scholarly journals Hoe maak je het, lakmoes? Over de (semantische) productiviteit van Nederlandse ontleningen in het Pools / How are you, litmus? On the (semantical) productivity of the Dutch borrowings in the Polish language

Werkwinkel ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-166
Author(s):  
Agata Kowalska-Szubert

Abstract Polish language contains hundreds of loan words from Dutch. They are rooted so firmly that they are capable of creating new words. This article presents the most common word-formation phenomena involving Dutch loan words. It also highlights their ability to form phrasemes and transfer meanings.

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia Wahyu Julisdianti ◽  
Danny Susanto

Larousse is one of the most important and widely used French-language dictionaries. Larousse dictionary annually releases its new edition with the addition of on average 150 new words due to the appearance of new words, known as the phenomenon of neologism. The aim of this study is to identify how new words or neologisms in the Larousse dictionary edition of 2018 and 2019 were formed using a morphological approach. The analysis essentially uses the combination of theories of Lehmann & Martin-Berthet (1999) and Grevisse, M., & Goosse, A. (2007) on four types of word formation: derivation, composition, siglaison (acronym), and troncation (clipping). Neologisms are often influenced by foreign languages, therefore additional theory on borrowing words from other languages and lending factors introduced by Haspelmath & Tadmor (2009) is also used. Data was collected from Larousse dictionary’s digital press kit, served to promote their latest edition, and contains the new words added in the dictionary. The study indicates that the new words in the Larousse edition of 2018 and 2019 can be categorized into two groups: (1) the first group of neologisms that are formed by the process of word-formation and (2) the neologisms that are formed through loan words. Composition dominates the process of neologisms, followed by derivation. This relates to the difficulty of composition’s formation that is considered less complicated in terms of grammar compared with derivation. Then, clipping is only found in the second group of new words. An interesting finding is that based on data analysis there is a type of word formation with nom propre (proper noun) as a base word which has not been discussed by Lehmann & Martin-Berthet or Grevisse in their theory.


Virittäjä ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaarina Pitkänen-Heikkilä

Artikkeli tarkastelee eläintaksonomisen sanaston kehittämistä suomen kieleen 1800-luvulla. 1800-luvun sanastotyötä tarkastellaan käyttäen aineistona kolmeatoista julkaistua tietokirjaa vuosilta 1856–1881. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnetään myös niiden arvosteluja sekä kääntäjien ja kirjoittajien esipuheita ja kirjeenvaihtoa. Pohjatekstien ja käännösten sekä vieraskielisten termien ja niiden suomennosten vertailu tuovat esiin sanastonkehittäjien työssä vaikuttaneet normit. Myös oheistekstit kertovat näistä konventioista ja varsinkin siitä, kuinka hyvin kääntäjät itse tiedostivat ne. Kirjeenvaihto paljastaa yhteistyöverkostot ja avaa kirjoitusprosessia, kun taas kirja-arviot kertovat teosten ja niiden sanaston saamasta vastaanotosta. Artikkelissa myös verrataan eläintieteellisessä sanastonkehittelyssä 1800-luvulla vaikuttaneita normeja 2000-luvun alun laajaan sanastoprojektiin, jossa nisäkäsnimistö sai runsaasti uusia nimiä ja jolloin myös monia vanhoja nimiä muutettiin. Tutkimus osoittaa, että sanaston aukkojen täyttämisen keinot olivat 1800-luvun tietokirjatyössä melko erilaiset kuin 2000-luvun nimistöhankkeessa. Uudet keinot ovat johtaneet usein läpinäkymättömiin termeihin: käännöslainojen (esim. imettävät eläimet < ruots. däggande djur) sijaan suositaan lainasanoja (esim. kolokolot < engl. colocolos), ja yhdistämisen ja johtamisen sijaan on käytetty runsaasti uudenlaisia sananmuodostuskeinoja, muun muassa lyhentämistä (häntähekot ← pitkähäntähedelmälepakot) ja kontaminaatioita (jyystiäiset ← jyrsijäpäästäiset). 2000-luvun sanastotyössä vaikuttaneita normeja tarkastellaan nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan omien periaatteiden ja toteutuneen työn lisäksi siinä laajassa keskustelussa, jota käytiin vuodesta 2008 alkaen niin Luonnontieteellisen keskusmuseon verkkosivustolla kuin lehdistössäkin. Artikkeli osoittaa, että osa sanastotyötä ohjaavista käytänteistä on sellaisia, jotka ovat vaikuttaneet työhön 1800-luvulla ja vaikuttavat nykyisinkin. Aiheita, jotka ovat puhuttaneet sekä varhaisnykysuomen ajalla että nykyisessä digisuomen ajassa, ovat vakiintuneisuus, vierasperäisyys, läpinäkyvyys, loogisuus, selkeys, taksonominen systemaattisuus ja sanastotyön tekijän asiantuntijuus. Artikkeli osoittaa, että tietokirjojen kirjoittajien ja suomentajien valinnat ovat merkittäviä erikoisalan sanastotyölle ja että tieteellisellä sanastolla ja sen suomentamisella on oma normistonsa. Normeista poikkeaminen voi herättää laajan julkisen keskustelun, kuten kävi kymmenen vuotta sitten.   Norms in the translation of scientific vocabulary into Finnish: The development of zoological vocabulary in the 19th and 21st centuries The article examines the development of zoological vocabulary in Finnish and norms influencing the formation of scientific vocabulary, particularly during the 19th century. By examining 13 non-fiction books published between 1856 and 1881 and their associated source texts, the article explores the translation and development of scientific vocabulary within the discipline of zoology. In addition, this vocabulary-developing project is explained using paratexts: book reviews, forewords by writers or translators, and correspondence between actors. The comparison of source and target texts reveals the many solutions that authors and translators have employed and the conventions they have absorbed. These paratexts reveal norms and conventions, as well as translators’ awareness of these norms. The correspondence between actors reveals collaboration networks and opens up the word formation process, whereas book reviews provide much information about how readers received such new vocabularies. The vocabulary project in 19th-century zoology is here compared to the reformation of Finnish mammal nomenclature at the beginning of the 21st century. This study demonstrates that the methods of filling the vocabulary gaps in the scientific Finnish of the 21st century differ conclusively from the methods used in the 19th century. During the 19th century, loan translations (e.g. imettävät eläimet < Swed. däggande djur) were typical, and new words were formed transparently, primarily by compounding and deriving from existing domestic material. Contrastingly, the vocabulary creation methods of the 21st century have produced words that are more opaque: loan words (e.g. kolokolot < Engl. colocolos) have been formed instead of loan translations and semantically unclear abbreviations (häntähekot ← pitkähäntähedelmälepakot), and blends (jyystiäiset ← jyrsijä-päästäiset) have been formed alongside many miscible compounds and derivations. The comparison of paratexts shows that the same subjects were discussed in the period of early modern Finnish as during the current days of modern Finnish. The discussion makes many norms visible, e.g. the establishment, transparency, logicality, clarity, taxonomical systematicity and expertism of authors and translators. Vocabulary must be understandable, clear and transparent; logicality and taxonomical systematicity are also required. Established vocabulary should be retained. The developers of scientific vocabularies require expertise in both the source language and the subject field. The article demonstrates that, with regard to special vocabulary, authors’ and translators’ choices are significant, and the translation of scientific vocabulary has norms of its own – and can therefore lead to broad public discussion.


Author(s):  
N.N. Zaitseva

The lexical level is the most mobile part of the language system. This mobility is in many respects caused by word-formation mechanisms. In live informal conversation the process of occurrence of new words is continuous and active. The basic part of new words is created according to productive models. The share of occasional ways in word-formation is less. However, it grows, as the occasional way in itself is more expressive and more emphatic. In the work we will pay attention to the words created by means of one of the ways of occasional word-formation.


Author(s):  
Olga Terekhova ◽  
◽  
◽  

The word, as a structural unit of language, has a number of basic features. The Russian language is alive, and, like all living things, it develops and undergoes changes in the process of its development. Preschoolers come up with new words based on linguistic patterns. The teacher in the classroom on the development of speech should redirect the word-creation of children in the right direction, showing them the current rules of word-formation of their native language.


Author(s):  
Svitlana Korol

The article deals with one of the most common types of word formation in German as word compounding. Compound nouns have become the object of study, as this part of the language leads the way in the formation of new words in this way. The relevance of the research is reinforced by the fact that German compound nouns differ by their multicomponent structure and are in the process of regular growth of their numbers, so they are attracting the attention of Germanists of different generations continuously. The study has examined the nature of the component composition of composites, the types of bonding between components, the types of constituent components, the role of the connecting element, the syllable’s accentuation of components of the compound noun etc. The compound can be built from nouns, adjectives, verbs or an invariable element (prepositions). There is no limit of the number of the associated words. The last word in the compound always determines the gender and plural form of the compound noun. The connectors or linking elements in existing German compound words often correspond to old case endings (e.g., plural, genitive). These endings expressed the relationship of the compound parts to one another. The article considers the causes of the formation of complex nouns. Compounds make the German language more flexible. In general, compounds are used to convey more information in one word and for reasons of language economy. Special attention deserves such a phenomenon as Denglish. This is the mashing of words from the two languages to create new hybrid words.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Laila Othman Baram ◽  
Aram Kamil Noori

This research studies the widening range of forming and using blend (portmanteau) words in English language. It sheds light on the fact that most blend words are exocentric not only for second language learners but also to natives too, since they have not been listed in English dictionaries. Even if listed; still the continuous process of forming blend words will leave no room to catch up with listing all of them. English nowadays has become the most dominant language and at the same time it has been influenced by some factors as much as it has been influential. In terms of word formation processes especially blending, one can realize how rapidly and unexpectedly new words are coined for new purposes in accordance with daily life needs. In this era of speed; English native speakers, as their nature, do like to economize in their word choice especially in their word formation processes such as blending, acronyms, clipping and all types of abbreviations. In fact, the inevitability of life change as the result of daily life’s needs inventions influences English language in many ways. In addition, the policy of economizing and being selective reflects well on letter choice and word forming processes. In relation to this, the consequences of life change can be noted in studying blend forms in English. Some simple examples are: blunch, chexting, spork, feminar, brinner, brunch, fanzin, hubot, smog, etc. In a nut shell, the research states the inevitable and intriguing change of English words in the process of blending in which two or more words are cut and mixed together to form a new form, called a blend word. One basic point here is that a blend word is not simply one word; brinner as an example is formed from three other words (breakfast + lunch + dinner) to describe a situation in which you just have one meal instead of the three. Most of blend words have not so far been listed in English dictionaries. So this continuous process of forming new words does a great change to English vocabularies now and in the upcoming years.


2021 ◽  
Vol LXXVII (77) ◽  
pp. 193-209
Author(s):  
MAREK KASZEWSKI

W tekście podejmowana jest problematyka ograniczeń procesu kategoryzacji klas derywatów deminutywnych oraz symilatywnych w dobie średniopolskiej. Celem opracowania było wskazanie potencjalnych przyczyn blokowania procesów kategoryzacyjnych klas historycznych deminutywów oraz symilatywów. W zakresie metodologii i ustaleń terminologicznych wykorzystano osiągnięcia tzw. „katowickiej szkoły słowotwórstwa historycznego”. Głównym źródłem materiału leksykalnego stał się trójjęzyczny dykcjonarz M.A. Troca z 1764 roku (jego III tom, z polszczyzną jako językiem wyjściowym). Świadomość lingwistyczna autora tego słownika, przejawiająca się w sposobie organizacji wyrażeń hasłowych oraz doboru ekwiwalentów wraz z definicjami, rzuciła nowe światło na sposób identyfikowania kategorii deminutywów, symilatywów, a także formacji tautologicznych przez dawnych użytkowników języka. Okazało się, że w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku żadna z tych klas nie wykrystalizowała swoich dominant, zaś czynnikiem, który mógł podtrzymywać ten stan, była obecność w języku znacznej liczby derywatów tautologicznych względem podstawy, budowanych z udziałem wielofunkcyjnych formantów z podstawowymi sufiksalnymi spółgłoskami -k- i -c-. Diminutivity, similativity and word-formation tautology in Middle Polish (illustrated with data from M.A. Troc’s Dictionary) Summary: The text deals with the limitations of the categorization process of the classes of diminutive and similative derivatives in Middle Polish. The aim of the study was to identify the potential reasons for the blocking of the categorization processes of the historical classes of diminutives and similatives. The methodology and terminology used in the paper follows the achievements of the so-called “Katowice school of historical word-formation”. The 1764 trilingual dictionary by M.A. Troc (Volume 3, with Polish as the input language) was the main source of lexical material. Based on the analysis of the presented material, one can conclude that the linguistic awareness of the lexicographer, manifested through the organization of dictionary entries and the choice of foreign equivalents and their definitions, may shed a new light on the categorical system of historical derivatives. In lack of sufficient Polish-language contexts, the translational character of lexicographic sources lets us gain information about the semantic and stylistic value of Polish lexical units on the basis of their foreign equivalents or their foreign-language definitions provided by dictionaries. The category of diminutive names in the second half of the 18th century did not yet crystallize its dominants, and the class of similative names had a similar formal and semantic status. Both classes constituted products of sets that contained derivative units, assuming a diminishing or similative function. The factor that inhibited the process of the crystallization of the dominants in the mentioned classes was the extremely high level of word-formation tautology, which did not allow language users to identify the real functions of multifunctional formants with the basic consonants -k- and -c-.


2021 ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Natalia SIUDZIŃSKA

The complexity of word-formation in Slavic languages, especially in the Polish language, makes it very difficult for Polish speaking children and bilingual children to learn, especially when the second language is not Slavic. In this article I would like to concentrate on the linguistic problems in the context of learning word-formation by bilingual children aged 5-9 who live in Ireland and who learn Polish and English at the same time. I would like to juxtapose their level of word formation competence with those children who are Polish language speakers living in Poland and who are in the same age group (5-9). The research described below concerns the category of feminine gender words. The linguistic data used for the description were collected during the fieldwork research carried out with the group of thirty bilingual children. The results of the research allowed to establish the differences in the linguistic development of monolingual and bilingual children and to indicate the factors that determine the acquisition of word-formation competences. This type of research will help teachers and other specialists (psychologists, speech therapists) working with such children to better assess the language skills of bilingual children. They also allow to estimate the scale of difficulties that Polish children returning from emigration will encounter.


2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2 (17)) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Sirarpi Karapetyan

The syndetic or conjunctional analytical word-formation structures with noun component are very productive in the Armenian and English languages from the point of view of forming new words. The paper is devoted to the comparison and contrast of the structural, grammatical and semantic peculiarities of the syndetic (conjunctional) analytical word-formation structures in Armenian and English. In Armenian they are mainly formed with the help of the conjunction “ու”, rarely with the conjunction “և”. In English these units are generally formed with the help of the conjunction “and” and belong to the type of the so-called phrase compounds. Besides the conjunctional compounds, phrasal compounds also include the so called syntactic compounds which resemble segments of speech corresponding to the syntactic and word order rules of the English language, e.g. Jack-of-all-trades “a person who can do many different kinds of work”, lily-of the-valley “a European plant of the lily family”; this type does not have its typological equivalent in Armenian. The examples of syndetic analytical structures provided in this paper are mainly taken from English and Armenian dictionaries.


Author(s):  
Eve V. Clark

Several factors influence children’s initial choices of word-formation options––simplicity of form, transparency of meaning, and productivity in current adult speech. The coining of new words is also constrained by general pragmatic considerations for usage: Reliance on conventionality, contrast, and cooperation between speaker and addressee. For children acquiring French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, the data on what they know about word-formation for the coining of new words consist primarily of diary observations; in some cases, these are supplemented with experimental elicitation studies of the comprehension and production of new word-forms. The general patterns in Romance acquisition of word-formation favor derivation over compounding. Children produce some spontaneous coinages with zero derivation (verbs converted to nouns in French, for example) from as young as 2 years, 6 months (2;6). The earliest suffixes children put to use in these languages tend to be agentive (from 2;6 to 3 years onward), followed by instrumental, objective, locative, and, slightly later, diminutive. The only prefixes that emerge early in child innovations are negative ones used to express reversals of actions. Overall, the general patterns of acquisition for word-formation in Romance are similar to those in Semitic, where derivation is also more productive than compounding, rather than to those in Germanic, where compounding is highly productive, and emerges very early, before any derivational forms.


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