Level of patient information on antibiotic use

Establishing an effective antimicrobial therapeutic requires choosing the appropriate antibiotic and ensuring compliance with times and doses prescribed. Problems concerning early abandonment and unfinished prescriptions due to lack of information, as well as more resistant microorganisms, have been identified as the major factors responsible for therapeutic failure in bacterial infections. This study aimed to determine the level of information among antibiotic users undergoing treatment with these drugs, and habits related to other therapies. A survey was applied to 403 users and identified great difficulties in understanding prescriptions, especially among users with no formal schooling who understood only 21 to 28% of the prescribed instructions. This same group reported having received the lowest amount of information during the consultation, with only 28.6% receiving verbal information from the prescriber on the length of course with the drug. Additionally, 21% of this group reported a tendency to use the antibiotic until symptoms resolved, without heeding the length of course prescribed. Guidance on antibiotics use should be an integral and fundamental part of effective therapy.

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Pulmonary bacterial infections in patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a retrospective observational study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-156678/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maya HUSAIN ◽

Simon Valayer ◽

Nora Poey ◽

Emilie Rondinaud ◽

Camille d’Humières ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Intracellular Bacteria ◽

Secondary Infections ◽

Mycoplasma Pneumonia ◽

Antibiotics Use ◽

Typical Aspect ◽

Oxygen Requirements

Abstract Backround During the COVID-19 pandemic, antibiotics use was very common. However, bacterial co/secondary infections with coronaviruses remain largely unknown, especially outside of intensive care. The aim of this study was to investigate the pulmonary bacterial infections characteristics associated with COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. Methods A retrospective monocentric observational study was conducted in Bichat hospital in France, between February 26 and April 22, 2020. All patients hospitalized in standard wards with COVID-19 (positive nasopharyngeal PCR and/or typical aspect on CT scan) and diagnosed with a pulmonary bacterial infection (positive bacteriological samples) were included. Bacteriological and clinical data were collected from the microbiology laboratories and the patient's medical records. Results Twenty-three bacteriological samples from 22 patients were positive out of 2075 screened samples (1.1%) from 784 patients (2.8%). Bacterial infection occurred with a median of ten days after COVID-19 onset. Diagnosis of pulmonary bacterial infection was suspected on the increase of oxygen requirements (20/22), productive cough or modification of sputum (17/22), or fever (10/22). Positive samples included 13 sputum cultures, one Film Array® on sputum, one bronchoalveolar lavage, six blood cultures and two pneumococcal antigenuria. The most frequent bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6/23), Staphylococcus aureus (5/23), Streptococcus pneumoniae (4/23), Enterococcus faecalis (3/23) and Klebsiella aerogenes (3/23). No Legionella antigenuria was positive. Four out of 496 nasopharyngeal PCR (0.8%) were positive for intracellular bacteria (two Bordetella pertussis and two Mycoplasma pneumonia). Conclusions Pulmonary bacterial secondary infections and co-infections with SARS-CoV-2 are uncommon. Antibiotic use should remain limited in the management of COVID-19.

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Assessment of parental knowledge, attitude and practice towards antibiotic use in children

International Journal of Review in Life Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrls.v10i2.1228 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 25-41

Author(s):

Thejaswini Karanth ◽

Someswar Deb ◽

Lal Ruatpuii Zadeng ◽

Rajeswari Ramasamy ◽

Teena Nazeem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parental Knowledge ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Case Report Form ◽

Standard Case ◽

Attitude And Practice ◽

Validated Questionnaire ◽

Antibiotics Use ◽

The Impact ◽

Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Objective to assess the impact of pharmacist assisted counselling in improving Parental Knowledge, Attitude and Practice [KAP] towards antibiotic use in children. A Prospective, Educational Interventional Study was conducted in 200 subjects, from the randomly chosen communities in Bangalore. The investigators did door to door visit. The primary demographics data of parents and their children were collected using standard Case Report Form (CRF), and the baseline towards antibiotic use in Children was obtained from parents using validated Questionnaire. In the presence of both parents, only one was supposed to answer the Questionnaire. Pharmacist assisted parent centred interventional counselling was provided with the help of Patient Information Leaflet1s (PIL). Follow-up and post interventional KAP assessment were done after two months from the baseline measurement. The changes in parental KAP towards antibiotics use in children were being assessed by comparing the Pretest and Posttest responses using statistical analysis. The knowledge of parents towards antibiotic use in children was medium to good in the baseline KAP assessment; however, in the majority of the participating parents it was not satisfactory in attitude and practice domains. A statistically significant improvement was seen in the KAP of parents towards antibiotic use in children after the pharmacist assisted interventional counselling. Thus, Investigators could bring excellent changes in the knowledge part; whereas the result for changes in the Attitude and Practice was good to medium respectively.

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Procalcitonin Testingreduce Unnecessary Antibiotic Use in Bacterial Infection

Asian Pacific Journal of Environment and Cancer ◽

10.31557/apjec.2019.2.1.1-3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Attabak Toofani Milani ◽

Mahshid Mohammadian ◽

Sadegh Rostaminasab ◽

Roghayeh Paribananaem ◽

Zohre Ahmadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Therapy ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Diagnostic Test ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Intervention Studies ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Clinical Suspicion ◽

Diagnostic Biomarker ◽

Clinical Routine ◽

Initial Rise

Conventional diagnostic test have limitations to deferential diagnosis in clinical suspicion ofbacterial infection cases, that in some cases lead to inappropriate antibiotic therapy and increases antibiotic resistance. A new diagnostic insight is procalcitonin (PCT) test to improve diagnosis of bacterial infections and to guide antibiotic therapy. Serum PCT levels are of useful test as a biomarker in patients with bacterial infections for several reasons. Initial rise of PCT levels due to bacterial infection, subsequent sequential PCT levels can be used to assess the effectiveness and duration of antibiotic therapy. Based on clinical researches results, in bacterial infections, promising good results obtained when use of PCT used as differential diagnostic test. But further intervention studies are needed before use of PCT in clinical routine tests. The goal of this review is to study the PCT reliability as infections diagnostic biomarker.

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How reliable is procalcitonin as an inflammatory marker?1)

LaboratoriumsMedizin ◽

10.1515/jlm.2011.058et ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. ---

Author(s):

Katharina Biller ◽

Peter Fae ◽

Reinhard Germann ◽

Autar K. Walli ◽

Peter Fraunberger

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care ◽

Diagnostic Tool ◽

Plasma Levels ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Inflammatory Marker ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Intensive Care Patients ◽

Tract Infections

Abstract The role of procalcitonin (PCT) plasma levels as a diagnostic tool for intensive care patients has been intensively investigated during the past years. In particular for recognition of bacterial infections, PCT levels have been shown to be superior to other clinical and biochemical markers. Furthermore, some very recent studies show that in patients with lower respiratory tract infections PCT guided antibiotic therapy reduces antibiotic use and thereby may also reduce duration of stay of patients in hospital and thus cut hospitalisation costs. However, various studies indicate that the value of PCT as a prognostic marker is limited because of false positive or negative values. Despite these limitations PCT plasma levels are currently measured in intensive care units. The present study summarises the possible clinical uses of this laboratory marker as a diagnostic tool for the assessment of critically ill patients.

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Evaluation of commercially available aroA delated gene E. coli O78 vaccine in commercial broiler chickens under Middle East simulating field conditions

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81523-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hussein M. Galal ◽

M. I. Abdrabou ◽

Ahmed H. I. Faraag ◽

C. K. Mah ◽

Azza M. Tawfek

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

E Coli ◽

Reduced Body ◽

Antibiotics Use ◽

Commercial Broiler ◽

And Performance

AbstractThe broiler industry in the Middle East (ME) faces many challenges related to bacterial infections, including M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, E. coli, and other gram-negative bacteria, exacerbated by various errors in the brooding process. Antibiotics use in the first three days of life, such as Linco-Spectin 100 SP, tilmicosin, enrofloxacin, tylosin, colistin, and doxycycline, is the trend in the market to control such challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the newly introduced aroA E. coli vaccine (Poulvac E. coli) and its ability to reduce over-reliance on the heavy use of antibiotics in the ME. The study was conducted on 160 broiler chicks, divided into eight even groups. Each group was treated differently in terms of antibiotic therapy and ages at the time of Poulvac E. coli administration and the challenge of virulent avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), serotype O78. Spray application of Poulvac E. coli at seven days of age plus Linco-Spectin 100 SP during the first three days provided the best results for zero mortality after challenge with APEC, while Poulvac E. coli at seven days with enrofloxacin during the early three days resulted in 10% mortality. Poulvac E. coli hatchery vaccination protected birds against mortality but reduced body weight gain compared to the 7-day group vaccinated with Linco-Spectin 100 SP during the first three days. Poulvac E. coli given on day one or day seven did not affect the immune response to concurrent respiratory viral vaccines and, in some cases, improved response. This study shows that Poulvac E. coli at seven days of age, together with Linco-Spectin 100 during the first three days, has produced the best results in terms of protection and performance in the ME high presence of avian pathogenic E. coli field challenge.

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Bacteriocins of Non-aureus Staphylococci Isolated from Bovine Milk

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01015-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 83 (17) ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Domonique A. Carson ◽

Herman W. Barkema ◽

Sohail Naushad ◽

Jeroen De Buck

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Genome Mining ◽

Bovine Milk ◽

Gene Clusters ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Content Type ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

Whole Genomes

ABSTRACT Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), the bacteria most commonly isolated from the bovine udder, potentially protect the udder against infection by major mastitis pathogens due to bacteriocin production. In this study, we determined the inhibitory capability of 441 bovine NAS isolates (comprising 26 species) against bovine Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, inhibiting isolates were tested against a human methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolate using a cross-streaking method. We determined the presence of bacteriocin clusters in NAS whole genomes using genome mining tools, BLAST, and comparison of genomes of closely related inhibiting and noninhibiting isolates and determined the genetic organization of any identified bacteriocin biosynthetic gene clusters. Forty isolates from 9 species (S. capitis, S. chromogenes, S. epidermidis, S. pasteuri, S. saprophyticus, S. sciuri, S. simulans, S. warneri, and S. xylosus) inhibited growth of S. aureus in vitro, 23 isolates of which, from S. capitis, S. chromogenes, S. epidermidis, S. pasteuri, S. simulans, and S. xylosus, also inhibited MRSA. One hundred five putative bacteriocin gene clusters encompassing 6 different classes (lanthipeptides, sactipeptides, lasso peptides, class IIa, class IIc, and class IId) in 95 whole genomes from 16 species were identified. A total of 25 novel bacteriocin precursors were described. In conclusion, NAS from bovine mammary glands are a source of potential bacteriocins, with >21% being possible producers, representing potential for future characterization and prospective clinical applications. IMPORTANCE Mastitis (particularly infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus) costs Canadian dairy producers $400 million/year and is the leading cause of antibiotic use on dairy farms. With increasing antibiotic resistance and regulations regarding use, there is impetus to explore bacteriocins (bacterially produced antimicrobial peptides) for treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. We examined the ability of 441 NAS bacteria from Canadian bovine milk samples to inhibit growth of S. aureus in the laboratory. Overall, 9% inhibited growth of S. aureus and 58% of those also inhibited MRSA. In NAS whole-genome sequences, we identified >21% of NAS as having bacteriocin genes. Our study represents a foundation to further explore NAS bacteriocins for clinical use.

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Patient information leaflets to reduce antibiotic use and reconsultation rates in general practice: a systematic review

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007612 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. e007612-e007612 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

E. G. P. M. de Bont ◽

M. Alink ◽

F. C. J. Falkenberg ◽

G.-J. Dinant ◽

J. W. L. Cals

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

General Practice ◽

Patient Information ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Patient Information Leaflets ◽

Information Leaflets

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Implementation of a Pragmatic Biomarker-Driven Algorithm to Guide Antibiotic Use in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: the Optimizing Antibiotic Strategies in Sepsis (OASIS) II Study

Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society ◽

10.1093/jpids/piy113 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 36-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kevin J Downes ◽

Julie C Fitzgerald ◽

Emily Schriver ◽

Craig L K Boge ◽

Michael E Russo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Pediatric Intensive Care Unit ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Pediatric Intensive Care ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Antibiotic Administration ◽

Period 2 ◽

Rate Ratios

Abstract Background Biomarkers can facilitate safe antibiotic discontinuation in critically ill patients without bacterial infection. Methods We tested the ability of a biomarker-based algorithm to reduce excess antibiotic administration in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) without bacterial infections (uninfected) in our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The algorithm suggested that PICU clinicians stop antibiotics if (1) C-reactive protein <4 mg/dL and procalcitonin <1 ng/mL at SIRS onset and (2) no evidence of bacterial infection by exam/testing by 48 hours. We evaluated excess broad-spectrum antibiotic use, defined as administration on days 3–9 after SIRS onset in uninfected children. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) compared unadjusted excess length of therapy (LOT) in the 34 months before (Period 1) and 12 months after (Period 2) implementation of this algorithm, stratified by biomarker values. Segmented linear regression evaluated excess LOT among all uninfected episodes over time and between the periods. Results We identified 457 eligible SIRS episodes without bacterial infection, 333 in Period 1 and 124 in Period 2. When both biomarkers were below the algorithm’s cut-points (n = 48 Period 1, n = 31 Period 2), unadjusted excess LOT was lower in Period 2 (IRR, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.30–0.93). Among all 457 uninfected episodes, there were no significant differences in LOT (coefficient 0.9, P = .99) between the periods on segmented regression. Conclusions Implementation of a biomarker-based algorithm did not decrease overall antibiotic exposure among all uninfected patients in our PICU, although exposures were reduced in the subset of SIRS episodes where biomarkers were low.

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Non-Prescription Antibiotic Use For People Aged 15 Years Or Older For Cough In China: A Community-Based Survey

10.21203/rs.3.rs-539716/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yan Luo ◽

Xuewen Tang ◽

Lingling Ding ◽

Zhujun Shao ◽

Jianxing Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Chi Square ◽

Main Driver ◽

Antibiotics Use ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Use Behavior

Abstract Background Non-prescription antibiotic use at community is a main driver of antimicrobial resistance. Cough is a common condition and prevalent in all communities, including China. This study aims to investigate the non-prescription antibiotic use for cough in China and explore to which extent antibiotic use knowledge was correctly instructed in communities.Methods A probability-proportionate-to-size (PPS) sampling method was adopted to survey from all 14 communities in Yiwu city, China. All participants were investigated by face-to-face interview on Portable Android Devices (PADs). The continuous variables were presented by mean and standard deviation (SD) or medium and inter-quartile range (IQR). The categorical variables were presented using percentage or constituent ratio. Chi-square test for univariate analysis and logistic regression for multivariate analysis were conducted to assess the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), respectively.Results A total of 3034 respondents across the 14 communities and the 50 natural villages/streets completed all key items of the questionnaire. Of 2400 (79.10%) respondents stated that they experienced cough in the past 12 months with the medium age of 36.5 (IQR: 26-49) and 12.21% (293/2400) respondents had the non-prescription antibiotic use behavior. Among those 293 respondents, the proportion of non-prescription antibiotic use for cough peaked at around 16% among people aged 30-39 years old. The major sources of antibiotics were pharmacy (77.70%) and/or family storage (43.92%). As for antibiotic knowledge in 3034 participants, 61.8% participants had minimal knowledge on broad-spectrum antibiotic and 53.76% were not familiar about the effects of joint use.Conclusions Non-prescription antibiotics use for cough is prevalent in the community, especially among people in their thirties. Strengthened drug purchase regulation and well-trained professional pharmacists would be promising alternatives to ameliorate AMR. Moreover, penetrating antibiotics knowledge to common citizens and is an urgent task to alleviate antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, proactive policies and regulations should be made to improve current situations.

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Effect of bathing in a 0.1% aqueous solution of ethacridine lactate on selected physiological parameters of Cornu aspersum Müller edible snails

Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.2478/jvetres-2020-0038 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 313-318

Author(s):

Jerzy Ziętek ◽

Beata Dzięgiel ◽

Alicja Wójcik ◽

Anna Wilczyńska ◽

Łukasz Adaszek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Tap Water ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Physiological Parameters ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Ethacridine Lactate ◽

Cornu Aspersum ◽

Lactate Solution

AbstractIntroductionThe prohibition of antibiotic use in edible snails obligates breeders to treat bacterial infections by different means, of which a common one is a bath in Gram-positive– and partially Gram-negative–bactericidal ethacridine lactate solution. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of bathing Cornu aspersum Müller snails in a 0.1% aqueous solution of ethacridine lactate on selected physiological parameters of haemolymph.Material and MethodsThe study included 80 snails, divided into two equal groups (study and control). The study group was subjected to bathing in ethacridine lactate and the control group to bathing in tap water. Both groups were treated daily for seven days. The number of haemocytes in the haemolymph, the activity of alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferases, and the concentration of urea were determined.ResultsIn the study group, after exposure to ethacridine lactate solution an increase in ALT activity, changes in the De Ritis ratio, an increase in the amount of haemocytes, and a decrease in body weight were found. No such changes were detected in the control group snails or in animals after the first bath.ConclusionMultiple applications of a 0.1% ethacridine lactate bath may adversely affect Cornu aspersum Müller snails.

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