scholarly journals Roles of the oviduct in mammalian fertilization

Reproduction ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 144 (6) ◽  
pp. 649-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Coy ◽  
F A García-Vázquez ◽  
P E Visconti ◽  
M Avilés
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fallopian Tube ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Specific Site ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Anatomical Region ◽  
Oviductal Epithelium ◽  
Mammalian Fertilization

The oviduct or Fallopian tube is the anatomical region where every new life begins in mammalian species. After a long journey, the spermatozoa meet the oocyte in the specific site of the oviduct named ampulla and fertilization takes place. The successful fertilization depends on several biological processes that occur in the oviduct some hours before this rendezvous and affect both gametes. Estrogen and progesterone, released from the ovary, orchestrate a series of changes by genomic and nongenomic pathways in the oviductal epithelium affecting gene expression, proteome, and secretion of its cells into the fluid bathing the oviductal lumen. In addition, new regulatory molecules are being discovered playing important roles in oviductal physiology and fertilization. The present review tries to describe these processes, building a comprehensive map of the physiology of the oviduct, to better understand the importance of this organ in reproduction. With this purpose, gamete transport, sperm and oocyte changes in the oviductal environment, and other interactions between gametes and oviduct are discussed in light of recent publications in the field.

scholarly journals Regulation of mRNA cap methylation

2009 ◽  
Vol 425 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria H. Cowling
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Nuclear Export ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Experimental Systems ◽  
Efficient Gene ◽  
Cellular Mrnas ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
The Impact

The 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5′ end of mRNA is essential for efficient gene expression and cell viability. Methylation of the guanosine cap is necessary for the translation of most cellular mRNAs in all eukaryotic organisms in which it has been investigated. In some experimental systems, cap methylation has also been demonstrated to promote transcription, splicing, polyadenylation and nuclear export of mRNA. The present review discusses how the 7-methylguanosine cap is synthesized by cellular enzymes, the impact that the 7-methylguanosine cap has on biological processes, and how the mRNA cap methylation reaction is regulated.

Review of Progress in Predicting Protein Methylation Sites

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (15) ◽  
pp. 1663-1670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunyan Ao ◽  
Shunshan Jin ◽  
Yuan Lin ◽  
Quan Zou
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Methylation ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Regulatory Enzymes ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Arginine Residues

Protein methylation is an important and reversible post-translational modification that regulates many biological processes in cells. It occurs mainly on lysine and arginine residues and involves many important biological processes, including transcriptional activity, signal transduction, and the regulation of gene expression. Protein methylation and its regulatory enzymes are related to a variety of human diseases, so improved identification of methylation sites is useful for designing drugs for a variety of related diseases. In this review, we systematically summarize and analyze the tools used for the prediction of protein methylation sites on arginine and lysine residues over the last decade.

scholarly journals X chromosome-dependent disruption of placental regulatory networks in hybrid dwarf hamsters

Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D Brekke ◽  
Emily C Moore ◽  
Shane C Campbell-Staton ◽  
Colin M Callahan ◽  
Zachary A Cheviron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
First And Second Generation

AbstractEmbryonic development in mammals is highly sensitive to changes in gene expression within the placenta. The placenta is also highly enriched for genes showing parent-of-origin or imprinted expression, which is predicted to evolve rapidly in response to parental conflict. However, little is known about the evolution of placental gene expression, or if divergence of placental gene expression plays an important role in mammalian speciation. We used crosses between two species of dwarf hamsters (Phodopus sungorus and Phodopus campbelli) to examine the genetic and regulatory underpinnings of severe placental overgrowth in their hybrids. Using quantitative genetic mapping and mitochondrial substitution lines, we show that overgrowth of hybrid placentas was primarily caused by genetic differences on the maternally inherited P. sungorus X chromosome. Mitochondrial interactions did not contribute to abnormal hybrid placental development, and there was only weak correspondence between placental disruption and embryonic growth. Genome-wide analyses of placental transcriptomes from the parental species and first- and second-generation hybrids revealed a central group of co-expressed X-linked and autosomal genes that were highly enriched for maternally biased expression. Expression of this gene network was strongly correlated with placental size and showed widespread misexpression dependent on epistatic interactions with X-linked hybrid incompatibilities. Collectively, our results indicate that the X chromosome is likely to play a prominent role in the evolution of placental gene expression and the accumulation of hybrid developmental barriers between mammalian species.

scholarly journals Cocaine induces paradigm-specific changes to the transcriptome within the ventral tegmental area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rianne R. Campbell ◽  
Siwei Chen ◽  
Joy H. Beardwood ◽  
Alberto J. López ◽  
Lilyana V. Pham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Ventral Tegmental Area ◽  
Home Cage ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Cocaine Exposure ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Drug Reinforcement ◽  
Ventral Tegmental

AbstractDuring the initial stages of drug use, cocaine-induced neuroadaptations within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are critical for drug-associated cue learning and drug reinforcement processes. These neuroadaptations occur, in part, from alterations to the transcriptome. Although cocaine-induced transcriptional mechanisms within the VTA have been examined, various regimens and paradigms have been employed to examine candidate target genes. In order to identify key genes and biological processes regulating cocaine-induced processes, we employed genome-wide RNA-sequencing to analyze transcriptional profiles within the VTA from male mice that underwent one of four commonly used paradigms: acute home cage injections of cocaine, chronic home cage injections of cocaine, cocaine-conditioning, or intravenous-self administration of cocaine. We found that cocaine alters distinct sets of VTA genes within each exposure paradigm. Using behavioral measures from cocaine self-administering mice, we also found several genes whose expression patterns corelate with cocaine intake. In addition to overall gene expression levels, we identified several predicted upstream regulators of cocaine-induced transcription shared across all paradigms. Although distinct gene sets were altered across cocaine exposure paradigms, we found, from Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis, that biological processes important for energy regulation and synaptic plasticity were affected across all cocaine paradigms. Coexpression analysis also identified gene networks that are altered by cocaine. These data indicate that cocaine alters networks enriched with glial cell markers of the VTA that are involved in gene regulation and synaptic processes. Our analyses demonstrate that transcriptional changes within the VTA depend on the route, dose and context of cocaine exposure, and highlight several biological processes affected by cocaine. Overall, these findings provide a unique resource of gene expression data for future studies examining novel cocaine gene targets that regulate drug-associated behaviors.

scholarly journals Massively parallel in vivo CRISPR screening identifies RNF20/40 as epigenetic regulators of cardiomyocyte maturation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan J. VanDusen ◽  
Julianna Y. Lee ◽  
Weiliang Gu ◽  
Catalina E. Butler ◽  
Isha Sethi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Genetic Screen ◽  
Forward Genetics ◽  
Epigenetic Mark ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Forward Genetic Screen ◽  
High Resource ◽  
Organ Systems

AbstractThe forward genetic screen is a powerful, unbiased method to gain insights into biological processes, yet this approach has infrequently been used in vivo in mammals because of high resource demands. Here, we use in vivo somatic Cas9 mutagenesis to perform an in vivo forward genetic screen in mice to identify regulators of cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation, the coordinated changes in phenotype and gene expression that occur in neonatal CMs. We discover and validate a number of transcriptional regulators of this process. Among these are RNF20 and RNF40, which form a complex that monoubiquitinates H2B on lysine 120. Mechanistic studies indicate that this epigenetic mark controls dynamic changes in gene expression required for CM maturation. These insights into CM maturation will inform efforts in cardiac regenerative medicine. More broadly, our approach will enable unbiased forward genetics across mammalian organ systems.

scholarly journals Analysis of the transcriptome of bovine endometrial cells isolated by laser micro-dissection (1): specific signatures of stromal, glandular and luminal epithelial cells

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiruntita Chankeaw ◽  
Sandra Lignier ◽  
Christophe Richard ◽  
Theodoros Ntallaris ◽  
Mariam Raliou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Molecular Signature ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Endometrial Cells

Abstract Background A number of studies have examined mRNA expression profiles of bovine endometrium at estrus and around the peri-implantation period of pregnancy. However, to date, these studies have been performed on the whole endometrium which is a complex tissue. Consequently, the knowledge of cell-specific gene expression, when analysis performed with whole endometrium, is still weak and obviously limits the relevance of the results of gene expression studies. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize specific transcriptome of the three main cell-types of the bovine endometrium at day-15 of the estrus cycle. Results In the RNA-Seq analysis, the number of expressed genes detected over 10 transcripts per million was 6622, 7814 and 8242 for LE, GE and ST respectively. ST expressed exclusively 1236 genes while only 551 transcripts were specific to the GE and 330 specific to LE. For ST, over-represented biological processes included many regulation processes and response to stimulus, cell communication and cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization as well as developmental process. For GE, cilium organization, cilium movement, protein localization to cilium and microtubule-based process were the only four main biological processes enriched. For LE, over-represented biological processes were enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway, cell-substrate adhesion and circulatory system process. Conclusion The data show that each endometrial cell-type has a distinct molecular signature and provide a significantly improved overview on the biological process supported by specific cell-types. The most interesting result is that stromal cells express more genes than the two epithelial types and are associated with a greater number of pathways and ontology terms.

scholarly journals Signalling pathways and mechanistic cues highlighted by transcriptomic analysis of primordial, primary, and secondary ovarian follicles in domestic cat

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shauna Kehoe ◽  
Katarina Jewgenow ◽  
Paul R. Johnston ◽  
Susan Mbedi ◽  
Beate C. Braun
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Ovarian Folliculogenesis

AbstractIn vitro growth (IVG) of dormant primordial ovarian follicles aims to produce mature competent oocytes for assisted reproduction. Success is dependent on optimal in vitro conditions complemented with an understanding of oocyte and ovarian follicle development in vivo. Complete IVG has not been achieved in any other mammalian species besides mice. Furthermore, ovarian folliculogenesis remains sparsely understood overall. Here, gene expression patterns were characterised by RNA-sequencing in primordial (PrF), primary (PF), and secondary (SF) ovarian follicles from Felis catus (domestic cat) ovaries. Two major transitions were investigated: PrF-PF and PF-SF. Transcriptional analysis revealed a higher proportion in gene expression changes during the PrF-PF transition. Key influencing factors during this transition included the interaction between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) along with nuclear components such as, histone HIST1H1T (H1.6). Conserved signalling factors and expression patterns previously described during mammalian ovarian folliculogenesis were observed. Species-specific features during domestic cat ovarian folliculogenesis were also found. The signalling pathway terms “PI3K-Akt”, “transforming growth factor-β receptor”, “ErbB”, and “HIF-1” from the functional annotation analysis were studied. Some results highlighted mechanistic cues potentially involved in PrF development in the domestic cat. Overall, this study provides an insight into regulatory factors and pathways during preantral ovarian folliculogenesis in domestic cat.

scholarly journals Transcription Factors as the “Blitzkrieg” of Plant Defense: A Pragmatic View of Nitric Oxide’s Role in Gene Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 522
Author(s):  
Noreen Falak ◽  
Qari Muhammad Imran ◽  
Adil Hussain ◽  
Byung-Wook Yun
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Transcriptional Changes

Plants are in continuous conflict with the environmental constraints and their sessile nature demands a fine-tuned, well-designed defense mechanism that can cope with a multitude of biotic and abiotic assaults. Therefore, plants have developed innate immunity, R-gene-mediated resistance, and systemic acquired resistance to ensure their survival. Transcription factors (TFs) are among the most important genetic components for the regulation of gene expression and several other biological processes. They bind to specific sequences in the DNA called transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) that are present in the regulatory regions of genes. Depending on the environmental conditions, TFs can either enhance or suppress transcriptional processes. In the last couple of decades, nitric oxide (NO) emerged as a crucial molecule for signaling and regulating biological processes. Here, we have overviewed the plant defense system, the role of TFs in mediating the defense response, and that how NO can manipulate transcriptional changes including direct post-translational modifications of TFs. We also propose that NO might regulate gene expression by regulating the recruitment of RNA polymerase during transcription.

scholarly journals The crucial roles of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in the carcinogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihao Fang ◽  
Yiqiu Hu ◽  
Jinhui Hu ◽  
Yanqin Huang ◽  
Shu Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Nuclear Export ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Regulated Gene Expression

AbstractAs the predominant modification in RNA, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has attracted increasing attention in the past few years since it plays vital roles in many biological processes. This chemical modification is dynamic, reversible and regulated by several methyltransferases, demethylases and proteins that recognize m6A modification. M6A modification exists in messenger RNA and affects their splicing, nuclear export, stability, decay, and translation, thereby modulating gene expression. Besides, the existence of m6A in noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) could also directly or indirectly regulated gene expression. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cancer around the world and of high mortality. Increasing evidence have shown that the changes of m6A level and the dysregulation of m6A regulatory proteins have been implicated in CRC carcinogenesis and progression. However, the underlying regulation laws of m6A modification to CRC remain elusive and better understanding of these mechanisms will benefit the diagnosis and therapy. In the present review, the latest studies about the dysregulation of m6A and its regulators in CRC have been summarized. We will focus on the crucial roles of m6A modification in the carcinogenesis and development of CRC. Moreover, we will also discuss the potential applications of m6A modification in CRC diagnosis and therapeutics.

scholarly journals Effects of Ubiquinol-10 on MicroRNA-146a Expression In Vitro and In Vivo

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance Schmelzer ◽  
Mitsuaki Kitano ◽  
Gerald Rimbach ◽  
Petra Niklowitz ◽  
Thomas Menke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Moderate Reduction ◽  
Suppression Of Gene Expression ◽  
Fine Tune ◽  
Dependent Pathway

MicroRNAs (miRs) are involved in key biological processes via suppression of gene expression at posttranscriptional levels. According to their superior functions, subtle modulation of miR expression by certain compounds or nutrients is desirable under particular conditions. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a reactive oxygen species-/NF-κB-dependent pathway which increases the expression of the anti-inflammatory miR-146a. We hypothesized that this induction could be modulated by the antioxidant ubiquinol-10. Preincubation of human monocytic THP-1 cells with ubiquinol-10 reduced the LPS-induced expression level of miR-146a to 78.9±13.22%. In liver samples of mice injected with LPS, supplementation with ubiquinol-10 leads to a reduction of LPS-induced miR-146a expression to 78.12±21.25%. From these consistent in vitro and in vivo data, we conclude that ubiquinol-10 may fine-tune the inflammatory response via moderate reduction of miR-146a expression.

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