scholarly journals PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMPOSITE PARTS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN RAILWAY INDUSTRY (OVERVIEW)

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-21
Author(s):  
Danila D. Vlasov ◽  
Vadim V. Zhavyrkin ◽  
Klementiev Kirill V. ◽  
Kolesnikov Kirill V. ◽  
Ogonkov Stepan V. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Railway Industry ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Approximate Cost

The article provides an analysis of modern composite technologies, as well as the possibility of their application in the railway industry. Advantages and disadvantages of technologies are shown, main types of products manufactured with these technologies are given. An approximate cost comparison of products manufactured using various technologies is made.

Cost Comparison of Psychogeriatric Consultations: Outpatient Versus Home-Based Consultations

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajit Shah
Keyword(s):  
Home Visits ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Home Based ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Methodological Difficulties ◽  
At Home

In this article a cost-comparison study of psychogeriatric outpatient and home consultations (if all outpatients are seen at home) is reported. The cost of home visits was estimated to be less than that for outpatient consultations. The results are discussed in the context of methodological difficulties and the advantages and disadvantages of home and outpatient consultations. In view of the many advantages of home-based consultations, including lower costs, it is concluded that we should be developing and evaluating services with greater emphasis on home-based consultations.

scholarly journals System aukcyjny jako nowy sposób wspierania OZE

2018 ◽  
Vol 18(33) (3) ◽  
pp. 113-133
Author(s):  
Waldemar Gostomczyk
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Production Technologies

The article analyzes both existing and proposed legal acts in the field of promoting and generating energy from renewable sources. The model of energy management based on renewable sources is implemented differently in individual countries. With the increasing share of renewable energy and the level of objectives for the coming years, it is essential that they are achieved with the lowest possible cost of support from public funds. For this reason, many countries have decided to gradually move to the auction system, giving control over the costs, structure and capacity increase of new RES installations. The research problem is the evaluation of the effectiveness of the auction system against the background of the instruments used so far, both in terms of the increase in new generation capacities and the costs of achieving the intended objectives. These issues, due to the short period of functioning of the new system, have not been properly identified yet. The study uses data from the years 2010-2018. The spatial range was mainly in Poland, but examples from other countries around the world were also used. The research and analysis used a comparative method and a list of individual renewable energy production technologies according to the analyzed values. It has been hypothesized that an auction system based on competitive principles, more effectively and with lower support of public funds will allow for achieving goals related to the promotion of renewable energy sources. The aim of the article is to present the current and new RES support system, prices obtained in auctions and the first experience in its implementation. The research material were Eurostat and GUS statistical materials, documents from the European Commission, the Ministry of Energy, the Energy Regulatory Office, reports on support systems from European countries and Poland. Research methods used in the work include analysis of documents, normative acts, subsequent amendments to the Act on renewable energy sources and regulations issued on their basis. The assessment and recognition of the level of support in the auction system in countries that have been using this instrument for many years was also made. These analyses allowed the assessment of the effects of the auctions carried out, their advantages and disadvantages, and helped formulate conclusions in the field of organizational changes ensuring efficient functioning of the auction system.

scholarly journals Social, economic and environmental approaches to assessment of livestock technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 196 (5) ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
E. Krasnoperova
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Livestock Products

Abstract. Currently, the agro-industrial complex and agriculture face new challenges. Achieving an average life expectancy of 75–80 years requires increased attention to improving their quality. In many publications, it is claimed that the quality of food is of primary importance, which according to various data account for 35 to 50 % of the population's longevity potential. The purpose of this study is to provide a basic assessment of existing technologies for the production of livestock products and the prospects for their development. The object of research is organizational and economic processes that characterize the ecological, economic and social assessment of livestock technology. Research methods. In the course of research, methods of comparative analysis and expert evaluation of other methods were used. The experts were specialists from agricultural enterprises, trade workers and buyers. The method of complex analysis was used to evaluate existing production technologies. The article proposes an assessment of existing livestock technologies from economic, ecological and social points of view. Each of the analyzed technologies has its own advantages and disadvantages. At the present stage all of them have opportunities for further development. With the growth of population income, an increase in demand for high quality products is expected. In the system of tasks to increase life expectancy of the population up to 75–80 years it is justified by the need for basic food products and fodder. The production of food products that are safe from an environmental point of view and biologically complete, should be considered as one of the cardinal directions of the development of the agro-industrial complex and agriculture.

scholarly journals Direct Methanation of Biogas—Technical Challenges and Recent Progress

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelaide S. Calbry-Muzyka ◽  
Tilman J. Schildhauer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Separation ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Technology Readiness Level ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Readiness Level

The direct methanation of biogas using hydrogen from electrolysis is a promising pathway for seasonal storage of renewables in the natural gas network. It offers particular advantages over the methanation of carbon dioxide separated from biogas, as it eliminates a costly and unnecessary carbon dioxide separation step. The key implementation challenges facing direct methanation of biogas are reviewed here: 1) treatment of biogas impurities; 2) competing reactor concepts for methanation; and 3) competing process concepts for final upgrading. For each of these three aspects, the state of the art is reviewed, focusing especially on results which have been validated at a high Technology Readiness Level (TRL) at recent long-duration demonstrations. The different technology solutions have advantages and disadvantages which may fit best to different technical and economic boundary conditions, which are discussed. As a final outlook, TRL 8 demo plants will be necessary to show the full potential of these systems, and to obtain consistent operation data to allow a cost comparison.

scholarly journals SUBSTANTIATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF PROCESSING WHEAT GRAINS INTO WHOLEMEAL FLOUR

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Zhygunov ◽  
N. Khorenghy ◽  
O. Voloshenko ◽  
H. Zhyhunova ◽  
D. Marchenkov
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Technological Scheme ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Flour Production ◽  
Baking Performance

The article presents and briefly discusses the benefits of consuming wholemeal products, including wholemeal flour. The production technologies of wholemeal flour have been classified, and their advantages and disadvantages analysed. The academic community’s research results are contradictory: researchers disagree about whether recombined wholemeal flour is higher in its biological and nutritional value than ordinary flour or not, nor their findings allow definitely recommending this or that technology of its production as effective. Therefore, it is important to develop a new technology of producing wholemeal flour for flour mills. This technology would incorporate the advantages of existing grinding methods and at the same time minimise their negative impact on the gluten complex quality and the nutrient content. The purpose of the study is to give reasons for the structure of the combined technological scheme of milling and the optimum modes of wholemeal flour production. The properties of industrially produced wholemeal flour samples have been studied. The findings allow concluding that the quality of these flour samples varies greatly. This is due to differences in the manufacturing technologies and the vagueness of the very concept of wholemeal flour, which should be defined by regulations along with quality requirements prescribed. Such parameters as ash content and flour particles size (which directly depend on how well the milling scheme is build up and whether all anatomical particles get into the flour) have a significant effect on the baking performance. The laboratory milling was performed following the principle of 100% grinding of grain. Three variants of the combined technological scheme of milling have been studied. The best baking performance resulted from using four roller systems for the primary grinding of the bran products and two millstone systems for the final milling. This allowed obtaining wholemeal flour with smaller particles: the residue on sieve No. 067 was 1.4%, and the outsiftings from sieve No. 38 were 40%. Using more grinding systems is impractical: it will allow obtaining even finer particles, but milling will become too energy-intensive and material-consuming

scholarly journals Biomass - alternative renewable energy source and its conversion for hydrogen rich gas production

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 01001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena David ◽  
Janez Kopac ◽  
Adrian Armeanu ◽  
Violeta Niculescu ◽  
Claudia Sandru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Production Technologies

This paper presnts biomass as a renewable energy source and defines the resources as well as the ways through biomass energy is converted into fuels, the technologies used for extracting the energy from biomass as well as the advantages and disadvantages that appear by using of biomass as a energy source. In addition,it is known hydrogen is an important alternative energy vector and a bridge to a sustainable way fot the energy future. Hydrogen is an energy carrier and can be obtained by different production technologies from a large variety of primary energy sources. At present, many researches are focused on getting energy from biomass, a sustainable and non-polluting way to replace fossil fuels, because the biomass can be considered as the best option with high potential, which meets energy requirements and could insure fuel supply in the future. Biomass and residual biomass can be used to produce hydrogen rich gas sustainably. Biomass pyrolysis and gasification offers an efficiency and economical route for the renewable hydrogen production and this is also discussed in the paper.

scholarly journals Recent Developments on Hydrogen Production Technologies: State-of-the-Art Review with a Focus on Green-Electrolysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11363
Author(s):  
Leonardo Vidas ◽  
Rui Castro
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Renewable Hydrogen ◽  
Exchange Membrane

Growing human activity has led to a critical rise in global energy consumption; since the current main sources of energy production are still fossil fuels, this is an industry linked to the generation of harmful byproducts that contribute to environmental deterioration and climate change. One pivotal element with the potential to take over fossil fuels as a global energy vector is renewable hydrogen; but, for this to happen, reliable solutions must be developed for its carbon-free production. The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive review on several hydrogen production technologies, mainly focusing on water splitting by green-electrolysis, integrated on hydrogen’s value chain. The review further deepened into three leading electrolysis methods, depending on the type of electrolyzer used—alkaline, proton-exchange membrane, and solid oxide—assessing their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. Based on the conclusions of this study, further developments in applications like the efficient production of renewable hydrogen will require the consideration of other types of electrolysis (like microbial cells), other sets of materials such as in anion-exchange membrane water electrolysis, and even the use of artificial intelligence and neural networks to help design, plan, and control the operation of these new types of systems.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES OF FORMED PREMIXES

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
A. V. MAKARYNSKA, ◽  
B. V. IEGOROV
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Technology Of Production ◽  
Technological Methods

The article presents theoretical analysis and practical experience of the production of premixes (P) by different technologies of preparation of the filler. Their advantages and disadvantages are stated. The classification of premix fillers is presented and the distribution of biologically active substances in the premix composition, which is made on different fillers, is schematically presented. The technology of production of a complex filler premixes (CFP) in the form is theoretically and practically substantiated. Various methods of forming depending on the composition of the complex filler are considered, as well as the technological scheme of their production is presented. The results of industrial approbation of technologies of forming (granulation, briquetting, rolling, extrusion) of fillers and ready premixes in the production conditions of TG "VBA" "Izvestnyaki" are presented. The physical indicators of the formed complex fillers / premixes were investigated, and on the basis of the analysis of the obtaineddata it was found that granulation and briquetting can be subjected to CFP consisting of 75… 50% wheat bran and 25… 50% limestone flour. The pellet is a CFP consisting of 85% wheat bran and 15% limestone flour. Optimal technological modes of forming KNP and P in different ways have been established, as a result of which it is possible to obtain particles of P, which, upon further mixing with the feed components, ensure a high homogeneity of the finished feed. The results of the study of microbiological parameters are presented, it is established that the formation of CFP or P reduces the bacterial flora and improves the conditions during their storage. The proposed technological methods of preparation of CFP can eliminate the stratification and stabilize its composition during transportation and storage.

Cryogenic atomic force microscopy

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
K. A. Fisher ◽  
M. G. L. Gustafsson ◽  
M. B. Shattuck ◽  
J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Rapid Freezing ◽  
Cryogenic Temperatures ◽  
Soft Or ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Flexible Molecules ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Chemical Perturbation

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is capable of imaging electrically conductive and non-conductive surfaces at atomic resolution. When used to image biological samples, however, lateral resolution is often limited to nanometer levels, due primarily to AFM tip/sample interactions. Several approaches to immobilize and stabilize soft or flexible molecules for AFM have been examined, notably, tethering coating, and freezing. Although each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, rapid freezing techniques have the special advantage of avoiding chemical perturbation, and minimizing physical disruption of the sample. Scanning with an AFM at cryogenic temperatures has the potential to image frozen biomolecules at high resolution. We have constructed a force microscope capable of operating immersed in liquid n-pentane and have tested its performance at room temperature with carbon and metal-coated samples, and at 143° K with uncoated ferritin and purple membrane (PM).

A conduction-cooled stage for high-resolution Cryo-SEM

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1282-1283
Author(s):  
John G. Sheehan
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Cold Trap ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Particulate Suspensions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Convection Cooling ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

The goal is to examine with high resolution cryo-SEM aqueous particulate suspensions used in coatings for printable paper. A metal-coating chamber for cryo-preparation of such suspensions was described previously. Here, a new conduction-cooling system for the stage and cold-trap in an SEM specimen chamber is described. Its advantages and disadvantages are compared to a convection-cooling system made by Hexland (model CT1000A) and its mechanical stability is demonstrated by examining a sample of styrene-butadiene latex.In recent high resolution cryo-SEM, some stages are cooled by conduction, others by convection. In the latter, heat is convected from the specimen stage by cold nitrogen gas from a liquid-nitrogen cooled evaporative heat exchanger. The advantage is the fast cooling: the Hexland CT1000A cools the stage from ambient temperature to 88 K in about 20 min. However it consumes huge amounts of liquid-nitrogen and nitrogen gas: about 1 ℓ/h of liquid-nitrogen and 400 gm/h of nitrogen gas. Its liquid-nitrogen vessel must be re-filled at least every 40 min.

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