Alexander von Humboldts globale Komparatistik

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-245
Author(s):  
Oliver Lubrich
Keyword(s):  
Global Scale ◽  
Natural Scientist ◽  
Plant Geography ◽  
Material Basis ◽  
New Material ◽  
Global Data

AbstractAlexander von Humboldt’s method is comparative in nature – on a global scale. In his Vues des Cordillères et monumens des peuples indigènes de l’Amérique (1810–1813), Humboldt compares the indigenous civilisations of the Americas with those of European antiquity. In Asie centrale (1843), he perceives Russia and Siberia against the backdrop of his experience in the ʻNew Worldʼ. As a natural scientist, he correlates global data, for example in his plant geography and mountain studies, as a vulcanologist or climatologist. After the Berne edition of his Complete Writings (2019), we can discuss Humboldt’s comparativist practices on a new material basis.

Designing for a green chemistry future

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 367 (6476) ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie B. Zimmerman ◽  
Paul T. Anastas ◽  
Hanno C. Erythropel ◽  
Walter Leitner
Keyword(s):  
Green Chemistry ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Sustainable Society ◽  
Material Basis ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Definition Of

The material basis of a sustainable society will depend on chemical products and processes that are designed following principles that make them conducive to life. Important inherent properties of molecules need to be considered from the earliest stage—the design stage—to address whether compounds and processes are depleting versus renewable, toxic versus benign, and persistent versus readily degradable. Products, feedstocks, and manufacturing processes will need to integrate the principles of green chemistry and green engineering under an expanded definition of performance that includes sustainability considerations. This transformation will require the best of the traditions of science and innovation coupled with new emerging systems thinking and systems design that begins at the molecular level and results in a positive impact on the global scale.

scholarly journals Sustainability in Data and Food

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Allemang
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
World Population ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Data Ecosystem ◽  
Global Data

As the world population continues to increase, world food production is not keeping up. This means that to continue to feed the world, we will need to optimize the production and utilization of food around the globe. Optimization of a process on a global scale requires massive data. Agriculture is no exception, but also brings its own unique issues, based on how wide spread agricultural data are, and the wide variety of data that is relevant to optimization of food production and supply. This suggests that we need a global data ecosystem for agriculture and nutrition. Such an ecosystem already exists to some extent, made up of data sets, metadata sets and even search engines that help to locate and utilize data sets. A key concept behind this is sustainability—how do we sustain our data sets, so that we can sustain our production and distribution of food? In order to make this vision a reality, we need to navigate the challenges for sustainable data management on a global scale. Starting from the current state of practice, how do we move forward to a practice in which we make use of global data to have an impact on world hunger? In particular, how do we find, collect and manage the data? How can this be effectively deployed to improve practice in the field? And how can we make sure that these practices are leading to the global goals of improving production, distribution and sustainability of the global food supply? These questions cannot be answered yet, but they are the focus of ongoing and future research to be published in this journal and elsewhere.

scholarly journals Global combustion: the connection between fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions (1997–2010)

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1696) ◽  
pp. 20150177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer K. Balch ◽  
R. Chelsea Nagy ◽  
Sally Archibald ◽  
David M. J. S. Bowman ◽  
Max A. Moritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuel Burning ◽  
Annual Carbon ◽  
Global Modelling ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Global Data ◽  
Fossil Fuel Emissions

Humans use combustion for heating and cooking, managing lands, and, more recently, for fuelling the industrial economy. As a shift to fossil-fuel-based energy occurs, we expect that anthropogenic biomass burning in open landscapes will decline as it becomes less fundamental to energy acquisition and livelihoods. Using global data on both fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions, we tested this relationship over a 14 year period (1997–2010). The global average annual carbon emissions from biomass burning during this time were 2.2 Pg C per year (±0.3 s.d.), approximately one-third of fossil fuel emissions over the same period (7.3 Pg C, ±0.8 s.d.). There was a significant inverse relationship between average annual fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions. Fossil fuel emissions explained 8% of the variation in biomass burning emissions at a global scale, but this varied substantially by land cover. For example, fossil fuel burning explained 31% of the variation in biomass burning in woody savannas, but was a non-significant predictor for evergreen needleleaf forests. In the land covers most dominated by human use, croplands and urban areas, fossil fuel emissions were more than 30- and 500-fold greater than biomass burning emissions. This relationship suggests that combustion practices may be shifting from open landscape burning to contained combustion for industrial purposes, and highlights the need to take into account how humans appropriate combustion in global modelling of contemporary fire. Industrialized combustion is not only an important driver of atmospheric change, but also an important driver of landscape change through companion declines in human-started fires. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.

The Cadusii in Archaeology? Remarks on the Achaemenid Period (Iron Age IV) in Gilan and Talesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-151
Author(s):  
Christian Konrad Piller
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
The South ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Material Basis ◽  
South West ◽  
New Material

According to some classical authors, the region south-west of the Caspian Sea was inhabited by the large tribe of the Cadusians (Greek Καδουσιοι, Latin Cadusii). During the Achaemenid Period, several armed conflicts between the Imperial Persian forces and the warlike Cadusians occurred. Of particular importance is the disastrous defeat of Artaxerxes II in 380 B.C. From the archaeological point of view, little has been known about the material culture of the Achaemenid Period (Iron Age IV) in Talesh and Gilan. Until recently, only a few burial contexts from the South of Gilan could be dated to the period between the 6th and 4th centuries B.C. However, during the last two decades, Iranian archaeologists excavated numerous Bronze and Iron Age graveyards in the Talesh Region. A number of burial contexts at sites, such as Maryan, Mianroud or Vaske can securely be dated to the Achaemenid Period. With this new material basis, it was possible to subdivide the Iron Age IV into different subsequent phases. Furthermore, it is likely that the material culture described in this article could be at least partially attributed to the Cadusians.

Passage to India: Jesuit Spiritual Economy between Martyrdom and Profit in the Seventeenth Century

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines G. Županov
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Commercial Enterprise ◽  
New Material ◽  
Spiritual Energy ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Spiritual Conquest

Abstract Historians today seem to agree that passions for spices and for acquisition of objects and territories from the late fifteenth century fuelled the “mercantile revolution” on a global scale. This article will argue that spirituality and commercial enterprise worked together to produce material objects, some of exceptional artistry. These artifacts, books, sculptures, paintings, and the attractive narratives written about or around them sparked spiritual enthusiasm wherever they reached their audience and became fundraising tools for further spiritual conquest and for creation of new material objects. In this case, I will trace the career of one particular Jesuit missionary, Marcello Mastrilli, who invented his own life and future martyrdom with a series of printed books and works of art, all marked by Mastrilli’s spiritual energy and his ability to fill the Jesuit purse.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 in patients with multiple myeloma based on a global data network

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Martinez-Lopez ◽  
G. Hernandez-Ibarburu ◽  
R. Alonso ◽  
J. M. Sanchez-Pina ◽  
I. Zamanillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Health Care Organizations ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Vulnerable Patients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Data

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has represented a major cause of morbidity/mortality worldwide, overstressing health systems. Multiple myeloma (MM) patients show an increased risk for infections and they are expected to be particularly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here we have obtained a comprehensive picture of the impact of COVID-19 in MM patients on a local and a global scale using a federated data research network (TriNetX) that provided access to Electronic Medical Records (EMR) from Health Care Organizations (HCO) all over the world. Through propensity score matched analyses we found that the number of new diagnoses of MM was reduced in 2020 compared to 2019 (RR 0.86, 95%CI 0.76–0.96) and the survival of newly diagnosed MM cases decreased similarly (HR 0.61, 0.38–0.81). MM patients showed higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (RR 2.09, 1.58–2.76) and a higher excess mortality in 2020 (difference in excess mortality 9%, 4.4–13.2) than non-MM patients. By interrogating large EMR datasets from HCO in Europe and globally, we confirmed that MM patients have been more severely impacted by COVID-19 pandemic than non-MM patients. This study highlights the necessity of extending preventive measures worlwide to protect vulnerable patients from SARS-CoV-2 infection by promoting social distancing and an intensive vaccination strategies.

On the influence and limitations of hyper-resolution hydrological modelling – application of the 1 km PCR-GLOBWB model over Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jannis Hoch ◽  
Edwin Sutanudjaja ◽  
Rens van Beek ◽  
Marc Bierkens
Keyword(s):  
Global Scale ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Meteorological Forcing ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
Global Data ◽  
Development Application

<p>Developing and applying hyper-resolution models over larger extents has long been a quest in hydrological sciences. With the recent developments of global-scale yet fine data sets and advances in computational power, achieving this goal becomes increasingly feasible.</p><p>We here present the development, application, and results of the novel 1 km version of PCR-GLOBWB for the period 1981 until 2020. Even though employing global data sets only, we developed, ran, and evaluated the 1 km model for the continent Europe only. In comparison to past versions of PCR-GLOBWB, input data was replaced with sufficiently fine data, for example the recent SoilGrids and MERIT-DEM data. Preliminary results indicate an improvement of model outcome when evaluating simulated discharge, evaporation, and terrestrial water storage.</p><p>Additionally, we aim to answer the question to what extent developing hyper-resolution models is actually needed of whether the run times could be saved by using hyper-resolution state-of-the-art meteorological forcing. Therefore, the relative importance of model resolution and forcing resolution was cross-compared. To that end, the ERA5-Land data set was employed at different resolutions, matching the model resolutions at 1 km, 10 km, and 50 km.</p><p>Despite multiple challenges still lying ahead before achieve true hyper-resolution, this application of a 1 km model across an entire continent can form the basis for the next steps to be taken.</p>

scholarly journals Near-real-time adjusted reanalysis forcing data for hydrology

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 989-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Berg ◽  
Chantal Donnelly ◽  
David Gustafsson
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Global Data Sets ◽  
Global Data

Abstract. Extending climatological forcing data to current and real-time forcing is a necessary task for hydrological forecasting. While such data are often readily available nationally, it is harder to find fit-for-purpose global data sets that span long climatological periods through to near-real time. Hydrological simulations are generally sensitive to bias in the meteorological forcing data, especially relative to the data used for the calibration of the model. The lack of high-quality daily resolution data on a global scale has previously been solved by adjusting reanalysis data with global gridded observations. However, existing data sets of this type have been produced for a fixed past time period determined by the main global observational data sets. Long delays between updates of these data sets leaves a data gap between the present day and the end of the data set. Further, hydrological forecasts require initializations of the current state of the snow, soil and lake (and sometimes river) storage. This is normally conceived by forcing the model with observed meteorological conditions for an extended spin-up period, typically at a daily time step, to calculate the initial state. Here, we present and evaluate a method named HydroGFD (Hydrological Global Forcing Data) to combine different data sets in order to produce near-real-time updated hydrological forcing data of temperature and precipitation that are compatible with the products covering the climatological period. HydroGFD resembles the already established WFDEI (WATCH Forcing Data–ERA-Interim) method (Weedon et al., 2014) closely but uses updated climatological observations, and for the near-real time it uses interim products that apply similar methods. This allows HydroGFD to produce updated forcing data including the previous calendar month around the 10th of each month. We present the HydroGFD method and therewith produced data sets, which are evaluated against global data sets, as well as with hydrological simulations with the HYPE (Hydrological Predictions for the Environment) model over Europe and the Arctic regions. We show that HydroGFD performs similarly to WFDEI and that the updated period significantly reduces the bias of the reanalysis data. For real-time updates until the current day, extending HydroGFD with operational meteorological forecasts, a large drift is present in the hydrological simulations due to the bias of the meteorological forecasting model.

scholarly journals Inference of an Optimal Ice Particle Model through Latitudinal Analysis of MISR and MODIS Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
Souichiro Hioki ◽  
Ping Yang ◽  
Michael King ◽  
Larry Di Girolamo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Surface ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Particle Model ◽  
Optimal Model ◽  
Modis Data ◽  
Ice Cloud ◽  
December Solstice ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Global Data

The inference of ice cloud properties from remote sensing data depends on the assumed forward ice particle model, as they are used in the radiative transfer simulations that are part of the retrieval process. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection 6 (MC6) ice cloud property retrievals are produced in conjunction with a single-habit ice particle model with a fixed degree of ice particle surface roughness (the MC6 model). In this study, we examine the MC6 model and five other ice models with either smoother or rougher surface textures to determine an optimal model to reproduce the angular variation of the radiation field sampled by the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) as a function of latitude. The spherical albedo difference (SAD) method is used to infer an optimal ice particle model. The method is applied to collocated MISR and MODIS data over ocean for clouds with temperatures ≤233 K during December solstice from 2012–2015. The range of solar zenith angles covered by the MISR cameras is broader at the solstices than at other times of the year, with fewer scattering angles associated with sun glint during the December solstice than the June solstice. The results suggest a latitudinal dependence in an optimal ice particle model, and an additional dependence on the solar zenith angle (SZA) at the time of the observations. The MC6 model is one of the most optimal models on the global scale. In further analysis, the results are filtered by a cloud heterogeneity index to investigate cloudy scenarios that are less susceptible to potential 3D effects. Compared to results for global data, the consistency between measurements and a given model can be distinguished in both the tropics and extra-tropics. The SAD analysis suggests that the optimal model for thick homogeneous clouds corresponds to more roughened ice particles in the tropics than in the extra-tropics. While the MC6 model is one of the models most consistent with the global data, it may not be the most optimal model for the tropics.

The Application of New Material in Industrial Design

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 276-279
Author(s):  
Li Li Wang ◽  
Tong Tong Xie ◽  
Yu Jie Liu
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Industrial Design ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Human Survival ◽  
Gray Theory ◽  
Material Basis ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
New Material ◽  
Changing Times

Material is the carrier of all industrial design, which is inseparable with. Material is the material basis for human survival and development and new materials is a foundation for future world. With the development of science and technology and rapidly changing times, people have developed more new material on the basis of traditional materials. Based on gray theory of new materials evaluation system, the paper made an analysis and research on a representative of the new materials.

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