Insulin and adrenalin effects on the activity and concentration of glutathione metabolizing enzymes in rat organs

Adrenaline activates glutathione peroxidase in the heart, liver, and kidneys and glutathione transferase in the heart and liver, inhibits gamma-glutamyl transferase in the kidneys, and has no effect on glutathione reductase; no changes in the brain detected. Insulin does not influence glutathione reductase either, nor does it induce any changes in the heart, liver, and bone marrow, but it alters (as a rule reduces) in a number of cases the activities of many glutathione metabolism enzymes and reduces glutathione concentration in the brain, kidneys, and spleen both an hour and 24 h after injection. The detected changes do not conform to universally acknowledged classification of the organs by insulin sensitivity and do not correlate with hypoglycemia.

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Effect of ethanol extract of leaf of Cajanus indicus spreng in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatopathy in rates in relation to free radical scavenging action

Journal of Nobel Medical College ◽

10.3126/jonmc.v1i1.7284 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 20-26

Author(s):

Biswajit Majumdar ◽

Arun Kumar Sinha ◽

Shrawan Yadav

Keyword(s):

Hepatic Injury ◽

Glutathione Transferase ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Conjugate Diene ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Medical College ◽

Glutathione Status ◽

Glutamyl Transferase

Phytochemicals, that is, chemicals present in various plants and herbs , are now becoming important candidates for development of drugs.Wide range of medicinals plants {Plants from which potential photochemicals are isolated for development of drugs for treatment of diseases}present in South Asian countries have now been increasingly utilized for development of phytomedicines. Treatment with ethanol extract of leaf of Cajanus indicus Spreng at a dose of 50 mg /kg body weight for 20 days, after induction of hepatotoxic damage by CCl4, produce significant elevation of the hepatic injury. The liver marker enzymes like(Aspartate Transaminate) AST, GGT(Gamma Glutamyl Transferase), ALT(Alanine Transaminase) and ALP(Alkaline Phosphatase) decreased significantly at the above dose showing the optimum effect against hepatic damage. The liver antioxidant enzymes SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione transferase and the membrane damaging indicators TBARS(Thiobarbituric Acis Reactive Species), conjugate diene and marker of glutathione status indicate the mechanism of healing action to be due to scavenging of free radicals or ROS. The results thus gives a confirmatory proof that the healing action of ethanol extract of leaf of Cajanus indicus Spreng is for shifting of equilibrium from the peroxidant to antioxidant side and the leaf acts as a natural antioxidant and healer of CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v1i1.7284 Journal of Nobel Medical College Vol.1(1) 2011 20-26

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Seneciosis in cattle associated with photosensitization

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2014000500007 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 427-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Paula R. Giaretta ◽

Welden Panziera ◽

Glauco J.A. Galiza ◽

Juliana S. Brum ◽

Ronaldo M. Bianchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Signs ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Histological Changes ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Serous Discharge ◽

Liver Biopsies ◽

Glutamyl Transferase ◽

The Brain ◽

Ocular Discharge

Senecio spp. poisoning is the main cause of cattle mortality in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. This paper reports an outbreak of seneciosis in cattle with high prevalence of photosensitization, where 83 out of 162 cows (51.3%) presented this clinical sign. The outbreak occurred in September 2013, affecting adult cows that were held in a 205 hectare-pasture from April to October 2013 with abundant Senecio brasiliensis infestation. Main clinical signs were weight loss, excessive lacrimation or mucopurulent ocular discharge, nasal serous discharge, ventral diphteric glossitis, crusts in the nose, teats, dorsum of ears, and vulva. Liver biopsy was performed in all the cows under risk; the histopathological findings in the liver biopsies consisted of fibrosis, megalocytosis, and biliary ductal proliferation and were present in 73.4% of the biopsied animals. Six cows had increased serum activity of gamma glutamyl transferase. Three affected cows were necropsied. The main necropsy findings were a hard liver, distended gall bladder, edema of the mesentery and abomasum. Liver histological changes in the necropsied cows were similar to those of the biopsied livers. Spongiosis was detected in the brain of necropsied cows and is characteristic of hepatic encephalopathy.

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Feline obesity: risk factors and clinical and metabolic findings

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6p3305 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 3305-3320

Author(s):

Camila Moura de Lima ◽

◽

Gustavo Antônio Boff ◽

Sergiane Baes Pereira ◽

Alexsander Ferraz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Environmental Management ◽

Body Fat ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Serum Biochemistry ◽

The Body ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Glutamyl Transferase

Excess body fat can cause a series of metabolic and mechanical effects on the body. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the clinical, metabolic, and risk factors of overweight (OW) cats. For the acceptance of participation in the research, the tutors were asked to answer a questionnaire containing 34 questions and to point out the body condition score (BCS) on a sheet containing nine images of different scores (1 to 9 on a 9-point scale). Thereafter, the body evaluations were performed as a classification of the BCS on a scale from 1 to 9, with an ideal score (IS) of BCS 5 and OW for BCS > 5. Further, the lean mass index and morphometric measurements (thoracic and abdominal circumferences and height and length of the patella to calcaneal tuberosity) were performed to estimate the percentage of body fat. Systolic blood pressure was measured using the non-invasive Doppler method and blood was collected for hemogram and serum biochemistry (creatinine, urea, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol). After these analyses, we sought to guide and raise the awareness of the tutors to promote the correct nutritional and environmental management of the animals. Thirty adult cats were divided into two groups, based on the classification of the BCS, with eight having an IS and 22 being OW. The OW group was found to have a low level of physical activity, hypercholesterolemia, and higher values of body characteristics. Additionally, there was a median agreement between the perceptions of the clinician and the tutors. Therefore, it was concluded that the main laboratory alteration found in the obese cats was hypercholesterolemia, which was a critical parameter. It was observed that a low degree of physical activity could cause excess weight gain. It was found that the guardians of the cats with ideal weight underestimated the BCS, which could contribute to the supply of excess food and consequently, obesity. Thus, this study was sought to guide and raise the awareness of tutors, to promote the correct nutritional and environmental management thereby providing welfare and quality of life to the animals.

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Evaluation of the Acute Hepatoprotective Potential of Hydroethanolic Extract of Duranta erecta L. Parts

Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1155/2020/8815719 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Shadrack Donkor ◽

Christopher Larbie ◽

Gustav Komlaga ◽

Benjamin Obukowho Emikpe

Keyword(s):

Glutathione Transferase ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Major Health Problem ◽

Major Health ◽

Liver Structure ◽

Serum Biochemical ◽

Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Hydroethanolic Extract

Liver disease is a major health problem and its treatment is costly in most developing countries with attendant adverse effects. This study aimed at determining the acute hepatoprotective efficacy of Duranta erecta hydroethanolic extracts of leaves, ripe and unripe fruits against CCl4-, and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in animals. Materials and Methods. CCl4 (1 mL/kg body weight in olive oil) and acetaminophen (500 mg/kg b.wt) were used to induce hepatotoxicity in the animals. Animals were treated with extracts at 250 mg/kg b.wt and standard drug, silymarin (100 mg/kg), for 7 days. Hepatoprotective efficacy was assessed by assaying serum biochemical markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γGT), bilirubin (Bil), antioxidative biomarkers including reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxidase (H202), and nitric oxide (NO), as well as histological observations. Results. Exposure of the animals to CCl4 and acetaminophen resulted in liver injury as evidenced by elevated ALT, AST, ALP, γGT, Bil, MDA, H2O2, and NO levels with resultant derangement in liver microarchitecture. Pretreatment with hydroethanolic extracts, particularly ripe fruits of Duranta erecta, led to a reduction in these indicators and an increase in GSH, GPx, GST, and SOD levels. Biochemical data were supported by improvement in liver structure. Conclusion. The findings suggest that hydroethanolic Duranta erecta ripe fruits extract possesses hepatoprotective and antioxidative activities against CCl4- and acetaminophen-induced toxicity and could be developed as a potent agent for drug-induced liver diseases.

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Indolent Systemic Mastocytosis – a Case Report

Serbian Journal of Dermatology and Venerology ◽

10.1515/sjdv-2017-0014 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 129-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ljuba Vujanović ◽

Marina Jovanović ◽

Zoran Golušin ◽

Olivera Levakov ◽

Aleksandra Petrović ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Case Report ◽

Systemic Mastocytosis ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Urticaria Pigmentosa ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Normal Ranges ◽

Patient Reported ◽

Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Indolent Systemic Mastocytosis

Abstract Indolent systemic mastocytosis is a benign form of systemic mastocytosis characterized by an abnormal proliferation of mast cells either in the bone marrow or in numerous tissues. Case Report: A 27-year-old female patient was admitted to our department due to urticaria which started a month ago. Before the skin changes appeared, our patient suffered from a toothache, so she took various painkillers (nimesulide, ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol). During skin examination, individual hyperpigmented macules on the trunk and lower limbs were observed as incidental findings. The patient reported having them for the last two years. Darier's sign was positive. Following the examination, she was admitted due to suspected urticaria pigmentosa. Laboratory Findings: erythrocyte sedimentation rate: 9 mm/h; complete blood count, urine, blood glucose, total and direct bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, urea, creatinine, and uric acid were within normal ranges. Electrolytes: sodium, potassium, chlorine clearance, total calcium and calcium ionized, osteocalcin, and crosslaps were within normal ranges as well. Fibrinogen: 5.57 g/l; 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid: 49.8 umol/dU (10.4 - 31.2). Bone densitometry, chest x-ray and upper abdomen ultrasound findings were normal. The suspected clinical diagnosis of urticaria pigmentosa was confirmed by skin biopsy. Histopathological examination of the bone marrow showed moderately increased cellularity (60 - 70%). All three types of blood cells were slightly multiplied. Focal infiltrations were found in the perivascular area, consisting of elongated, oval cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. The nuclei were regular, oval shaped with finely granular chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli. No nuclear atypia was found. These cells are highly CD117-positive. This finding strongly indicated bone marrow infiltration in systemic mastocytosis. The diagnosis was based on ‘major’ and ‘minor’ diagnostic criteria. The recommended therapy included H1 and H2 antagonists and topical corticosteroids. Conclusion: Regular follow-up was recommended in order to prevent complications and malignant alterations.

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Green synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Elicited a Prominent Suppression of Oxidative and Inflammatory Distortions in Rats Exposed to Carbon Tetrachloride

Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry ◽

10.33263/briac124.54445457 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 5444-5457

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Zinc Oxide ◽

Carbon Tetrachloride ◽

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Glutathione Transferase ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Glutamyl Transferase

This study centered on Zinc oxide nanoparticles capped with Pterocarpus mildbraedii leaf extracts (PmZnONPs) as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) ‐ induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats. PmZnONPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The FTIR results revealed the presence of various functional groups in PmZnONPs, while the BET showed a surface area of 1.55 mg-2. In vitro, PmZnONPS showed comparable 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals scavenging activities as Vitamin C. After that, PmZnONPs (1 and 3 mg/kg) were administered (p.o.) into six groups of rats, using CCl4 as the toxicant. The obtained results demonstrated that PmZnONPS significantly prevented CCl4‐induced elevations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin (BIL), creatinine, and urea. Moreover, PmZnONPs restored the levels of plasma uric acid, hepatorenal antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, and glutathione that were significantly decreased by CCl4 treatment. Immunohistochemical studies showed that PmZnONPs significantly suppressed the high immunoreactivity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX-2), and interleukin‐6 (IL-6) arising from CCl4 intoxication. Thus our data hint that PmZnONPs suppressed CCl4‐induced toxicity in the liver and kidney of rats via its combined antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties.

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Perinatal Exposure to a Glyphosate Pesticide Formulation Induces Liver Damage in Immature Rat Pups

10.21203/rs.3.rs-780995/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Carla Elise Heinz Rieg ◽

Daiane Cattani ◽

Nathalia Ferrazzo Naspolini ◽

Vitoria Hayduck Cenci ◽

Vera Lúcia de Liz Oliveira Cavalli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Active Form ◽

Transferrin Saturation ◽

Antioxidant Defense System ◽

Female Rats ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Perinatal Exposure ◽

Rat Pups ◽

Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Factor Α

Abstract The present study investigated the effects of perinatal exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) on liver of immature Wistar rats. Female rats were exposed to GBH (70 mg glyphosate/Kg body weight/day) in drinking water from gestation day 5 and continually up to lactation day 15. The perinatal exposure to GBH increased 45Ca2+ influx in offspring’s liver Pharmacological tools indicated a role played by oxidative stress, phospholipase C (PLC) and Akt pathways, as well as voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel modulation to GBH-induced Ca2+ influx in liver. In addition, changes in the enzymatic antioxidant defense system, decreased GSH content, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation suggest a connection between GBH hepatotoxic mechanism and redox imbalance. The perinatal exposure to GBH also increased the enzymatic activities of transaminases and gamma-glutamyl transferase in offspring's liver and blood, suggesting a pesticide-induced liver injury. Moreover, we detected increased iron levels in liver, blood and bone marrow of GBH-exposed rats, which were accompanied by increased transferrin saturation and decreased transferrin levels in blood. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were increased in the liver of rats exposed to GBH. We also detected increased phospho-p65NFκB immunocontent, corresponding to the active form of this transcription factor. Therefore, we propose that excessive amounts of iron induced by perinatal exposure to GBH in offspring’s liver, blood and bone marrow may account for iron-driven hepatotoxicity, which was associated with Ca2+ influx, oxidative damage and inflammation in immature rats. Further studies will clarify whether these events can ultimately impact on liver function.

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Glutathione levels and activities of glutathione metabolism enzymes in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Journal of Psychopharmacology ◽

10.1177/0269881119845820 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (10) ◽

pp. 1199-1214 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sakiko Tsugawa ◽

Yoshihiro Noda ◽

Ryosuke Tarumi ◽

Yu Mimura ◽

Kazunari Yoshida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Glutathione Reductase ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Glutathione Metabolism ◽

First Episode ◽

Glutathione Synthetase ◽

Glutathione System ◽

Glutathione Disulfide ◽

Total Glutathione ◽

Metabolism Enzymes

Background:Glutathione is among the important antioxidants to prevent oxidative stress. However, the relationships between abnormality in the glutathione system and pathophysiology of schizophrenia remain uncertain due to inconsistent findings on glutathione levels and/or glutathione-related enzyme activities in patients with schizophrenia.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted using Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and PubMed. Original studies, in which three metabolite levels (glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and total glutathione (glutathione+glutathione disulfide)) and five enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutamate-cysteine ligase, glutathione synthetase, and glutathione S-transferase) were measured with any techniques in both patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls, were included. Standardized mean differences were calculated to determine the group differences in the glutathione levels with a random-effects model.Results:We identified 41, 9, 15, 38, and seven studies which examined glutathione, glutathione disulfide, total glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, respectively. Patients with schizophrenia had lower levels of both glutathione and total glutathione and decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase compared to controls. Glutathione levels were lower in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia than those in controls while glutathione levels did not differ between patients with first-episode psychosis and controls.Conclusions:Our findings suggested that there may be glutathione deficits and abnormalities in the glutathione redox cycle in patients with schizophrenia. However, given the small number of studies examined the entire glutathione system, further studies are needed to elucidate a better understanding of disrupted glutathione function in schizophrenia, which may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies in this disorder.

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Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i531184 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 92-98

Author(s):

Jamal Alruwaili

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Serum Vitamin ◽

Control Group ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Glutamyl Transferase ◽

The Brain

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the connection between childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the level of Vitamin D in the blood. Materials and Methods: The study was undertaken in 2018 on children in the age group of 4-13 years. Twenty two children diagnosed with ADHD were selected, along with a control group comprising twenty two healthy children showing no symptoms of ADHD or any other neurological disorder or liver or kidney disease or any endocrine problem. Anyone using Vitamin D supplements was excluded from the study. Venous blood samples were acquired from the subjects and serum Vitamin D level was measured. Results: The mean average level of Vitamin D in the research subjects exhibiting ADHD (18.60±6.33 ng/ml) was found to be lower than the control group (34.34±8.19) (P-value < 0.0005). Conclusions: This study has shed some light on the role played by Vitamin D in maintaining the antioxidant status of the brain. The study has shown that the Vitamin D is much lower in children diagnosed with ADHD. Vitamin D increases the expression of the enzyme, Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT). This enzyme is involved in the metabolism of Glutathione, which is considered an important antioxidant in the brain.

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The assessment of the toxicity of nanocomplexes containing gadolinium orthovanadate nanoparticles and cholesterol

Cell and Organ Transplantology ◽

10.22494/cot.v9i1.121 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

A. Goltsev ◽

◽

M. Bondarovych ◽

N. Babenko ◽

Yu. Gaevska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Body Weight ◽

Glucose Solution ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

National Academy Of Sciences ◽

Hematopoietic Stem ◽

Glutamyl Transferase

Nanocomplexes (NCs) synthesized at the Institute for Scintillation Materials of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, consisting of nanoparticles (NPs) of gadolinium orthovanadate and cholesterol, are promising compounds that can be used as probes and fluorescent labels for tumor cells or experimental oncopathology treatment. However, the biosafety of such substances remains unclear. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the acute toxic effect of nanocomplexes on the healthy mice. Materials and methods. Nanocomplexes containing nanoparticles of GdYVO4:Eu3+ and cholesterol in 5 % glucose solution were administered to BALB/c mice once intraperitoneally in volumes of 0.1 mL, 0.5 mL, 1 mL, 2 mL, which corresponds to 5.9-6, 5 mg, 29.5-32.5 mg, 59.1-65.0 mg, 118.2-130.0 mg/kg body weight. Control animals were injected with the same volumes of 5 % glucose solution. On the 14th day, the morphological characteristics of organs, the number of CD34+CD38– cells among bone marrow total nucleated cells, the activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in liver homogenates were determined. Results. With the administration of NPs at a dose of less than 118.2 mg/kg body weight, no fatalities and symptoms of intoxication were showed, but there was a dose-dependent increase in the content of GGT in the liver of experimental animals. The use of NPs at a dose of 118.2-130.0 mg/kg body weight resulted in the death of 50 % of the animals on the 3rd day. In this group, on the 14th day, there were neoplasms in the spleen of one of the surviving animals, a decrease in the number of bone marrow total nucleated cell on the background of increased hematopoietic stem cells with CD34+CD38– phenotype, necrotic and dystrophic changes in the liver, and decreased activity of the G6PD enzyme. Conclusions. The potential median lethal dose of gadolinium orthovanadate nanoparticles and cholesterol in nanocomplexes was determined, which was 118.2-130.0 mg/kg animal body weight, which allows to classify them as low-toxic substances.

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