scholarly journals Mycobacterium cell wall fraction immunostimulant (AMPLIMUNE™) efficacy in the reduction of the severity of ETEC induced diarrhea in neonatal calves

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radoslaw Romanowski ◽  
Rick Culbert ◽  
Stan Alkemade ◽  
Maira J. Medellin-Peña ◽  
Dejan Bugarski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Cell Wall Fraction ◽  
Calf Diarrhea ◽  
Neonatal Calves

Abstract Calf diarrhea is a common disease in young animals and the primary cause of productivity and economic losses to cattle producers worldwide. According to the report from the National Animal Health Monitoring System for U.S. dairy, more than fifty percent of the deaths of un-weaned calves is attributed to severe diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strain K99+ remains the most common pathogen isolated from calves which are younger than three days of age. Dam vaccination and the use of antimicrobials remain the most used prophylactic and treatment options for calf diarrhea. The rise in antibiotic resistance around the world has been a major concern and new alternative therapies have been explored. Mycobacterium Cell Wall Fraction (MCWF) is a biological immunomodulator that has a potential in multiple veterinary health services such as the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases and anticancer therapy in both small and large animals. The efficacy of the MCWF in reducing the severity of neonatal calf diarrhea and its associated mortality, following challenge with ETEC K99+ was evaluated. Twenty-three calves were placed into two experimental groups. Eleven calves received a single 1 mL dose of MCWF intravenously (IV) at the onset of clinical signs of disease following challenge. Twelve non-treated, challenged calves were retained as controls. The severity and duration of diarrhea was significantly reduced in the MCWF treated group compared to untreated controls. In addition, the mortality rate in the MCWF treated group was significantly reduced to 10% while the observed mortality in the control group reached 58%. Data from the current study suggest that MCWF could be used as an alternative treatment to reduce the severity, duration and mortality of ETEC induced diarrhea in neonatal calves.

scholarly journals Immunomodulator, Mycobacterium cell wall fraction, an aid in control of persistent Mycoplasma bovis infection in dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Masic ◽  
Bojana Prunic ◽  
Dejan Bugarski ◽  
Tamas Petrovic ◽  
Tomislav Barna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Cell Wall Fraction ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Persistent Infections ◽  
Cattle Infections

Mycoplasma bovis is pathogen known to cause respiratory disease, otitis media, arthritis and a variety of additional diseases in cattle. Infections caused by this pathogen have significant impact on the health, welfare and productivity of dairy and beef cattle resulting in substantial economic losses. Current preventive and treatment strategies rely on the use of antimicrobials and vaccines; however, their efficacy is limited due to difficult diagnosis and inconsistent disease expression. Here, we report results on the use of Mycobacterium cell wall fraction (MCWF), an immunomodulator, in dairy cows persistently infected with M. bovis during the period 2011-2015. Application of MCWF aided in reducing M. bovis-associated clinical signs, such as pneumonia, arthritis and mastitis, and improving overall reproductive performance and days in lactation of infected dairy cows. These results were compared to historical information on the health status and farm performance for period 2011-2015, and suggest that MCWF immunomodulator could be introduced as an aid in treatment protocols for persistent infections with M. bovis in dairy cows.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of broiler chicks with Salmonella Typhimurium from pigeon (Columba livia)

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1919
Author(s):  
Átilla Holanda de Albuquerque ◽  
Régis Siqueira de Castro Teixeira ◽  
Débora Nishi Machado ◽  
Elisângela De Souza Lopes ◽  
Ruben Horn Vasconcelos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Fecal Samples

Several cases of animal and human salmonellosis caused by the Salmonella serotype Typhimurium have been reported. In animals, subclinical infection favors pathogen dissemination through feces. In this context, the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) with an asymptomatic condition may play an important role in the transmission of salmonellosis, through the elimination of contaminated feces in commercial aviaries or in poultry feed facilities, causing economic losses to the poultry industry and presenting a risk to public health. This study aimed to evaluate the mortality, clinical signs and the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium in the feces and organs of chicks previously inoculated with bacteria isolated from a pigeon. One-day-old chicks were distributed in two experimental groups (G1 and G2) of 32 birds each, and a control group of six birds. Two inocula of 0.4 and 0.7 mL with 105 and 106 colony forming units were used in G1 and G2 birds, respectively. At 1, 4, 7 and 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) fecal samples were pooled from each cage and individual cloacal swabs were collected. At 14 dpi, all chicks were euthanized and samples were collected from the liver, spleen, lung, cecum and intestine for microbiological analysis. Mortality was only observed among G2 birds (6.25%). Most birds presented clinical signs of diarrhea at 4 dpi and no symptom as observed at 14 dpi. The results from cloacal swabs demonstrated bacterial elimination in 68.8% and 53.1% of G2 and G1 birds, respectively at 1 dpi. Additionally, fecal samples had elevated bacterial shedding in all four periods of observation , with a higher excretion at 4 dpi (62.5%) for both groups. Among G2 birds, 74.2% were positive for the pathogen in the intestine; G1 birds presented the lowest rate of lung infection (29%), and both groups had more than 50% positivity for liver and caeca. The results revealed that infected chicks with a Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from pigeons may host the pathogen in several organs, and simultaneously present diarrheic disorders with significant levels of bacterial excretion in feces.

scholarly journals Otitis and meningoencephalitis associated with infectious coryza (Avibacterium paragallinarum) in commercial broiler chickens

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 784-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Crispo ◽  
C. Gabriel Sentíes-Cué ◽  
George L. Cooper ◽  
Grace Mountainspring ◽  
Charles Corsiglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Laboratory System ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Infectious Coryza ◽  
Avibacterium Paragallinarum ◽  
Commercial Broiler

Infectious coryza, caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum, is an acute respiratory disease of poultry that can result in substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. In March 2017, the Turlock branch of the California Animal Health and Food Safety laboratory system encountered an unusual clinical and pathologic presentation of infectious coryza in 6 live, 29-d-old, commercial broiler chickens that were submitted for diagnostic investigation. Antemortem evaluation revealed severe neurologic signs, including disorientation, torticollis, and opisthotonos. Swollen head–like syndrome and sinusitis were also present. Histologically, severe sinusitis, cranial osteomyelitis, otitis media and interna, and meningoencephalitis were noted, explaining the clinical signs described. A. paragallinarum was readily isolated from the upper and lower respiratory tract, brain, and cranial bones. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was also detected by PCR, and IBV was isolated in embryonated chicken eggs. Based on sequencing analysis, the IBV appeared 99% homologous to strain CA1737. A synergistic effect between A. paragallinarum and IBV, resulting in exacerbation of clinical signs and increased mortality, may have occurred in this case. A. paragallinarum should be considered among the possible causes of neurologic signs in chickens. Appropriate media should be used for bacterial isolation, and the role of additional contributing factors and/or complicating agents should be investigated in cases of infectious coryza.

Impact of mycotoxins and of a mycotoxin deactivator on alpacas grazing perennial ryegrass infected with wild endophyte (Neotyphodium spp.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 902 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. M. Reed ◽  
J. L. Vaughan ◽  
L. J. Cummins ◽  
D. D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Liver Enzyme Activity ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
The Difference

Liveweight gain, animal health and the effectiveness of a mycotoxin deactivator were studied on an old pasture that contained 61% perennial ryegrass. Sixty-seven percent of the ryegrass population was infected with endophyte (Neotyphodium spp.). The pasture was fenced into two halves and two groups of 28 alpaca male weaners were rotated between the two plots. Nine to 10 Suris and 18–19 Huacayas were allocated to each group. One group was fed a concentrate supplement (100 g/head per day) and the other was fed the same supplement to which was added the toxin deactivator, Mycofix® Plus (5 g/100 g). Mean liveweight gain on the low-quality pasture over late summer and early autumn was not significantly (P > 0.05) different between the groups. For the control group it was 41 g/day but individual rates of gain ranged from 67 to 0 g/day, depending on the severity of signs of perennial ryegrass toxicosis (r = 0.82, P < 0.001). Liveweight gain was independent of neurotoxic signs in the Mycofix® Plus treated group. Ergovaline concentration in perennial ryegrass varied from 0.43 to a peak in early autumn (March) of 1.05 mg/kg. Mean urine lysergol alkaloid concentration peaked in mid-summer (January) at 109 ng/mg creatinine (control group) and was consistently lower in the Mycofix® Plus group, although the difference approached significance (P = 0.06) only in March. Lolitrem B concentration in perennial ryegrass varied from 0.78 to 1.57 mg/kg. Neurotoxic signs in alpacas were observed throughout the study and peaked in early autumn, coinciding with peak lolitrem B concentration; at this time, 84% of alpacas exhibited neurotoxic signs. Over the 145-day study, the Mycofix® Plus treated group exhibited a lower mean rating of perennial ryegrass toxicosis signs (P < 0.05). Variation in liveweight gain and signs of toxicosis were not associated with significant differences in liver enzyme activity.

scholarly journals Effect of ZnO nanoparticles in treatment of broilers with Eimeria tenella. experimentally infected.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadiya Aziz Anah ◽  
Khadeeja Abees Hmood ◽  
Saad Aziz Anah
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Eimeria Tenella ◽  
Positive Control Group ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
New Treatment

Abstract Coccidiosis is one of the common poultry diseases in Iraq and the world, which causes great economic losses. Therefore, this study aimed to use a new treatment represented by nanoparticles of zinc oxide and compare it with the drug (Amprolium). The Oocysts of Eimeria tenella were isolated from the feces of the briolers received at the Veterinary hospital in Diwaniyah Province and initially diagnosed by compound light microscopy,Then it was confirmed molecularly by PCR technique using the internal transcribed space ITS1 gene with a molecular weight of 409bp. The experiment was carried out on 120 birds of broilers, as the animals were divided into 6 groups with 20 birds per group. The first group(G1) was left as a negative control(uninfected), the second group(G2) was inoculated with 50,000 mature Oocysts and left as a positive control group,the third group(G3) was incubated with 50,000 Oocysts + Amprolium (anticoccidial), the fourth, fifth and sixth groups(G4,G5,G6) were also dosed with 50,000 Oocysts followed by an oral dose of nanoparticles of zinc oxide at a concentration of 20,40,60 mg/kg for each of fourth, fifth and sixth groups respectively. The current results showed that the briolers in G2 suffered from severe disease symptoms and high mortality occurred in the first week of infection, amounting to %10 compared to the anticoccidial (Amprolium group and the groups treated with nanoconcentrations 20,40,60 mg/kg respectively.G6 which was dosed with a concentration of 60 mg /kg, showed a significant decrease in the number of Oocysts excreted compared with the positive control group and the anticoccidial group, in addition to the appearance of mild symptoms and a mortality rate of %0.8,While there was a decrease in the number of Oocysts excreted during the second week in the anticoccidial group and the treated groups with the three nanoconcentrations with a decrease in the mortality rates of birds .The number of Oocysts excreted in the litter significantly decreased in the treated group with a concentration of 60 mg/kg compared to all other groups, and all birds of this group recovered during the second week of infection.

scholarly journals The Effect of Pulsed Magnetic Field on The Healing of Infected Cutaneous Wounds at Thigh Region in Rabbits

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
Ibrahim MH . Alrashid
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
New Media ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Pulsed Magnetic Field ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Sham Control ◽  
Bacteria Growth

Magnetic therapy was applied in the present study, which play two roles; as antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus auras, Streptococcus spp, Klebsialla ,and Pseudomona ) and as stimulator to tissue repair.24 rabbits were used in this study, they divided into two groups; 1st group(treated group) contains 20 rabbits, 2nd group (control group) contains 4 rabbits, the last subdivided into two subgroup (standard control subgroup and sham-control subgroup, the left side of all animals in control group is standard control subgroup, while the left side is sham-control subgroup). After surgery to all, the wounds were exposed to pulsed magnetic field except standard control subgroup, they healed with conventional treatment, 1st group(treated group) and sham-control subgroup were treated with(600 Gauss,50 Hz) twice daily for 30 minutes during 7 days. Microbiologically, the bacterial Petri dish were exposed to pulsed magnetic field in present study (600 Gauss, 50Hz) 30 minutes/day for one only, after re-culture of these bacteria at new media, there weren’t bacteria growth appeared which were used in present study. Clinically, the clinical signs of wounds were recorded at 1, 3, 5,7, and 9 days post induce wound ; the sham-control subgroup was healed after 5.5 days after induce wound, 1st treated group was healed after 7-10 day post induce wound, while standard control subgroup was healed after 9 day post induce wound. Biopsies were toke after 3,5,7,and 9 days post induce wound, the histopathological study of sham-control subgroup revealed that show more develop compare with other.

Development of Hepatotoxicity Model in Rats and its Application in Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Cell Wall Contents of Probiotics

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shah G. H. ◽  
Patel B. G. ◽  
Shah G. B.
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Protein Oxidation ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Direct Bilirubin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Drug

The objective of present work is Development of Hepatotoxicity model in rats and to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of cell wall contents of probiotics. Animals were divided in four groups. The groups were normal saline group, diseased control group, standard drug treated group and 4th group was CCl4 +Cell wall contents of probiotics. In diseased control group chronic liver injury was induced by administration of Carbontetrachloride (CCl4) via intraperitoneal route (1 ml/kg) for seventy days. For standard drug treated group 1 ml Silymarin suspension (Orally) and CCl4 was given for seventy days. In fourth group cell wall contents (1 x 10 12 CFU/ml/animal) and CCl4 was given for seventy days. During disease induction and treatment period blood samples were collected and serum was separated which was used to analyse various parameters like Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase, (AST), Alkaline phosphate (ALP), direct bilirubin, total protein and albumin levels to asses liver function. Along with these cholesterol, Glucose and Malondialdehyde were also measured. Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis was quantified by histopathological studies of small portion of the excised liver. Serum AST, ALT, ALP, and direct bilirubin were found to be significantly higher in CCl4 intoxicated rats. Total protein and albumin was decreased. Manondialdehyde was found to be significantly higher in CCl4 intoxicated rats which was main end product of Lipid Peroxidation. Whereas in cell wall contents probiotics and silymarin treated group improve the liver functions in CCl4 toxicated rats. We conclude that protein oxidation may play a role in the pathogenesis of CCl4 induced liver injury and that the accumulation of oxidised proteins may be an early indication of CCl4 induced liver damage. Silymarin and cell wall contents of probiotics were effective in liver injury by inhibiting protein oxidation.

scholarly journals ACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY STUDY OF ARECA CATECHU LINN. EXTRACT IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Liza Meutia Sari ◽  
Frans D Suyatna ◽  
Gus Permana Subita ◽  
Elza Ibrahim Auerkar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Dermal Toxicity ◽  
Areca Catechu

ABSTRACTObjective: Areca catechu Linn. or biji pinang is one of the most widely used psychoactive substance with several hundred million users worldwide,predominantly in Southern Asia. However, details of the dermal toxicity of A. catechu L. are still undiscovered. The objective of this study is toinvestigate the in vivo acute dermal toxicity of aqueous extract of A. catechu L. at dose 15,000 mg/kg body weight in Sprague-Dawley rats.Methods: The acute dermal toxicity of A. catechu L. nut extract was investigated in rats, as per OECD Guidelines 402 for acute toxicity protocols. Thebody weight, possibility of death, general signs, and behavior activity parameters were measured for 14 days to ascertain the median lethal dose(LD50) of the extract. At the end of the study, all the animals in all the treated group were sacrificed.Results: The LD50 was found to be >15,000 mg/kg body weight. There was significant weight increase (p<0.05) in treated group when comparedto control group. No mortality was observed during whole 14 days study period. A single dose of 15,000 mg/kg of body weight did not producetreatment-related signs of toxicity in any of animal tested.Conclusion: A single dermal dose to A. catechu L. aqueous extract had no toxic effects on mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, and grossfindings in female rats at a dose of 15,000 mg/kg of body weight. Subsequently, the concentrate can be employed for pharmaceuticals nutrient plants.Keywords: A. catechu L., Acute dermal toxicity, LD50.

scholarly journals Effect of infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease vaccines on experimental avian influenza infection (H9N2) in broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-585
Author(s):  
R. Amanollahi ◽  
K. Asasi ◽  
B. Abdi-Hachesoo ◽  
N. Ahmadi ◽  
A. Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis

Despite the fact that H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) is considered a low-pathogenic agent, frequent outbreaks of this subtype have caused high mortality and economic losses in poultry farms around the world including Iran. Coinfection with a respiratory pathogen or environmental factors may explain the exacerbation of H9N2 AIV infection. In this study, the role of infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccines (H120 and 4/91) and Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines (B1 and LaSota) on experimental H9N2 AIV infection was investigated in 180 broiler chickens allotted into 6 groups (n=30). At the age of 18 days, groups 3 and 4 received H120 and 4/91 infectious bronchitis live vaccines (IBLVs) and groups 5 and 6 received B1 and LaSota Newcastle disease live vaccines (NDLVs), respectively. At the age of 20 days, all birds in the experimental groups except the negative control group (group 1), were inoculated intra-nasally with H9N2 AIV. After the inoculation, clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions, and viral detection were examined. The results of this study revealed that clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions were more severe in the AIV challenged groups which had been previously vaccinated with IB vaccines. In addition, AI viral RNA from tracheal and faecal samples in IB vaccinated birds were recovered at a higher rate. Moreover, in the 4/91 IB vaccinated group, the AI virus shedding period was longer than the other challenged groups. In conclusion, infectious bronchitis live vaccines (IBLVs) exacerbated the H9N2 AIV infection; also, 4/91 IBLV extended AI virus shedding period and increased the recovery rate of AI virus from feaces. However, the coinfection of Newcastle disease live vaccines (NDLVs) had no considerable adverse effects on AIV infection in broiler chickens.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis on Efficacy of Vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyang Fu ◽  
Haikun Liu ◽  
Hong Cao ◽  
Yongqiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Pool Data

Mastitis is a common disease responsible for the biggest economic loss in the dairy industry. Antibiotic therapy does not provide long-term protection. And residue is a major concern in food safety. Vaccination is an alternative control method with great potential for bovine mastitis. Our study focus on evaluating vaccine efficacy regarding reducing the incidence of clinical and subclinical mastitis. Meta-analysis was used to pool data extracted from previous studies. 26 records from 13 studies were examined. A fixed effect model was constructed assigning incidence as the measurement of the outcome. Risk ratio (RR) was the parameter that measured the incidence differences between treated group and control group. Studies and records were categorised based on vaccine antigens. In vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus, RR was 0.76; 95% CI (0.65,0.89), while in vaccine against Escherichia coli RR was 0.96; 95% CI (0.86,1.08).

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