scholarly journals The Credit Problem in parametric stress: A probabilistic approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksei Ioulevitch Nazarov ◽  
Gaja Jarosz
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Stress System ◽  
Essential Difference ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Learning Success ◽  
General Statistical ◽  
The One

In this paper, we introduce a novel domain-general, statistical learning model for P&P grammars: the Expectation Driven Parameter Learner (EDPL). We show that the EDPL provides a mathematically principled solution to the Credit Problem (Dresher 1999). We present the first systematic tests of the EDPL and an existing and closely related model, the Naïve Parameter Learner (NPL), on a full stress typology, the one generated by Dresher & Kaye’s (1990) stress parameter framework. This framework has figured prominently in the debate about the necessity of domain-specific mechanisms for learning of parametric stress. The essential difference between the two learning models is that the EDPL incorporates a mechanism that directly tackles the Credit Problem, while the NPL does not. We find that the NPL fails to cope with the ambiguity of this stress system both in terms of learning success and data complexity, while the EDPL performs well on both metrics. Based on these results, we argue that probabilistic inference provides a viable domain-general approach to parametric stress learning, but only when learning involves an inferential process that directly addresses the Credit Problem. We also present in-depth analyses of the learning outcomes, showing how learning outcomes depend crucially on the structural ambiguities posited by a particular phonological theory, and how these learning difficulties correspond to typological gaps.

scholarly journals Can being scared make your tummy ache? Naive theories, ambiguous evidence and preschoolers’ causal inferences

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Schulz ◽  
Elizabeth Bonawitz ◽  
Tom Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Biological Effect ◽  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Causal Learning ◽  
Causal Inferences ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Naive Theories ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
General Statistical

Causal learning requires integrating constraints provided by domain-specific theorieswith domain-general statistical learning. In order to investigate the interaction between these factors, preschoolers were presented with stories pitting their existing theories against statistical evidence. Each child heard two stories in which two candidate causes co-occurred with an effect. Evidence was presented in the form: ABàE, ACàE, AD àE, etc. In one story, all variables came from the same domain; in the other, the recurring candidate cause, A, came from a different domain (A was a psychological cause of a biological effect). After receiving this statistical evidence, children were asked to identify the cause of the effect on a new trial. Consistent with the predictions of a Bayesian model, all children were more likely to identify A as the cause within domains than across domains. While three-and-half-year-olds learned only from the within- domain evidence, four- and five-year-olds learned from the cross-domain evidence and were able to transfer their new expectations about psychosomatic causality to a novel task.

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE LEVEL OF ANXIETY DEVELOPMENT ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
А.Е. Малибаева ◽  
Б.К. Кайрат ◽  
А.И. Нуфтиева ◽  
Л.Б. Умбетьярова ◽  
М.С. Кулбаева ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Child Anxiety ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary School Students ◽  
School Students ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level

В современных стрессовых и негативных внешних экологических условиях растет число неуверенных в себе, эмоционально неустойчивых тревожных детей. В работах А.И.Захаровой, Н.В.Имеладзе, Л.М. Прихожановой говорится, что когда человек постоянно волнуется - возникает паника. Согласно анализу исследований многих авторов, детская тревога, с одной стороны, имеет психодинкамическую природу, с другой-является результатом социализации. По мнению психологов, у учащихся наблюдается высокий уровень тревожности в процессе обучения. В результате изучения данной проблемы установлено, что уровень тревожности и успеваемость ребенка тесно взаимосвязаны. Процесс приобщения детей, пришедших в школу, к процессу обучения тесно связан с процессом паники . In the current stressful and negative external environmental conditions, the number of insecure, emotionally unstable children with anxiety is growing. In the works of A.I. Zakharova, N.V. Imeladze, L.M. Prikhozhan, it is said that when a person is constantly agitated, panic occurs. According to the analysis of the research of many authors, child anxiety, on the one hand, has a psychodynamic nature, and on the other-is the result of socialization. According to psychologists, there is a high level of anxiety in students ' learning process. As a result of the study of this problem, it was found that the level of anxiety and the child's academic performance are closely related. The process of adaptation of children to the learning process is closely related to the panic process. However, the level of anxiety in lower-class students affects the learning process and learning outcomes.

THE EFFECT OF LEARNING OUTCOMES USING THE CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING MODEL ON MATEMATICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Khusnul Tri Hartanti ◽  
Udjang Pairin M. Basir ◽  
Claudya Zahrani Susilo
Keyword(s):  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Outcome ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Student Learning Outcome ◽  
Contextual Teaching ◽  
The One

Many students find it difficult to accept fraction material from the teacher because student are more receptive to material through the surrounding environment such as fruit, bread, marbles, stones, etc. The purpose of this researchs to determine student learning outcome whether thereis influence when use the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model of mathematics subject matter in the 4th grade SDN Jombatan IV Jombang. This type of research is PreExperimental Design, the design used is one-group pretest -posttest design. The study focus on student learning outcomes in fraction material with the CTL model. Based on research that has been done, it can seen than more than 90% of students can achieve KKM value. In testing the test-t if the value of t is greater than t table then the hypothesis is accepted. It is evident from the results of the study that tcount = 5.344219271 and ttable = 2.178812827, which means that it has a strong signification shows that there is an influencer on student learning outcomes. The one-party test, it turns out that tcount falls in the area of acceptance of Ha, which the result test shows menunjukkan thitung ˃ ttabel so that the conclusion are Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. So it can be said that learning uses Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) can affect of student learning outcomes.

scholarly journals Bimbingan Belajar Kimia Bagi Siswa SMA Yang Berdomisili Di Penfui-Binilaka Kupang

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Maria Aloisia Uron Leba ◽  
Faderina Komisia ◽  
Maria Benedikta Tukan
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Student Understanding ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Chemistry Learning ◽  
The Subject

AbstrakBimbingan belajar merupakan salah satu metode belajar dengan cara memberi bantuan berupa penjelasan materi pelajaran secara terstruktur dan perlahan kepada siswa dalam mengatasi kesulitan belajarnya. Kegiatan bimbingan belajar ini bertujuan untuk 1). mengkaji peningkatan pemahaman siswa dalam mempelajari ilmu kimia, 2). mengkaji ketuntasan dari hasil belajar yang diperoleh siswa. Sasaran kegiatan ini adalah tiga siswa SMA kelas X yang tinggal di daerah Penfui – Binilaka, Kupang. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan ini adalah bimbingan belajar yang meliputi diskusi, penjelasan materi dan latihan soal. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah tes. Data hasil kegiatan ini dianalisis dengan 1). persamaan N-Gain untuk mengkaji peningkatan pemahaman siswa, 2). analisis deskriptif untuk mengkaji ketuntasan dari hasil belajar siswa. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa 1). peningkatan pemahaman siswa pada setiap pertemuan tergolong tinggi yang ditunjukan dengan rata-rata nilai N-Gain adalah 0,83, 2). hasil belajar siswa tergolong tuntas yang ditunjukan dengan rata-rata ketuntasan dari hasil belajar siswa adalah 76,02%.Kata Kunci: Bimbingan belajar, kimia, hasil belajar, N-Gain, pembelajaran kimiaAbstractTutoring is a learning method that provides assistance in the form of structured and slow explanation of the subject matter to students in solving their learning difficulties. The purpose of this tutoring are to 1). examines the increase of student understanding in studing chemistry, 2). Examines the completeness of student learning outcomes. The target of this activity are  tree high school stutents class X who live in the Penfui - Binilaka. The methods used in this activity are discussion, explanation of the material and exercises. The technique of data collection used was a test. The data of this activity were analized by 1). N-Gain equation to assess the increase in student understanding, 2). descriptive analysis to assess the completeness of student learning outcomes. The analysis results showed that 1). the increase of student understanding at every meeting was high, which was indicated by the average of N-Gain value was 0.83, 2). the learning outcomes of students was complete, which was indicated by the average completeness of student learning outcomes was 76.02%.Keywords: Tutoring, chemistry, learning outcomes, N-Gain, chemistry learning

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF VOCATIONAL SKILLS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES IN VET: A REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-167
Author(s):  
Fedor Dudyrev ◽  
Vera Maltseva ◽  
Olga Romanova ◽  
Evgenii Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Job Applicants ◽  
Skills Assessment ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Vocational Skills ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
National Initiatives ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Objective Skills Assessment ◽  
A Current

There is a growing need for valid tools for assessing skills and certifying qualifications in the context of increasing labour migration and mobility. Due to the growing internationalization of business activities, companies are interested in standardized skills assessments that ensure valid and comparable ratings of job applicants and employees. At the same time, assessment of professional or vocational skills, which are highly domain-specific and numerous, remains challenging, especially in terms of comparability.  Therefore, objective skills assessment tops the list of challenges faced by national VET systems. This paper presents an overview of practices and tools for assessing vocational skills and VET learning outcomes, and covers the following issues: a) current practices and challenges in measuring vocational skills and learning outcomes in VET; b) initiatives for internationally comparable assessment of vocational skills, including PISA-VET and WorldSkills competitions; c) national initiatives for assessment of VET learning outcomes in the cases of Germany and Russia; d) labor market- and industry-driven initiatives in skills assessment for job seekers and qualification assurance. This paper contributes to the literature on skills assessment by providing a more comprehensive picture of approaches to skills assessments, including well-established ones and emerging initiatives outside the field of measuring learning outcomes in education.

scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN BUKU AUDIO UNTUK MENGATASI KESULITAN BELAJAR ANAK DISLEKSIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Faiza Indriastuti
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Learning Problems ◽  
Instructional Media ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Visual Text ◽  
The One ◽  
Text Images

Difficulty learning for learners refers to significant learning problems in learning. One is dyslexics who have difficulty in reading and reading comprehension. Therefore needed the help of technology that can be used as a tool for dyslexic learners in that learning, so as to overcome gaps in their understanding of learning. This article discusses how to develop instructional media as a solution that can be used to overcome for learners difficulties as dyslexic. The one of technologies development that relevant can be used to help students with dyslexia is audiobooks. DTB is one of audiobooks format that can assist learners with learning difficulties as dyslexics become better learners. Because, DTB is can be an effective aids to support the learning of reading and increase in reading comprehension, so as to improve the ability of learners with dyslexia that will ultimately lead to better of value lessons. DTB form in accordance with the needs of dyslexic learners is Tobi DAISY, which is in the form of digital talking books are synchronized between the visual (text, images, tables, charts) and audio. It is possible to make it easier for dyslexic learners in learning to read or understand the reading. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of Tobi DAISY de-velopment that could be used and produced individually for dyslexics to fit the required content. Through Tobi DAISY advantages, it can be concluded that this relevant to be used for dyslexics to help in reading and reading comprehension. AbstrakKesulitan belajar bagi peserta didik mengacu pada masalah belajar yang signifikan dalam pembelajaran. Salah satunya adalah penderita disleksia yang mempunyai kesulitan dalam membaca maupun memahami bacaan. Oleh karenanya diperlukan bantuan teknologi yang dapat digunakan sebagai alat bantu peserta didik disleksia dalam belajar membaca atau memahami bacaan, sehingga dapat mengatasi kesenjangan pemahaman mereka dalam pembelajaran. Artikel ini membahas tentang bagaimana mengembangkan media pembelajaran sebagai solusi yang dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi kesulitan belajar peserta didik disleksia. Salah satu pengembangan teknologi yang relevan dapat digunakan membantu peserta didik disleksia adalah buku audio. DTB merupakan salah satu format buku audio yang membantu peserta didik yang memiliki kesulitan belajar menjadi pebelajar yang lebih baik. Karena, DTB dimungkinkan dapat menjadi alat yang efektif untuk mendukung dalam kegiatan belajar membaca dan peningkatan pemahaman bacaan, sehingga dapat meningkatkan kemampuan peserta didik disleksia dalam membaca dan memahami bacaan yang pada akhirnya akan mengarah ke nilai yang lebih baik. Format DTB yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan anak disleksia adalah Tobi DAISY, yang merupakan buku bicara dalam bentuk digital yang disinkronisasikan antara visual (teks, gambar, tabel, denah) dan audio. Hal ini dimungkinkan lebih memudahkan peserta didik disleksia dalam belajar membaca atau memahami bacaan. Tujuan kajian artikel ini adalah memberikan gambaran pengembangan Tobi DAISY yang dapat digunakan dan diproduksi secara pribadi bagi pend erita disleksia sehingga sesuai dengan konten yang dibutuhkan. Melalui kelebihan yang dimiliki Tobi DAISY, maka dapat disimpulkan relevan untuk digunakan bagi penderita disleksia dalam membantu belajar membaca dan memahami bacaan.

scholarly journals Analysis Correlation Between Learning Interest and Learning Difficulties with Learning Outcomes of Junior High School Students In Padang

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Ririn Indria Sari ◽  
Ramadhan Sumarmin ◽  
Resti Fevria ◽  
Ganda Hijrah Selaras
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Student Interest ◽  
School Students ◽  
A Value ◽  
Learning Interest ◽  
The Relationship

The learning process has a benchmark that refers to the achievements experienced by students, namely learning outcomes. Learning outcomes achieved by students have two influencing factors namely internal and external factors. These two factors that influence learning outcomes are interest and learning difficulties. The results of observations on the learning outcomes of students of SMPN 11 Padang in science are still low. Students say that science learning are numerous and difficult. The existence of students who score below the average and the lack of student interest shows the student's interest in learning in science is less and it can be assumed that students have difficulty learning science. Research is a descriptive study. Research uses a correlational study approach. Research subjects consisted of 30 people in class VIII G of SMP 11 Padang. To find out the relationship between variables expressed by the correlation coefficient, data analysis techniques are used using the Sperman Rank correlation. The correlation between student interest and learning outcomes is weak, that is -0.32, the contribution of 10.24% does not have a significant relationship. There is a significant relationship between learning difficulties and learning outcomes, medium criteria w ith a value of 0.59, contribution value is 34.81%. Correlation criteria for interests and difficulties with strong learning outcomes with a value of 0.66 and a contribution of 43.56%, as well as a significant relationship between variables. The results of the relationship between learning interest and learning difficulties with learning outcomes are strong and each variable has a significantly relationship.

scholarly journals Analisis Faktor Penyebab Kesulitan Belajar Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Matematika Kelas XI IPS 4 SMA Negeri 2 Sungai Limau

Horizon ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 724-732
Author(s):  
Irma Dian Pratama ◽  
Dewi Yuliana Fitri ◽  
Lita Lovia
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Learning Difficulty ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Learning Mathematics

This research is motivated by the low learning outcomes of students' mathematics. Low learning outcomes are characteristics of students experiencing obstacles or obstacles during the learning process. This study aims to describe and analyze the factors that cause students' learning difficulties in mathematics. The sample of this study amounted to 32 students of class XI IPS 4 SMA Negeri 2 Sungai Limau. The type of research used is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The instrument used is a learning difficulty questionnaire, interview sheets and documentation to strengthen the results of the questionnaire answers. The data analysis technique of this research is the analysis of questionnaires and interviews. The results of this study indicate that: 1) internal factors that affect learning difficulties are described as follows, in the indicator of readiness in learning as much as 71.8% in the category of very influential on the learning process, on motivation indicators as much as 29% in the category of being quite influential in the learning process , on the indicator of interest as much as 53% with the category influential in the mathematics learning process and the health indicator as much as 50.6% with the category having an effect on learning mathematics. 2) external factors that affect learning difficulties in mathematics are as follows, indicators of family factors in learning as much as 37.5% with a category that is quite influential on the mathematics learning process, on school indicators as much as 51.5% with categories that affect the online learning process and on environmental indicators community as much as 39.6% with the category quite influential on the student learning process.

scholarly journals Forensic Feature-Comparison Expertise: Statistical Learning Facilitates Visual Comparison Performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany Growns ◽  
Kristy Martire
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
Visual Comparison ◽  
Distributional Information ◽  
Distributional Learning ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Forensic feature-comparison examiners in select disciplines are more accurate than novices when comparing visual evidence samples. This paper examines a key cognitive mechanism that may contribute to this superior visual comparison performance: the ability to learn how often stimuli occur in the environment (distributional statistical learning). We examined the relation-ship between distributional learning and visual comparison performance, and the impact of training about the diagnosticity of distributional information in visual comparison tasks. We compared performance between novices given no training (uninformed novices; n = 32), accu-rate training (informed novices; n = 32) or inaccurate training (misinformed novices; n = 32) in Experiment 1; and between forensic examiners (n = 26), informed novices (n = 29) and unin-formed novices (n = 27) in Experiment 2. Across both experiments, forensic examiners and nov-ices performed significantly above chance in a visual comparison task where distributional learning was required for high performance. However, informed novices outperformed all par-ticipants and only their visual comparison performance was significantly associated with their distributional learning. It is likely that forensic examiners’ expertise is domain-specific and doesn’t generalise to novel visual comparison tasks. Nevertheless, diagnosticity training could be critical to the relationship between distributional learning and visual comparison performance.

scholarly journals HASIL BELAJAR FISIKA DITINJAU DARI KECERDASAN EMOSIONAL SISWA SMA NEGERI 2 SEKAMPUNG

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Ayang Kinasih
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Social Skills ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Higher Learning ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Learning Success ◽  
Learn Physics ◽  
High Emotional Intelligence

Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan tingkat keberhasilan belajar fisika ditinjau dari kecerdasan emosional, kontribusi kecerdasan emosional terhadap hasil belajar, kesesuaian hasil belajar dengan tingkat kecerdasan emosional, pola dukungan subvariabel kecerdasan emosional yang terbentuk pada variasi kategori hasil belajar. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa SMA Negeri 2 Sekampung, sampel diambil 20% dari populasi atau sebanyak 35 siswa. Data diperoleh melalui metode tes dan angket kecerdasan emosional. Kesimpulan: (1) Siswa yang memiliki kecerdasan emosional tinggi maka tingkat keberhasilan belajar paling besar, (2) kontribusi kecerdasan emosional terhadap hasil belajar sangat besar, (3) hasil belajar sesuai dengan kecerdasan emosional, (4) pola dukungan subvariabel kecerdasan emosional pada hasil belajar tinggi, yaitu siswa memiliki kesadaran diri, pengaturan diri, turut merasakan (empati), dan keterampilan sosial tinggi, pola dukungan subvariabel kecerdasan emosional pada hasil belajar sedang, yaitu siswa memiliki kesadaran diri, pengaturan diri, turut merasakan (empati), dan keterampilan sosial sedang, pola dukungan subvariabel kecerdasan emosional pada hasil belajar rendah, yaitu siswa memiliki kesadaran diri, pengaturan diri, turut merasakan (empati), dan keterampilan sosial rendah. Subvariabel kecerdasan emosional yang dominan mendukung hasil belajar adalah turut merasakan (empati).Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to describe the success rate to learn physics in terms of emotional intelligence, emotional intelligence contribute to learning outcomes, learning outcomes conformity with the level of emotional intelligence, emotional intelligence subvariabel support pattern formed on the variation of categories of learning outcomes. The population in this study were all students of SMA Negeri 2 Sekampung, samples taken 20% of the population, or as many as 35 students. Data obtained through the method of emotional intelligence tests and questionnaires. Conclusions: (1) Students who have high emotional intelligence the greatest learning success rate, (2) contribution of emotional intelligence to the learning outcomes is very large, (3) learning outcomes in accordance with emotional intelligence, (4) a pattern of emotional intelligence subvariabel support the results higher learning, the students' self-awareness, self-regulation, also feel (empathy), and high social skills, emotional intelligence subvariabel patterns support the learning outcomes were, the students have self-awareness, self-regulation, also feel (empathy), and skills social being, patterns support emotional intelligence subvariabel low learning outcomes, the students have self-awareness, self-regulation, also feel (empathy), and low social skills. Subvariabel emotional intelligence is the dominant support learning outcomes also feel (empathy).

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