of the other two negative prefixes. These two analyzes are mutually related; it is suggested that the reason why /ka-/ cannot co-occur with the copulative verb /ˊreʔ/ is triggered by a contradiction of implied evidentials: /ka-/ is related to egophoric and sensory, whereas /ˊreʔ/ is statemental. Following the description of its use, we discuss the origin of /ka-/, claiming a possible grammaticalization from an interrogative word gar (‘where’ in Literary Tibetan and common throughout the rGyalthang area) in a rhetorical question to a prefix. Referring to several morphological features of /ka-/, we consider its grammaticalization as ongoing, but most advanced in Choswateng Tibetan.

Effectiveness of elemental S fertilizers on forage grass

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Malhi ◽  
K. Heier ◽  
E. Solberg
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
S Uptake ◽  
S Application ◽  
S Fertilizers

Two field experiments were conducted from 1993 to 1995 to compare the effectiveness of various cumulative elemental S and sulphate-S fertilizer applications in increasing dry matter yield (DMY) and S uptake of forage grass. In exp. 1, one sulphate-S (Na2SO4) and two elemental S (Agric-Grade 0-0-0-95 and Tiger 90) fertilizers were applied annually to grass in mid to late April at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg S ha−1 rates. The increase in DMY from S application was significantly lower with elemental S fertilizers than with Na2SO4 in the first and second years, but in the third year elemental S fertilizers had DMY increase similar to Na2SO4 In exp. 2, a number of elemental S and sulphate-S fertilizers were applied annually to grass in mid- to late April at 15 kg S ha−1 rate. There was a marked increase in DMY from S application in all the 3 yr with the three sulphate-containing S fertilizers (Na2SO4, K2SO4 and CaSO4). When elemental S fertilizers were used, only Turf-Grade 0-0-0-95 increased DMY in all the 3 yr and it produced DMY increase similar to the sulphate-S fertilizers in the third year. Elemental S Prills did not produce any significant increase in DMY in any of the 3 yr. Other elemental S fertilizers [e.g., Elemental S Powder, Agric-Grade 0-0-0-95 and Tiger 90] increased DMY in the third year only, but this increase was still less than the sulfate-S fertilizers. Turf-Grade 0-0-0-95 (with smaller granules) produced greater DMY increase than Agric-Grade 0-0-0-95 (with larger granules) in all the 3 yr (though significant in the third year only). The S fertilizers that contained small amounts of sulphate-S in addition to elemental S were generally more effective in increasing DMY than the similar fertilizers containing only elemental S. The increase in S uptake from applied S in grass showed usually similar trends as DMY increase. In conclusion, the results suggest that some elemental S fertilizers can be as effective in increasing forage DMY on perennial grass as sulfate-S fertilizers. However, depending upon soil type and climatic conditions two or more growing seasons may be needed for S in the elemental S fertilizers to become fully available to the plants. Key words: Elemental S fertilizers, forage yield, grassland, sulphate-S fertilizers, sulphur uptake

Mesolithic Lake Cultures in the Ganga Valley, India

1973 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 129-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Alluvial Plain ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Plastic Clay ◽  
Clay Deposit ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
Sandy Deposit

The explorations conducted by the Institute of Archaeology, Allahabad University, in the last few years in the alluvial plain of the Central Ganga Valley, bounded by the Ganga on the south and the Sarju on the north, have brought to light extensive traces of Stone Age occupation in an area completely devoid of rocks. The work has also revealed the connection between this appearance of early man and the morphological features brought about by the changing course of the Ganga in the Pleistocene. The Gangetic alluvial is clearly divided into two distinct formations, the older known as Bhagar, and the younger as Khadar. The terminal of the Bhagar constituted the bank of the Ganga when it was actually forming this area and gradually receding southwards to form the deposit of the Khadar. Over a very wide area the exposed sections of the Bhagar (fig. 1) consist of four layers having a thickness of 8 to 10·5 m. On the top there is a sandy soil (30 cm to 1·50 m) overlying a plastic clay deposit (90 cm to 2 m in thickness). The third layer is constituted by blackish soil (1·50 m to 3 m) full of small kankar nodules. The bottommost exposed layer or the fourth (2 m to 4 m) from the top, containing kankars, is yellowish in colour. There is no doubt that the sandy deposit capping the old formation marks the end of an epoch in the life of the Ganga, and it was deposited by the river with a flood-plane higher by at least 10 metres than its highest flood-plane subsequently recorded.

The effect of interval between harvests and nitrogen application on the proportion and yield of crop fractions and on the digestibility and digestible yield and nitrogen content and yield of two perennial ryegrass varieties in the second harvest year

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
A. Koocheki ◽  
A. B. Lwoga
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Dead Leaf ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Content ◽  
The Third ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
June July

SummaryThe effect of six intervals between harvests and three levels of N application on the dry-matter yield of total herbage, the proportion and yield of green leaf, dead leaf, ‘stem’ and inflorescence of the sown species, the proportion and yield of unsown species, the digestibility and digestible yield and N content and yield was studied in S. 23 and S. 321 perennial ryegrass during a 30-week period in the second harvest year in a field experiment. In S. 23 the ‘stem’ was divided into true stem, leaf sheath, unemerged leaf and unemerged inflorescence.The results supported the main findings from the first harvest year (Wilman et al. 1976a, b).There was marked ingress of unsown species in the second harvest year with 3-, 4- and 5-week intervals in S. 321. The combination of 262–5 or 525 kg N/ha/year and 8- and particularly 10-week intervals over 2 years was too severe a treatment for the satisfactory survival of S. 23. With 525 kg N and 10-week intervals, S. 321 was equally badly affeoted.The application of 525 kg N/ha/year compared with nil reduced the proportion of green leaf in total herbage of the sown species by 11 percentage units, on average, and increased the proportion of ‘stem’ by 12 percentage units, in the second harvest year. The effect of N application on the proportion of crop fractions was found in both varieties and in all months of harvest. The effect was much greater than in the first harvest year. In S. 23 the application of 525 kg N compared with nil in the second harvest year increased the proportions of both true stem and leaf sheath (in total herbage of the sown species), true stem being the more important of the two, in this context, with the longer intervals and leaf sheath being the more important with the short intervals.Digestibility was not in general affected by N application despite the higher proportion of stem and leaf sheath and the lower proportion of green leaf blade resulting from N application. N did, however, tend to reduce digestibility at the harvests at which the proportion of stem was highest.Digestibility varied from one time of the year to another with a constant interval between harvests, but not as much as in the previous year. Lower digestibility of leafy crops in summer and autumn than in April and early May in both years may have been partly due to a higher proportion of dead material.Three periods were distinguished approximately in both years: May-June, July-August, and September-October. Only in the first of these periods was there a substantial increase in yield of digestible organic matter as a result of doubling the interval between harvests. Doubling the interval reduced digestibility in all three periods, but especially at harvests within the second period. Yield response to N was large in the first period, intermediate in the second, and low in the third. Apparent recovery of N was low and N content of herbage unduly high in the third period. N content of herbage was low with the long intervals between harvests at harvests in the first two periods. Applied N increased N content at these harvests and at all other times.

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