Studies on diarrhea prevalence in selected communities in greater Monrovia, Liberia

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
James McClain ◽  
J. Boima Kiazolu ◽  
Peter Saah Humphrey ◽  
Plenseh Diana Paye
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Family Behavior ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
Group A ◽  
Diarrhea Prevalence ◽  
Education And Awareness ◽  
Group B ◽  
And Behavior

Diarrhea is an epidemic that threatens the livelihood of children less than five years in developing countries. Control and mitigation pose a severe challenge in these countries. The subjective of the study is to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with diarrhea among families in Greater Monrovia. The study recruited 257 families from three communities and geographically and randomly assigned to the two groups (A & B). Socio-demographic survey and knowledge and behavior questionnaires on diarrhea prevalence were used to collect data. Reports from the study indicate that family in Group A (93%) and Group B (83.6%) have significant knowledge associating contaminated drinking water and contaminated food with diarrhea; X2 =11.2, p = 0.001. The family behavior shows that Group A (33%) and Group B (51%) do not treat their drinking water before consumption. The findings from this study recommend an education and awareness intervention on diarrheal and related illnesses to increase family knowledge and improvement of the behavior community public health improvement process.  

scholarly journals Effects of Dicalcium Phosphate (DCP) and Vitamin E on Growth Performance and Hemato-Biochemical Parameters in Broilers

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. p104
Author(s):  
Tairan Ikbal ◽  
Sumitra Saha
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Vitamin E Supplementation ◽  
Blood Profiles

This study was conducted to assess the effect of DCP and vitamin E supplementation on body weight, hematological- (TEC, Hb content, PCV and ESR) and biochemical (AST and ALT) parameters of “Cobb 500” broiler. A total of 20 chicks (14 days old) were reared and randomly divided into four equal groups (n=5). Body weight was measured at each 7 days interval up to the end of the 35 days of experimental period.  Group A was considered as control, fed with commercial ration. Group B, C and D were treated with 1 gm DCP per kg feed, 1 ml vitamin E per litre of drinking water, and 1 gm DCP per kg feed plus 1 ml vitamin E per litre of drinking water with commercial ration, respectively from day 14 to day 35. It was observed that DCP and vitamin E supplementation significantly (p<0.01) increased body weight. Moreover, TEC and Hb content increased significantly (p<0.01) in the treated groups as compared to control. Besides, ESR, AST and ALT values decreased significantly (p<0.01) in the treated groups. Therefore, it may be concluded that DCP and vitamin E could be used to improve body weight gain and blood profiles without any detrimental effect to liver and muscle on broilers.

scholarly journals Comparison of effectiveness of Salvadora Persica whitening toothpaste with commercial whitening toothpaste at removing stain

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erlina Sih Mahanani ◽  
Erry Mochamad Arief ◽  
Samantha Victoria Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Salvadora Persica ◽  
Stain Removal ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Comparison Of Effectiveness

The miswak, a traditional chewing stick for cleaning teeth, is made from the plant Salvadora persica. It contains a wide range of healthy components in maintaining good oral hygiene. The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of whitening toothpaste containing Salvadora persica extract at removing tea and chlorhexidine stain by comparing with one of commercially available whitening toothpaste and drinking water as a control group. A randomized experimental study was done. The standard method cycled clear acrylic specimens through artificial saliva, 0.2% chlorhexidine and tea on the hour 8 times per day and stain were measured using a spectrophotometer to achieve baseline reading. Test interventions were 2 whitening kinds of toothpaste; whitening toothpaste containing Salvadora persica extract (group A), commercial whitening toothpaste (group B) and drinking water as a control group (group C). Treatment interventions were done at 09:00 and 16:00 by exposing the specimens to slurries of each treatment for 2 minutes. The specimens remained in the artificial saliva between each cycles day and night. At the end of the day, the stain was assessed by spectrophotometer and Lobene Stain Index. The comparison of total stain removal assessed by spectrophotometer on day 5 between all groups was significant (p=0.007). The median of total stain removal and visual assessment recording using Lobene stain index showed Salvadora persica whitening toothpaste scored more reduction of staining followed by commercial whitening toothpaste and then control group. As a conclusion, the whitening toothpaste containing Salvadora persica is more effective at removing tea and chlorhexidine stain.

Evaluation of pilot-scale oxidation of several PPCPs/EDCs (pharmaceuticals and personal care products/endocrine disrupting compounds) during drinking water ozonation treatment

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-582
Author(s):  
Chaoyang Yue ◽  
Rajesh Seth ◽  
Shahram Tabe ◽  
Xiaoming Zhao ◽  
Chunyan Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Detroit River ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Several PPCPs/EDCs are being detected in surface drinking water sources, which is a great concern. The efficacy of ozonation in oxidizing 13 PPCPs/EDCs frequently detected in the Detroit River watershed was examined at pilot scale in the current study. Pilot-scale experiments were conducted at ozone dosages varying between 0.3 and 1.5 mg/L with the 13 PPCPs/ EDCs spiked in raw water obtained from the Detroit River. For 10 of the 13 PPCPs/EDCs with a high reaction rate with ozone (Group A), average oxidation efficiencies exceeded 95% for all ozone dosages at a contact time of 8.6 min. For chemicals with low to moderate reaction rate with molecular ozone (Group B), the observed oxidations were variable and ranged between 3 and 62% for ibuprofen and clorfibric acid and between 28 and &gt;99% for bezafibrate under the same conditions. For the Group B chemicals, the oxidation increased with increasing ozone exposure and was significantly influenced by the quality of raw water.

scholarly journals Effects of administration of multivitamins and enzymes for broilers either singly or in combination on body weight and haematobiochemical parameters

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Paul ◽  
N Ahmad ◽  
MA Moinuddin ◽  
N Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Group A ◽  
Serum Transaminases ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Group B

The experiment was conducted on “Lohman Meat” broiler chicks to evaluate the effect of exogenous multivitamin and enzyme supplementation on body weight gain, haematological parameters (TEC, Hb content, PCV and ESR) and serum transaminases (AST and ALT). A total of 20, twenty days old broilers were randomly divided into four equal groups (5×4). Group A was considered as control, fed only with commercial ration, group B was treated at a dose rate of 0.5 ml multivitamins per 1 litre of drinking water, group C was treated at a dose rate of 1 ml enzyme per litre of drinking water and group D was treated with multivitamin @ 0.5 ml/L and Enzyme @ 1ml/ L in water from 1 to 21 days of experiment. It was observed that multivitamin and enzyme supplementation significantly (p<0.01) increased body weight. TEC, PCV and Hb content increased significantly (p<0.01) in the treated groups as compared to that of control group. ESR, AST and ALT values decreased significantly (p<0.01) in the treated groups. Therefore, it may be concluded that multivitamin and enzyme may be used with better performances in terms of increase of body weight and blood profiles. Keywords: Multivitamins and enzymes; Effects; Broiler DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v8i1.6396J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 8(1): 39-44, 2010

scholarly journals Benzene as a Chemical Hazard in Processed Foods

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vânia Paula Salviano dos Santos ◽  
Andréa Medeiros Salgado ◽  
Alexandre Guedes Torres ◽  
Karen Signori Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Food Preservatives ◽  
Chemical Hazard ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
General Studies

This paper presents a literature review on benzene in foods, including toxicological aspects, occurrence, formation mechanisms, and mitigation measures and analyzes data reporting benzene levels in foods. Benzene is recognized by the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) as carcinogenic to humans, and its presence in foods has been attributed to various potential sources: packaging, storage environment, contaminated drinking water, cooking processes, irradiation processes, and degradation of food preservatives such as benzoates. Since there are no specific limits for benzene levels in beverages and food in general studies have adopted references for drinking water in a range from 1–10 ppb. The presence of benzene has been reported in various food/beverage substances with soft drinks often reported in the literature. Although the analyses reported low levels of benzene in most of the samples studied, some exceeded permissible limits. The available data on dietary exposure to benzene is minimal from the viewpoint of public health. Often benzene levels were low as to be considered negligible and not a consumer health risk, but there is still a need of more studies for a better understanding of their effects on human health through the ingestion of contaminated food.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Antioxidant Mechanisms and Reduction of Oxidative Stress in Chickens after the Administration of Drinking Water Enriched with Polyphenolic Powder from Olive Mill Waste Waters

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliki Papadopoulou ◽  
Konstantinos Petrotos ◽  
Dimitrios Stagos ◽  
Konstantinos Gerasopoulos ◽  
Antonios Maimaris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Protein Carbonyls ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Antioxidant Mechanisms ◽  
Olive Mill

The aim of the study was to examine the effects of a polyphenolic powder from olive mill wastewater (OMWW) administered through drinking water, on chickens’ redox status. Thus, 75 chickens were divided into three groups. Group A was given just drinking water, while groups B and C were given drinking water containing 20 and 50 μg/ml of polyphenols, respectively, for 45 days. The antioxidant effects of the polyphenolic powder were assessed by measuring oxidative stress biomarkers in blood after 25 and 45 days of treatment. These markers were total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein carbonyls (CARB), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) in plasma, and glutathione (GSH) and catalase activity in erythrocytes. The results showed that CARB and TBARS were decreased significantly in groups B and C, and SOD decreased in group B compared to that in group A. TAC was increased significantly in group C and GSH was increased in group B, while catalase activity was increased in groups B and C compared to that in group A. In conclusion, this is the first study showing that supplementation of chickens with polyphenols from OMWW through drinking water enhanced their antioxidant mechanisms and reduced oxidative stress-induced damage.

scholarly journals Water supplementation of Moringa oleifera as a substitute for antibiotics on performance and blood parameters of broiler chickens

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-270
Author(s):  
Torun Kumar Paul ◽  
Yousuf Ali Sarker ◽  
Moniruzzaman Tarafder ◽  
Md Asaduzzaman Rimon ◽  
Md Anowarul Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Hematological Indices ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

There is a serious public health concern of the use of antibiotics sub-therapeutically and/or as growth promoter in poultry feed and water. Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternatives. Moringa oleifera is a phytobiotic, which has been reported to possess antimicrobial and immuno-modulatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aqueous M. oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) supplementation on growth performance and hematological indices of broiler chickens. The 36 day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly divided into three dietary groups (group A, B and C) having 12 birds in each. The group A was considered as negative control which had received the basal diet and fresh drinking water. The group B was fed with basal diet and antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin) plus Vitamin B-complex mixed drinking water(Positive control). The group C was fed with basal diet and drinking water supplemented with 1% MOLE. Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratios of the birds were recorded on weekly basis. On day 35th of the feeding trail, blood samples from five birds per replicate were used for the study of hematological indices. Birds under Group C attained intermediate body weight (1892 g) and best FCR (1.48) those were comparable with that of Group B but better (p<0.05) than those of Group A. There was a trend of decrease (p>0.05) internal organs weight in Group C compared to other groups. However, zero mortality rate and similar hematological indices were observed in the birds across the treatments. Here, the results suggested that, the aqueous MOLE can be included in the drinking water of broiler chicken for reduced feed intake and improved feed conversion efficiency and it can be considered as an alternate to synthetic antibiotics as growth promoter to fight the emergence of antibiotic resistance phenomena in poultry industry.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(2): 266-270, August 2018

scholarly journals Role of Pharmacology in self medication practices among undergraduate medical students in a medical college and hospital in North India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 657
Author(s):  
Sanchali Jindal ◽  
Preeti Garg
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
North India ◽  
Undergraduate Medical Students ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
And Behavior

Background: Self medication is an important component of primary health care. It involves treatment of common ailments on ones own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist. With the easy accessibility to information regarding use of drugs, there is an alarming increase in the self medication practices. Medical students, during their course of study gain considerable knowledge of drugs and it may have an influence on their self medication practices. The present study was designed to gather the knowledge, attitude and behavior of medical students towards self medication and whether an increased knowledge of drugs further promoted self medication.Methods: A questionnaire based study was carried out on students of 2nd semester students relating to their knowledge, attitude and practice of self medication.Results: Though the knowledge regarding drugs is quite comparable in both the first and third year medical students, 39% students in group A took the medicine without doctors’ advice in the last month whereas 58% 5th semester students in group B did the same.Conclusions: The frequency of self medication is higher among third year students as they believe that the medical training makes them capable enough to self medicate easily without any harm. Hence, there is need to promote rational self medication practice to bring awareness about irresponsible self medication.

An ultrastructural study of sertoli cells in two geographically isolated populations of Aphanius dispar

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 548-549
Author(s):  
Taber A. Ba-Omar ◽  
Philip F. Prentis
Keyword(s):  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Freshwater Teleost ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
The North ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Group B ◽  
Geographically Isolated

We have recently carried out a study of spermiogenic differentiation in two geographically isolated populations of Aphanius dispar (freshwater teleost), with a view to ascertaining variation at the ultrastructural level. The sampling areas were the Jebel Al Akhdar in the north (Group A) and the Dhofar region (Group B) in the south. Specimens from each group were collected, the testes removed, fixed in Karnovsky solution, post fixed in OsO, en bloc stained with uranyl acetate and then routinely processed to Agar 100 resin, semi and ultrathin sections were prepared for study.

Comparison of one-year prognosis of patients classified as chronic critical lower limb ischaemia according to TASC II or European consensus definition in the COPART cohort

VASA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 0220-0228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Vircoulon ◽  
Carine Boulon ◽  
Ileana Desormais ◽  
Philippe Lacroix ◽  
Victor Aboyans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Critical Limb Ischaemia ◽  
Limb Ischaemia ◽  
Medical Group ◽  
Consensus Definition ◽  
Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽  
European Consensus ◽  
Group A ◽  
One Year ◽  
Group B

Background: We compared one-year amputation and survival rates in patients fulfilling 1991 European consensus critical limb ischaemia (CLI) definition to those clas, sified as CLI by TASC II but not European consensus (EC) definition. Patients and methods: Patients were selected from the COPART cohort of hospitalized patients with peripheral occlusive arterial disease suffering from lower extremity rest pain or ulcer and who completed one-year follow-up. Ankle and toe systolic pressures and transcutaneous oxygen pressure were measured. The patients were classified into two groups: those who could benefit from revascularization and those who could not (medical group). Within these groups, patients were separated into those who had CLI according to the European consensus definition (EC + TASC II: group A if revascularization, group C if medical treatment) and those who had no CLI by the European definition but who had CLI according to the TASC II definition (TASC: group B if revascularization and D if medical treatment). Results: 471 patients were included in the study (236 in the surgical group, 235 in the medical group). There was no difference according to the CLI definition for survival or cardiovascular event-free survival. However, major amputations were more frequent in group A than in group B (25 vs 12 %, p = 0.046) and in group C than in group D (38 vs 20 %, p = 0.004). Conclusions: Major amputation is twice as frequent in patients with CLI according to the historical European consensus definition than in those classified to the TASC II definition but not the EC. Caution is required when comparing results of recent series to historical controls. The TASC II definition of CLI is too wide to compare patients from clinical trials so we suggest separating these patients into two different stages: permanent (TASC II but not EC definition) and critical ischaemia (TASC II and EC definition).

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