scholarly journals https://hjournal.ru/en/journals/journal-of-economic-regulation/2021/264-no-3/2244-economic-mechanisms-of-family-policy-in-russia-in-the-context-of-the-covid-19-pandemic.html

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 026-043
Author(s):  
Evgeny A. Kapoguzov ◽  
◽  
Roman I. Chupin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Economic Regulation ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Economic Mechanisms ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Regional Authorities

The increasing decline in the population of Russia during the pandemic period has caused a new wave of measures to support the population, especially families with children. The article decomposes the existing family policy in Russia, highlighting the prevailing economic mechanisms for stimulating the birth rate and supporting marriage; an analysis of a set of family policy measures was carried out for their adequacy to the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, and recommendations were made to improve the mechanisms of family policy in Russia in order to increase their effectiveness. It is shown that state measures to support marriage and fertility both at the federal and regional levels are characterized by fragmentation and proceed from the narrative of a traditional large family, which is de facto also low-income. In general, family policy focuses on the federal level of support, while the regional level is virtually absent. The complex of economic mechanisms of family policy is characterized, and their emphasis on quantitative support of the birth rate is shown; the proposed measures are not strictly focused on marriage. Most of the designated conditions of the federal center are focused on children and motherhood, without affecting the specific circumstances of the family as a union of a man and a woman. A grouping of measures by regional authorities to prevent the negative consequences of COVID-19 and proposals for the participation of regions in the implementation of the economic mechanisms of family policy in Russia are presented.

scholarly journals State Support for Families with Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Russia: Institutional Grammar Tool Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-442
Author(s):  
Anna Bagirova ◽  
Evgeniya Kuznetsova ◽  
Natalia Blednova
Keyword(s):  
Family Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
State Support ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Care And Support ◽  
The Family ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Main Support ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Regional Authorities

The COVID-19 pandemic is characterised by active law-making processes aimed at health care and support of different categories of population in many countries in the world. Starting from 2019, due to negative demographic trends, Russia has experienced the active transformation of the state support system for families having children. This trend has strengthened during the pandemic. Our research aims to analyse the internal characteristics of the family policy, namely the state support for families having children, during the year preceding pandemic and within the pandemic period. We consider the dynamics of the family policy architecture by means of Institutional Grammar Tool (IGT) analysis and demonstrate the opportunities for using the results of such analyses in the highly dynamic situation of the COVID-19 pandemic. We analysed 11 federal legal acts adopted in Russia after January 1, 2020 that addressed parents and offered support for families with children. These acts contain 78 institutional statements that we coded in accordance with the IGT rules, defining the attributes, objects, deontics and conditions in each sentence. Our results are as follows: 1) Russian family policy before and during COVID-19 pandemic can be divided into three stages, including the short-term second stage from the beginning of 2020 to the beginning of the pandemic. The most obvious changes in the three stages are seen in terms of the Objects and Conditions of the institutional statements. At the second and third stages we see a major expansion of support receivers (the Objects) as well as changes in the Conditions for the benefits gain.  Conditions vary greatly and differ in terms of regularity of measure and the type of the payment granted; 2) Legal acts adopted do not always indicate clear Attributes, i.e., the subjects (federal and regional authorities) responsible for the implementation of the particular rule sometimes can hinder the implementation of the regulation; 3) Classification of the parameters of the main support measures in the framework and categories of the IGT analyses lead us to the probable concept of the information policy that would be clear to the beneficiaries of support measures.

scholarly journals Russian women’s public opinion on state measures to stimulate the birth rate and support families with children (based on the materials of sociological study in Altai krai)

2020 ◽  
pp. 659-668
Author(s):  
Angelina N. Shrayber ◽  
◽  
Valentina A. Artjukhina ◽  
Olga N. Kolesnikova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
State Support ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
The Impact

The effectiveness of national projects in solving socially significant problems is largely determined by the approval of the population of Russia. Consequently, public policy measures to overcome the demographic crisis should be subject to public evaluation. A sociological survey in Altai Krai was conducted to find out how women subjectively assess the effectiveness of federal and regional measures aimed at stimulating the birth rate and supporting families with children. The survey involved women of reproductive age. The results showed that further childbearing depends not only on economic factors but also on a number of other socio-demographic and psychological conditions: age, health status, personal motivation for birth and the opinion of the spouse in this matter. The possibility of receiving state support is an incentive to give birth to a child for a small percentage of women. The state measures of financial support are gradually reaching their limit of effectiveness with regard to the impact they have on women’s reproductive behavior. This can lead to negative consequences of financial support for families at the birth of a child. Such measures resonate among low-income groups but do not have a stimulating effect on more affluent families. According to respondents, measures that can overcome the birth rate crisis in Altai Krai include: improving the standard of living and economic independence of families; developing forms of employment that allow combining work and family; state financial support for the birth and upbringing of children; state support for families in need of better housing conditions; development of social infrastructure; promoting family values, supporting and strengthening the prestige of the family; preventative measures aimed at reproductive health; increasing the availability of modern reproductive technologies and improving the pedagogical culture of parents and supporting responsible parenting.

Family Size and Delinquency

1984 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Parental Supervision ◽  
Poor Child ◽  
Large Family Size ◽  
The Relationship

A review of the literature shows that large family size is related to greater delinquency. The relationship remains when a number of variables, i.e., income, socioeconomic status, parental criminality, and family composition, have been controlled. The higher birth rate for lower classes does not appear to be an adequate explanation for this relationship, nor does less close parent-child affectional ties or less parental supervision although all of these may have some influence. The presence of an “infectious example” may partly account for the relationship, as does overcrowding. Large family size is typically associated with the constellation of undesirable family conditions involving poor role models (e.g., poor parental behaviour, parental criminality, sibling delinquency), poor child-rearing practices (e.g., inadequate parental supervision and discipline), and competition for physical (e.g., overcrowding, low income) and psychological (e.g., lack of attention, affection, family interaction) resources. An immediate solution is to reduce the size of families by helping prospective parents plan their families, and for those who wish it, making medical abortions more readily available. The long-range solution is through research to identify variables which significantly influence the relationship between family size and delinquency. Such studies must control for birth order, sibling spacing, siblings' sex, and sex of the delinquents in these families.

scholarly journals Carotenoids in nature: insights from plants and beyond

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher I. Cazzonelli
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Large Family ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Carotenoid Accumulation ◽  
Photosynthetic Organisms ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Yellow Orange ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Carotenoids are natural isoprenoid pigments that provide leaves, fruits, vegetables and flowers with distinctive yellow, orange and some reddish colours as well as several aromas in plants. Their bright colours serve as attractants for pollination and seed dispersal. Carotenoids comprise a large family of C40 polyenes and are synthesised by all photosynthetic organisms, aphids, some bacteria and fungi alike. In animals carotenoid derivatives promote health, improve sexual behaviour and are essential for reproduction. As such, carotenoids are commercially important in agriculture, food, health and the cosmetic industries. In plants, carotenoids are essential components required for photosynthesis, photoprotection and the production of carotenoid-derived phytohormones, including ABA and strigolactone. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway has been extensively studied in a range of organisms providing an almost complete pathway for carotenogenesis. A new wave in carotenoid biology has revealed implications for epigenetic and metabolic feedback control of carotenogenesis. Developmental and environmental signals can regulate carotenoid gene expression thereby affecting carotenoid accumulation. This review highlights mechanisms controlling (1) the first committed step in phytoene biosynthesis, (2) flux through the branch to synthesis of α- and β-carotenes and (3) metabolic feedback signalling within and between the carotenoid, MEP and ABA pathways.

scholarly journals Family Policy in Big Cities in Terms of Demographic Transition

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-37
Author(s):  
B. О. KRIMER
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Single Parent ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
Single Parent Families ◽  
Favorable Environment ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
Large Families ◽  
Families With Children

The paper considers the development of family policy in metropolises within the frameworks of the second demographic transition. Demographic transformations lead to the spread of vulnerability of certain categories of families with children—single-parent families, large families—as well as exacerbation of the problem of combining childbirth and employment, aff ordability, favorable environment for childbirth. The aim of the work is to analyze the peculiarities of fertility transformations in metropolitan cities of Ukraine and to identify the challenges caused by them, to consider current practices of family policy in developed European countries, to formulate conclusions on the development of family policy in Ukrainian cities. The work uses an array of statistical indicators, formed on the basis of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD Family Database), Eurostat (Eurostat). Fertility trends in metropolitan cities are studied by analyzing long time series. Correlation analysis is used to determine the importance of individual fertility factors in modern Ukraine. The study of family policy and the formation of recommendations is carried out using a historical analogy and a systematic approach. The novelty of the article lies in the confi rmation of the conformity of the transformation of fer tility in metropolises of Ukraine to European processes and formation of a vision of fami ly policy development in large metropolitan cities of Ukraine based on the study of demographic challenges and experience of family policy in Europe. In large metropolitan cities, the aging of motherhood and the spread of vulnerability of certain categories of families with children—single-parent families, large families—as well as exacerbation of the problem of combining childbirth and employment, aff ordability, favorable environment for childbirth has grown in intensity. Priority areas for the development of family policy in a metropolitan are the development of child care services, promotion of parental employment, promotion of housing, spread of gender equality.

scholarly journals Krisis Ekonomi, Kesejahteraan dan Tata Pemerintahan yang Baik : Perspektif Islam

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 83-97
Author(s):  
Winata Wira ◽  
Yudhanto Satyagraha Adiputra
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Governance Reform ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Islamic Countries ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Take All

Lessons from recurring economic crises have been of particular concern to the Islamic world. Mostly Islamic countries are of middle and low-income economies that they had been inevitably suffered from extensively negative consequences caused by economic crisis such as  drastic decline in welfare. The accumulation of under-performance institution and complexity of the prevailing socio-economic problems have made recovery efforts either harder steps to take or even further distances to approach merely the pre-crisis level. Using analysis based on Islamic perspective, this paper seeks to explore on economic crises, welfare and hope for good governance would be as a fundamental resilience in times of crisis. From the elaboration of literature review which encompasses thoughts of a number of Islamic economic thinkers as well as empirical studies, Islamic countries should take all determination in good governance reform as it is directed by Islamic teaching to safeguard intact welfare of the Islamic notion of which consists of ad-din (religion), al-maal (wealths), al-aql (intellect), an-nafs (life), and  an-nasl (posterity).  

scholarly journals Improvement of the targeted social support of low-income families with children: Vologda Pilot Project

POPULATION ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-121
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Bobkov
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
Minimum Income ◽  
Lump Sum ◽  
Subsistence Minimum ◽  
Regional Budget ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Guaranteed Minimum Income

The article deals with the theoretical, methodical and practical principles of forming a new model of targeted social support of low-income families with children on the basis of guaranteed minimum income. Approbation of the new approaches to targeted social support of low-income families with children was implemented in Vologda oblast. The target representative sample was 70 families. It has been found out that after the targeted social support under the current legislation (lump-sum payments excluded), basic income in these families averaged 35.3 per cent of the differentiated equivalent subsistence minimum, thus being evidence of the inefficient state social assistance. The author has substantiated introducing additional monthly targeted social payments to parents besides the set regular payments (additional family poverty benefit) that will enable families to improve their economic sustainability. He substantiated a number of threshold values of the guaranteed minimum income that would ensure current consumption ranging from the cost food basket up to the size of the differentiated equivalent living standards of families, depending on the financial capacity of the regional budget. The guaranteed minimum income of low-income families with children averaged 54.6 per cent of the regional differentiated equivalent subsistence minimum. There have been developed methodical recommendations for identifying untapped socio-economic potential of families as a source of raising income from employment, as well as criteria for removal of families from the recipients of targeted social assistance in the form of cash benefits. Proposals on correcting the current legislation on the state social support have been formulated.

Early detection of social neglect in economically disadvantaged families as a direction of family policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Tatyana Anatolievna Mikhailova
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Economically Disadvantaged ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
The Family ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Disadvantaged Families

One of the directions of social policy is to improve the situation of children and families with children. The main objectives of family policy are related to improving the well-being of the family. In this regard, it becomes obvious that there is a need to develop a system of measures for early identification of families in crisis.

The Death of the Welfare State and the Rise of Free-Market Family Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 176-192
Author(s):  
Maxine Eichner
Keyword(s):  
Welfare Reform ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Basic Function ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Government Support ◽  
The Government ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Government Benefits

This chapter shows how, in the last decades of the twentieth century, the United States abandoned its view that insulating families from harm by market forces was a basic function of government. This shift began in the early 1970s. At that time, it had looked like the government would move further toward protecting families by enacting two proposed pieces of legislation: a guaranteed income plan for families with children and universal daycare. Both plans ultimately failed, however. Their failure was partly a product of happenstance, but two other forces were also at work. The first of these was the growing—but false—belief that government support for families weakened them, whereas markets made them strong. The second was the rising racist—and equally false—belief that the majority of government benefits were going to undeserving African Americans. These forces coalesced in the passage of welfare reform in 1996 and gave rise to the free-market family policy we have today.

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