scholarly journals Toxicological studies of aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica root

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukman Adewale Alli ◽  
Abdulfatai Ayoade Adesokan ◽  
Oluwakanyinsola Adeola Salawu ◽  
Musbau Adewunmi Akanji
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Liver Homogenate ◽  
Acacia Nilotica ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Toxicological Studies

AbstractAcacia niloticais a widely used plant in traditional medical practice in Northern Nigeria and many African countries. The aim of this study was to determine the toxicological effects of a single dose (acute) and of repeated doses (sub-acute) administration of aqueous extract ofA. niloticaroot in rodents, following our earlier study on antiplasmodial activity. In the acute toxicity test, three groups of Swiss albino mice were orally administered aqueous extract ofA. nilotica(50, 300 and 2000 mg/kg body weight) and signs of toxicity were observed daily for 14 days. In the sub-acute toxicity study, four groups of 12 rats (6 male and 6 female) were used. Group 1 received 10 ml/kg b.w distilled water (control), while groups 2, 3 and 4 received 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w of the extract, respectively, for 28 consecutive days by oral gavage. Signs of toxicity/mortality, food and water intake and body weight changes were observed. Biochemical parameters were analysed in both plasma and liver homogenate. In the acute and sub-acute toxicity studies, the extract did not cause mortality. A significant reduction in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase was observed at 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w, while alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly higher than control values at 500 mg/kg b.w. The aqueous extract ofA. niloticawas found to be safe in single dose administration in mice but repeated administration of doses higher than 250 mg/kg b.w of the extract for 28 days in rats may cause hepatotoxicity.

scholarly journals Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous leaf extract of Olea europaea var. sylvestris in albino Wistar rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Zaouani ◽  
Fatima Yahiaoui ◽  
Nazli Nacer Bey ◽  
Meriem Hind Ben-Mahdi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Olea Europaea ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Motility Assay ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Leaf Aqueous Extract

Olea europaea var. sylvestris, also named oleaster, is widely used by traditional medicine practitioners in Algeria to treat high blood pressure and diabetes. However, the antidiarrhoeal activity of this plant has not been scientifically evaluated. The main aim of the study deals with an investigation of three topics: the phytochemical screening, the acute toxicity, and antidiarrhoeal activity of the oleaster leaf aqueous extract. Acute oral toxicity study was carried out based on Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 423 guideline. The extract was orally administered in wistar rats at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight and the animals were observed for mortality, behavioral changes and other abnormal signs. Qualitative analysis of phytochemical constituents was carried out using standard methods developed by Harborne, Trease and Evans. Castor oil-induced diarrhoea tests and gastro intestinal motility assay were evaluated in rats to determine the antidiarrhoeal activity of the extract. In the acute toxicity study, the extract did not induce death or any sign of toxicity in treated rats. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. The oleaster extract at oral doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight showed a significant (P<0.05) antidiarrhoeal activity compared to the control group treated with castor oil induced diarrhoea, enteropooling and gastrointestinal motility assay, after charcoal meal administration. The oleaster leaf aqueous extract has shown a gradual response with increasing dose. The present study indicates that the oleaster leaf aqueous extract is safe with antidiarrhoeal property.

Acute Oral Safety Study of Sodium Caseinate Glycosylated via Maillard Reaction with Galactose in Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-479
Author(s):  
ARTURO ANADÓN ◽  
MARIA A. MARTÍNEZ ◽  
IRMA ARES ◽  
VICTOR CASTELLANO ◽  
MARIA R. MARTÍNEZ-LARRAÑAGA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Maillard Reaction ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Sodium Caseinate ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Safety Study ◽  
Male And Female Rats

In order to potentially use sodium caseinate (SC) glycated with galactose (Gal) in the food industry as a new functional ingredient with proved technological and biological properties, an evaluation of oral acute toxicity has been carried out. An acute safety study with SC-Gal glycoconjugates in the Wistar rat with a single oral gavage dose of 2,000 mg/kg of body weight was conducted. The SC-Gal glycoconjugates were well tolerated; no adverse effects or mortality was observed during the 2-week observation period. No abnormal signs, behavioral changes, body weight changes, or alterations in food and water consumption occurred. After this period, no changes in hematological and serum chemistry parameters, organ weights, or gross pathology or histopathology were detected. It was concluded that SC-Gal glycoconjugates obtained via the Maillard reaction were well tolerated in rats at an acute oral dose of 2,000 mg/kg of body weight. The SC-Gal glycoconjugates have a low order of acute toxicity, and the oral 50% lethal dose for male and female rats is in excess of 2,000 mg/kg of body weight.

scholarly journals Acute toxicity assessment for TiO2 photocatalyst (GST) made from wastewater using TiCl4 in rat

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. e2021019
Author(s):  
Ja Kyung Seol ◽  
Myeongkyu Park ◽  
Jae Min Im ◽  
Heung Sik Seo ◽  
Hee Ju Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Weight Changes

TiO2 was a photocatalyst that used to the most common product because of the high efficiency. TiO2 (P-25, commercial nanomaterial product) is the most typical photocatalyst product and TiO2 (GST) was a sludge recycling product. This study was reported to evaluate an acute toxicity of TiO2 (P-25 and GST) according to OECD test guideline 402 and 423 in Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats via route of oral and dermal. There was investigated the lethal dose (LD50), and mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings were continually monitored for 14 days following the single administration. After administration, TiO2 (P-25) was calculated that LD50 was considered to be a dose of over 2000 mg/kg body weight for both different route of exposure, and TiO2 (GST) was the same. Other items were no observed an adverse effect between P-25 and GST; no mortality and clinical signs, accidental body weight loss, no gross findings. On the basis of the above results, the toxicity of the GST was almost equal to that of the commercial product, P-25 and there was no toxicological evidence.

scholarly journals Acute and Subacute Toxicity Studies of the Aqueous Extract from Haloxylon scoparium Pomel (Hammada scoparia (Pomel)) by Oral Administration in Rodents

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loubna Kharchoufa ◽  
Mohamed Bouhrim ◽  
Noureddine Bencheikh ◽  
Soufiane El Assri ◽  
Asmae Amirou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Subacute Toxicity

Ethnopharmacological Relevance. Haloxylon scoparium Pomel is a herbal medicine traditionally used for treating scorpions and snakebite, diabetes, and stomachache as well as several other diseases. No systematic study of the potential toxicity of the plant has been described. Aim of the Study. The current study is aimed at assessing the potential toxicity of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel through the acute and subacute toxicity tests. Materials and Methods. Acute toxicity test was performed on Swiss albino mice at a single oral dose of 1-10 g/kg for 14 consecutive days. General behavioral adverse effects, mortality, and latency of mortality were determined. In the subacute study, the Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract was administered orally at doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg daily for 30 days to Wistar rats. Body weight and selected biochemical and hematological parameters were determined at the end of the experiment. Sections of livers and kidneys were removed for histological studies. Results. Acute toxicity study showed that the oral LD50 value of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract was 5000 mg/kg. The subacute toxicity study of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract at doses 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg did not produce any observable symptoms of toxicity and no significant variation in body weight, organ weights, food, and water consumption or mortality in all treated rats. However, the administration of the Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract to rats at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg showed a significant decrease in platelets. Moreover, only at the highest dose (2000 mg/kg), the extract caused a significant increase in red blood cells and hemoglobin. Our results showed that subacute treatments with Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract at doses of 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg significantly elevated alkaline phosphatase and triglycerides. Histological studies showed that the subacute treatments of rats with Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extracts, at the doses 1000 and 2000 mg/kg, induced some histopathological changes in the livers but a slight changing in kidneys. Conclusion. Our results indicated low acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel. Furthermore, daily oral administration of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract caused some damages to the livers of rats treated with high doses, expressed by an increase in some enzyme activities such as ALP. Regarding the renal function, we did not find remarkable toxicity in the subacute treatment with Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extracts at doses 1000 and 2000 mg/kg. However, further toxicity assessments should be done to ascertain the safety or the toxicity of this valuable plant species “Haloxylon scoparium pomel” in subchronic treatments.

Evaluation of Acute, Subacute and LD50 values of Methanolic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus leaves in Albino mice

2021 ◽  
pp. 2487-2492
Author(s):  
Gajendra Pratap Choudhary ◽  
Ashutosh Pal Jain
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Window ◽  
System Response ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Sphaeranthus Indicus ◽  
Hematological And Biochemical Parameters

Sphaeranthus indicus is one of the extremely precious herbs in the Indigenous System of Medicine. The present study was carried out to acute, subacute and LD50 values of methanolic extract of S. indicus leaves in Swiss mice of both sexes. The acute toxicity studies were conducted oral administration of 1.75, 5.5, 17.5, 55, 175, 550, 2000mg/kg body weight SIME used. Observations were recorded systemically up to 24 h after dose administration for behavior related to nervous system response or autonomic functions. Food and water intake, body weight variations, hematological and biochemical parameters were assessed. In sub acute toxicity treatment there were no significant variation in the body weights and haematological parameters except dose-dependent increase in lymphocyte count was noted in both sexes supported immunostimulant activity. Pathologically, significant protective effect on hepatic, renal functions and decreased cholesterol, triglyceride levels. The results did not show any treatment related abnormalities in terms of hematological and biochemical parameters in sub-acute toxicity. After acute administration, no mortality was recorded in mice treated with the SIME orally at a dose of 1000mg/kg. The LD50 values were determined using graphical method; we found a broad therapeutic window and a high therapeutic index value showed that the LD50 of the extract is 2480mg/kg. The results suggest that the plant seems to be high margin of drug safety in mice.

scholarly journals Anti-tussive activity of Shwasakuthara Rasa a Herbomineral formulation prepared with and without Kajjali (Black Sulphide of Mercury) in SO2 induced cough in Swiss albino mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-52
Author(s):  
B R Bhagyalakshmi ◽  
◽  
R Galib ◽  
Mukesh Nariya ◽  
PK Prajapati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Cough Reflex ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Albino Mice

Introduction: Kajjali is considered as the base in maximum Rasa Yogas (Herbo-mineral formulations). Shwasakuthara Rasa (SKR) is a well-known herbo-mineral formulation indicated in different kinds of Shwasa (respiratory diseases) and Kasa (cough) having Kajjali as a base ingredient. The present study is to evaluate the acute toxicity and anti-tussive activity of SKR one prepared with Kajjali (SKR1) and another without Kajjali (SKR2) in sulphur dioxide induced cough model in albino mice. Materials and Methods: Acute toxicity study was carried as per the OECD 425 guideline in wistar female rats. Anti-tussive activity was carried out against sulphur dioxide-induced cough reflex in mice. Results: Animals did not manifest any signs of toxicity and mortality at the dose of 2000mg/kg body weight, orally. Both test drugs (32.5 mg/kg, po) showed significant reduction in cough reflexes compared with control. SKR1 showed pronounced anti-tussive activity followed by SKR2 when compared to control group. Conclusion: The presence of Kajjali in the formulation is safe on acute administration and further enhances anti-tussive activity of the formulation may be due to increasing bioavailability of Ayurvedic formulation.

scholarly journals Study of Impacts of Ganoderma applanatum (Pres.) Pat. Extract on Hepatic and Renal Biochemical Parameters of Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Sukumar Dandapat ◽  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
Rakesh Ranjan ◽  
Manoranjan Prasad Sinaha
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Ganoderma Applanatum

Traditionally, Ganoderma applanatum was used as medicinal supplement for treatment of different diseases. In this study, biochemical screening, acute toxicity, and impact of G. applanatum aqueous extract on liver and renal parameters were studied. Qualitative screening of G. applanatum aqueous extract showed presence of various biochemicals such as tannin, phenolics, proteins, flavanoids and other biochemicals. FTIR analysis also showed spectrum transmission peaks for different mycochemicals such as3248. 13cm-1 for phenol O-H stretch, 1597.06cm-1 for primary amine N-H stretch, 783.10cm-1 for aromatic (meta disub benzene) C-H stretch. The extract increased body weight (Initial body weight: 181.74g; final body weight: 185.08g) when compared to control group (Initial body weight: 178.61 g; final body weight: 181.14 g) in acute toxicity test dose (2000mg/kg). Similar insignificant in final body weight of animals of different groups were observed when compared to initial body weight of animals used for the study of live and renal profile. The extract had no significant effect on organ weight. Low dose (200mg kg-1) of extract insignificantly decrease AST (51.71±0.61 mg dL-1), ALT (146.07±0.89 mg dL-1), ALP (174.68±0.65 mg dL-1) and bilirubin (0.61±0.01 mg dL-1) level and significantly elevated serum albumin level (6.63±0.22 g dL-1) compare to control group.  Low dose (200mg kg-1) extract showed similar insignificant decrease in serum urea (61.30±1.05 mg dL-1) and creatinine level (0.90±0.02 mg dL-1) and significantly decreased serum uric acid level (19.52±1.14 mg dL-1) compare to control group of rats. Thus, dose-oriented application of G. applanatum extract can be beneficial for treatment of hepatic and renal diseases.

scholarly journals In Vivo Toxicity Study of Ethanolic Extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides & Centella asiatica in Swiss Albino Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1071-1076
Author(s):  
Mukesh Kumar Yadav ◽  
Santosh Kumar Singh ◽  
Manish Singh ◽  
Shashank Shekhar Mishra ◽  
Anurag Kumar Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Centella Asiatica ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
In Vivo Toxicity ◽  
Evolvulus Alsinoides ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts

AIM: We aimed to investigate several parameters after the in vivo acute and sub-acute administration of ethanolic extracts from E. alsinoides & C. asiatica. METHODS: Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors for in vivo toxicity study guidelines 423 and 407 of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) were followed for acute and sub-acute toxicity assays respectively. For LD50 evaluation, a single dose of ethanolic extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides L. (EEA) and ethanolic extracts of Centella asiatica (ECA) was orally administered to mice at doses of 200, 400, 800, 1600 and 2000 mg/kg. Then the animals were observed for 72 hours. For acute toxicity evaluation, a single dose of both extracts was orally administered to mice at doses of 300, 600, 1200 and 2000 mg/kg and the animals were observed for 14 days. In the sub-acute study, the extracts were orally administered to mice for 28 days at doses of 300, 600, 1200 and 2000 mg/kg. To assess the toxicological effects, animals were closely observed on general behaviour, clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, food and water intake. At the end of the study, it was performed biochemical and hematological evaluations, as well as histopathological analysis from the following organs: brain, heart, liver, and kidney. RESULTS: The oral administration of E. alsinoides and C. asiatica ethanolic extracts, i.e. EEA 300, EEA 600, EEA 1200, EEA 2000, ECA 300, ECA 600, ECA 1200 & ECA 2000 mg/kg doses showed no moral toxicity effect in LD50, acute and sub-acute toxicity parameters. CONCLUSION: In this study, we had found that E. alsinoides & C. asiatica extract at different doses cause no mortality in acute and sub-acute toxicity study. Also, histopathology of kidney, liver, heart, and brain showed no alterations in tissues morphology.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Systemic Serum Exposure and Acute Toxicity of the Aqueous Extract of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) Rhizomes in Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 242-252
Author(s):  
Ameaka Fatima Nkempu ◽  
Tembe Estella Fokunang ◽  
Bayaga Hervé Narcisse ◽  
Eustace Bonghan Berinyuy ◽  
Tabi Yves Omgba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Biochemical Markers ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Health Concern

Introduction: Liver toxicity has become a public health concern as more people globally get exposed to xenobiotics with the potential to cause liver damage and consequent liver cirrhosis. The increase in liver toxicant abuse has necessitated the exploration of xenobiotic exposure levels when addressing therapeutic measures using alternative herbal remedies. The increasing use of herbal products as alternative therapy needs regulatory alignment through evidence-based support for the safety and efficacy of these natural products. To undertake preclinical discovery of new metabolites from medicinal products, the objective of this study was to investigate the systemic serum exposure and acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) rhizomes on Wistar rat models. Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out on the aqueous extract obtained by maceration of the dried plant rhizomes. Standard screening techniques for plant metabolites were used to screen blood serum after animal exposure with the extract. After a 500mg/Kg dose, systemic exposure was evaluated in blood samples collected at 30-minute intervals for one hour. For acute toxicity, a single 2000mg/Kg by body weight dose of the plant extract and the reference (Silymarin 50mg/Kg) were administered to rats, and they were observed for 14 days. Biochemical markers of toxicity such as ALAT, ASAT, GGT, Bilirubin were quantified, and histological studies of the liver were carried out. Results: No secondary metabolites were identified at 30 mins and 1hr in rat serum following a 500 mg/Kg oral dose. Administration of a 2000 mg/Kg oral dose to rats was well tolerated, and there were no deaths or significant target organ toxicity. The plant showed no lethality at the dose of 2000mg/kg body weight and decreased liver toxicity markers such as ASAT, ALAT, GGT, and Bilirubin. Histology revealed no significant damage to liver hepatocytes, no central vein occlusion, and no evidence of fibrosis. Conclusion: There were no systemically available secondary metabolites at a dose of 500 mg/Kg after the qualitative screening; more sensitive and specific methods are required to test these secondary metabolites in serum. This study confirmed the safety margin of Curcuma longa with no lethality following a single oral dose of 2000mg/Kg and after observation for 14 days. There was a low expression of biochemical markers of toxicity ALAT, ASAT, and no histological indication of liver damage.

Acute Oral Safety Study of Rosemary Extracts in Rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 790-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTURO ANADÓN ◽  
MARIA R. MARTÍNEZ-LARRAÑAGA ◽  
MARIA A. MARTÍNEZ ◽  
IRMA ARES ◽  
MONICA R. GARCÍA-RISCO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Rosemary Extract ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Safety Study ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Histological Characteristics ◽  
Observation Period

Increasing interest in rosemary plants is due to their antioxidant and health-enhancing properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential acute toxicity of two supercritical fluid extracts of rosemary. An acute safety study of rosemary extracts was conducted in Wistar rats at a single oral gavage dosage of 2,000 mg/kg of body weight. Rosemary extracts were well tolerated; no adverse effects or mortality were observed during the 2-week observation period. No abnormal signs, behavioral changes, body weight changes, or change in food and water consumption occurred. Two weeks after a single oral rosemary extract dose of 2,000 mg/kg of body weight, there were no changes in hematological and serum chemistry values, organ weights, or gross or histological characteristics. Rosemary extracts appear to have low acute toxicity, and the oral lethal doses (LD50) for male and female rats are greater than 2,000 mg/kg of body weight.

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