scholarly journals Protective Effects of Myrtus communis Linn Fruit and Leaf Extracts on Isoproterenol-Induced Heart Failure in Rat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahid Aboutaleb ◽  
Fataneh Hashem-Dabaghian ◽  
Azinmehr Elahian Boroujeni ◽  
Asie Shojaii
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiac Fibrosis ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Myrtus Communis ◽  
Leaf Extracts

Myrtus communis Linn. (MC) is a cardiotonic plant in traditional Persian medicine. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of MC on isoproterenol-induced heart failure (HF) in rats. Isoproterenol was injected subcutaneously in all groups except the control group for 4 consecutive days to induce myocardial injury in male Wistar rats. In the case of treatment groups, the animals were treated with different doses of the hydro-alcoholic extract of MC fruit or leaves (150, 300, and 700 mg/kg), and were compared with healthy and HF rats. In order to evaluate cardiac function, echocardiography was performed on day 28 after treatment. MC fruit and leaf extracts were administered to all groups except the healthy control group for 28 days by gavage. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed and the left ventricle regions of tissue hearts were collected to measure the levels of oxidative stress factors (MDA, SOD, GSH) using ELISA methods. Cardiac fibrosis was evaluated by Mason’s trichrome staining. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to assess histopathological changes in cardiac structure.  Our results showed that administration of MC fruit and leaf extracts significantly reduced the MDA level and increased SOD and GSH levels in treated HF rats compared to the HF group (P<0.05). In addition, MC mitigated fibrosis and improved cardiac histological changes compared to the HF group. Collectively, our findings show that MC can be considered as a good candidate to provide cardioprotective effects in HF rats through reduction of oxidative stress and myocardial fibrosis.

The Pattern of Ventricular Remodeling Influences the Level of Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure Patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1506-1511
Author(s):  
Cerasela Mihaela Goidescu ◽  
Anca Daniela Farcas ◽  
Florin Petru Anton ◽  
Luminita Animarie Vida Simiti
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Ventricular Remodeling ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Lv Mass ◽  
Few Data

Oxidative stress (OS) is increased in chronic diseases, including cardiovascular (CV), but there are few data on its effects on the heart and vessels. The isoprostanes (IsoP) are bioactive compounds, with 8-iso-PGF25a being the most representative in vivo marker of OS. They correlate with the severity of heart failure (HF), but because data regarding OS levels in different types of HF are scarce, our study was aimed to evaluate it by assessing the urinary levels of 8-iso-PGF2aand its correlations with various biomarkers and parameters. Our prospective study included 53 consecutive patients with HF secondary to ischemic heart disease or dilative cardiomyopathy, divided according to the type of HF (acute, chronic decompensated or chronic compensated HF). The control group included 13 hypertensive patients, effectively treated. They underwent clinical, laboratory - serum NT-proBNP, creatinine, uric acid, lipids, C reactive protein (CRP) and urinary 8-iso-PGF2a and echocardiographic assessment. HF patients, regardless the type of HF, had higher 8-iso-PGF2a than controls (267.32pg/�mol vs. 19.82pg/�mol, p[0.001). The IsoP level was directly correlated with ejection fraction (EF) (r=-0.31, p=0.01) and NT-proBNP level (r=0.29, p=0.019). The relative wall thickness (RWT) was negatively correlated with IsoP (r=-0.55, p[0.001). Also 8-iso-PGF25a was higher by 213.59pg/�mol in the eccentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy subgroup comparing with the concentric subgroup (p=0.014), and the subgroups with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and moderate/severe pulmonary hypertension (PAH) had the highest 8-iso-PGF2a levels. Male sex, severe MR, moderate/severe PAH, high LV mass and low RWT values were predictive for high OS level in HF patients.Eccentric cardiac remodeling, MR severity and PAH severity are independent predictors of OS in HF patients.

Glycine and L-Arginine supplementation ameliorates gastro-duodenal toxicity in a rat model of NSAID (Diclofenac)-gastroenteropathy via inhibition of oxidative stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinleye Stephen Akinrinde ◽  
Halimot Olawalarami Hameed
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Significant Amelioration ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Abstract Objectives This study examined the possible protective roles of exogenous glycine (Gly) and L-Arginine (l-Arg) against Diclofenac (DIC)-induced gastro-duodenal damage in rats. Methods Rats were divided into Group A (control), Group B (DIC group) and Groups C–F which were pre-treated for five days with Gly1 (250 mg/kg), Gly2 (500 mg/kg), l-Arg1 (200 mg/kg) and l-Arg2 (400 mg/kg), respectively, before co-treatment with DIC for another three days. Hematological, biochemical and histopathological analyses were then carried out. Results DIC produced significant (p<0.05) reduction in PCV (13.82%), Hb (46.58%), RBC (30.53%), serum total protein (32.72%), albumin (28.44%) and globulin (38.01%) along with significant (p<0.05) elevation of serum MPO activity (83.30%), when compared with control. In addition, DIC increased gastric H2O2 and MDA levels by 33.93 and 48.59%, respectively, while the duodenal levels of the same parameters increased by 19.43 and 85.56%, respectively. Moreover, SOD, GPx and GST activities in the DIC group were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the stomach (21.12, 24.35 and 51.28%, respectively) and duodenum (30.59, 16.35 and 37.90%, respectively), compared to control. Treatment with Gly and l-Arg resulted in significant amelioration of the DIC-induced alterations although l-Arg produced better amelioration of RBC (29.78%), total protein (10.12%), albumin (9.93%) and MPO (65.01%), compared to the DIC group. The protective effects of both amino acids against oxidative stress parameters and histological lesions were largely similar. Conclusions The data from this study suggest that Gly or l-Arg prevented DIC-induced gastro-duodenal toxicity and might, therefore be useful in improving the therapeutic index of DIC.

scholarly journals Neurological Alterations and Testicular Damages in Aging Induced by D-Galactose and Neuro and Testicular Protective Effects of Combinations of Chitosan Nanoparticles, Resveratrol and Quercetin in Male Mice

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
Reham Z. Hamza ◽  
Mohammad S. Al-Harbi ◽  
Munirah A. Al-Hazaa
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Oxidative Stress Marker ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Neurological Alterations

Aging is a neurological disease that is afforded by incidence of oxidative stress. Chitosan has received global interests due to its wide medical uses. Quercetin (Q) is a bioflavonoid and widely distributed in vegetables and fruits. Resveratrol is considered as a potent antioxidant and is a component of a wide range of foods. The using of either chitosan nanopartciles (CH-NPs), querectin (Q), and resveratrol (RV) to reduce the oxidative stress and biochemical alterations on brain and testicular tissues induced by D-galactose (DG) (100 mg/Kg) were the aim of the present study. This study investigated the probable protective effects of CH-NPs in two doses (140,280 mg/Kg), Q (20 mg/Kg) and RV (20 mg/Kg), against DG induced aging and neurological alterations. Brain antioxidant capacity as malonaldehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GRx), as well as histopathological damages of the brain and testicular tissues were measured. The DG treated group had significantly elevated the oxidative stress markers by 96% and 91.4% in brain and testicular tissues respectively and lower significantly the antioxidant enzyme activities of both brain and testicular tissues than those of the control group by 86.95%, 69.27%, 83.07%, and 69.43%. Groups of DG that treated with a combination of CH-NPs in two doses, Q and RV, the levels of oxidative stress marker declined significantly by 68.70%, 76.64% in brain tissues and by 74.07% and 76.61% in testicular tissues, and the enzymatic antioxidants increased significantly by 75.55%, 79.24%, 62.32%, and 61.97% as compared to the DG group. The present results indicate that CH-NPs, Q, and RV have protective effects against DG-induced brain and testis tissue damage at the biochemical and histopathological levels. Mechanisms of this protective effect of used compounds against neurological and testicular toxicity may be due to the enhanced brain and testis antioxidant capacities.

Abstract P233: Diabetic Cardiomyopathy is Reversed by Increased Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Due to PGC-1α Activation by EET Treatment of Obese Mice

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Cao ◽  
John A McClung ◽  
Shailendra P Singh ◽  
Lars Bellner ◽  
Maayan Waldman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Cardiac Fibrosis ◽  
Systolic Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protein Markers ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

Introduction: Obesity and diabetes are associated with progressive cardiac fibrosis that, sequentially, results in diastolic dysfunction, reduced contractility, and ultimately heart failure. Contributing factors include hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and a reduction in AMPK signaling. PGC-1α activates mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation and is decreased in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). We hypothesize that an epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) agonist (EET-A) will increase PGC-1α levels in a db mouse model of DM attenuate cardiomyopathy, and prevent heart failure. Methods: Db mice (4-wks), were allowed to acclimatize for 16-wks and were then divided into 3 treatment groups for an additional 16 wks: A) control, B) EET-A 1.5mg/100g BW 2 weeks and C) EET-A-Ln-PGC-1α shRNA. Ln-PGC-1α shRNA suppressed PGC-1α protein in heart tissue by 40-50%. Oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), and blood glucose was determined. Heart tissues were harvested to measure PGC-1α, HO-1, pAMPK, PGC-1α, echocardiographic fractional shortening, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mitofusion protein markers. Results: All mice developed heart failure by the end of 16 weeks and were characterized by a decrease in myocardial contractility, an increase in insulin resistance and blood pressure, decreased VO 2 , the appearance of mitochondria dysfunction and a decrease in AMPK and downstream PGC-1α signaling. Mice treated with EET-A demonstrated an increase in PGC-1α levels, improved mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation (p<0.01 vs control), increased NO bioavailability (p<0.05 vs control), and normalization of glucose metabolism, insulin levels, VO 2 and LV systolic function (p<0.05 vs control). All of these findings were suppressed by PGC-1α inhibition which was accompanied by the onset of even more severe LV dysfunction than in the control group. Conclusion: Increased EET levels result in activation of PGC-1α-HO-1 which reverses diabetes induced insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cardiomyopathy. EET may have potential as a powerful agent for therapeutic application in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy.

scholarly journals Exploration of the optimal strategy for dietary calcium intervention against the toxicity of liver and kidney induced by cadmium in mice: An in vivo diet intervention study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0250885
Author(s):  
Zhaofang Chen ◽  
Kexin Shi ◽  
Wenjie Kuang ◽  
Lei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Diet Intervention ◽  
Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Exposure Pathway ◽  
Group 2

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential element, while calcium (Ca) is an essential element with high chemical similarity to Cd. Dietary intake is the major Cd exposure pathway for non-smokers. A multi-concentration dietary intervention experiment was designed to explore the optimum concentration of Ca in diet with obvious protective effects against the toxicity of livers and kidneys induced by Cd in mice. The mice were divided into six groups with different concentrations of Cd and Ca in their food: control-group (no Cd or Ca), Ca-group (100 g/kg Ca, without Cd), Cd-group (2 mg/kg Cd, without Ca), CaL+Cd-group (2 mg/kg Cd, 2 g/kg Ca), CaM+Cd-group (2 mg/kg Cd, 20 g/kg Ca) and CaH+Cd-group (2 mg/kg Cd, 100 g/kg Ca). The organ indexes, oxidative stress biomarkers, lesions and Cd concentrations were detected after a 30-day exposure period. Results showed that serum Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) level in CaH+Cd-group was significantly lower than that in Cd-group, while close to that in control-group. The contents of Serum Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) in different groups showed the same trend. Concentrations of all oxidative stress biomarkers (GSH-Px, SOD, CAT, GSH and MDA) in CaH+Cd-group were close to the normal levels of control-group while significantly different from those in Cd-group. The only exception was the Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in kidneys. This study suggests that Ca plays a protective role in relieving the Cd-induced toxicity of livers and kidneys and a concentration of 100 g/kg for Ca in diet showed the best protective effects. These findings could provide a clue for further studies concerning human diet intervention for Cd control.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of 3-benzoyl-7-hydroxy Coumarin on Liver of Adult Rat Exposed to Aluminium Chloride

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-228
Author(s):  
Ahmet Özkaya ◽  
Kenan Türkan
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Aluminium Chloride ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme System ◽  
Hydroxy Coumarin

In this study, the effects of 3-benzoyl-7-hydroxy coumarin molecule on mineral and antioxidant enzymes were investigated in rat liver exposed to oxidative stress with aluminium chloride (AlCl3). Adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups as Control, Coumarin, AlCl3, and Coumarin + AlCl3. Coumarin at the dose of 10 mg/kg and AlCl3 at the dose of 8.3 mg/kg were administered for 30 days every other day. In AlCl3 group, malondialdehyde (MDA), iron (Fe), aluminium (Al) and copper (Cu) levels increased compared to the control group, while glutathione (GSH) level, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and carboxylesterase (Ces) enzyme activity levels decreased. In Coumarin + AlCl3 group, MDA, Fe, Al and Cu levels decreased with the effect of coumarin compared to AlCl3 group, while GSH level, and GST enzyme activity levels increased. According to our results, AlCl3 generates oxidative stress in rat livers, and we believe that 3-benzoyl-7-hydroxy coumarin has an ameliorative effect on antioxidant enzyme system, Al, Fe and Cu levels.

scholarly journals Propolis Protective Effects Against Doxorubicin-Induced Multi-Organ Toxicity via Suppression of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Histopathological Alterations in Female Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1762-1777
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Treatment Protocols

Doxorubicin (DOX) is effective chemotherapy in several malignancies, but large-scale toxicities limit its clinical usefulness. Propolis has been reported to exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. We aim to assess the protective efficacy of propolis against DOX-induced multi-toxicity in female rats. Forty female rats were divided into four groups: control group; Group (P) were administrated oral propolis (100 mg/kg once daily for 28 days); Group (P+DOX) were injected with a single intraperitoneal dose of DOX (20 mg/kg i.p at 24th day after the propolis administration) and group (DOX) were injected with doxorubicin only. Estimation of cardiac, renal and hepatic injury markers, apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokines were done using sera. Also, liver and heart tissue samples were collected to determine GSH and MDA as oxidative stress markers. In addition to histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of Cytochrome-C and Connexin43 on lysed myocardium, liver, kidney and lung tissues. Doxorubicin toxicity caused marked deteriorations of measured parameters through the different mechanisms in different body organs. However, pre-treatment with propolis significantly ameliorated these alterations. Thus propolis can ameliorate the DOX-induced experimental multi-toxicity as cardiomyopathy, hepatotoxicity, nephritis and pneumonia. Thus, it could be a promising protective agent in DOX treatment protocols.

Effects of probiotics-encapsulated live feed on growth and survival of juvenile Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) after differential exposure to pathogenic bacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Dey ◽  
K Ghosh ◽  
N Hazra
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Clarias Batrachus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Live Feed ◽  
Differential Exposure

Growth and survival of Clarias batrachus juveniles (10-day old) fed probiotic Bacillus cereus (KR809412) encapsulated live feed (chironomid larvae) have been evaluated after differential exposure to the pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila (MTCC 1739). Catfish juveniles were stocked at a density of 30 fish per tank in five experimental groups (T1-T5) along with a control group in triplicate and fed twice @ 5% of body weight day-1 for four weeks. Groups T1 and T2 were fed probiotic-encapsulated (PR) or pathogen-inoculated (PGN) live feed respectively, for initial three weeks. During this period groups T3 (PGN-PR-PR), T4 (PR-PGN-PR), and T5 (PR-PR-PGN) were differentially exposed to the pathogen. Live feed without probiotic and pathogen was offered to the control group throughout the experimental period and all other treatment groups (T1-T5) during the 4th week. Continuous exposure to probiotics in group T1 resulted in significantly higher (P<0.05) specific growth rate (SGR, % d-1) and survivability than other groups, whereas, pathogen exposed and probiotic deprived group (T2) noticed with the lowest SGR and the highest mortality. Among other treatment groups (T3, T4 and T5), group T4 resulted in improved SGR and survivability. The coefficient (r value) of 0.867 along with regression slope suggested a positive correlation (0.01 levels) between RNA: DNA and SGR. The study might suggest protective effects of probiotic B. cereus in pathogen exposed C. batrachus juveniles.SAARC J. Agri., 16(1): 105-113 (2018)

scholarly journals Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan Decoction Protects H9c2 Cells against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Injury via Regulation of the Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1 Signaling Pathway

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Xiang Wang ◽  
Tongjuan Tang ◽  
Mengting Zhai ◽  
Ruirui Ge ◽  
Liang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Oxidative Stress Response ◽  
Control Group ◽  
H9c2 Cells ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Blank Control Group

Objectives. Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan decoction (LGZGD) is a potentially effective treatment for heart failure, and it showed significant anti-inflammatory potential in our previous studies. However, its ability to ameliorate heart failure through regulation of oxidative stress response is still unknown. This study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of LGZGD-containing serum on H2O2-induced oxidative injury in H9c2 cells and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods. Eighteen rats were randomly divided into two groups: the blank control group and LGZGD group. The LGZGD group rats were administrated with 8.4 g/kg/d LGZGD for seven consecutive days through gavage, while the blank control group rats were given an equal volume of saline. The serum was extracted from all the rats. To investigate the efficacy and the underlying mechanism of LGZGD, we categorized the H9c2 cells into groups: the control group, model group, normal serum control (NSC) group, LGZGD group, LGZGD + all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) group, and ATRA group. Malonedialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were used as markers for oxidative stress. Dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining was used to measure the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The apoptosis rate was detected using flow cytometry. The expression levels of pro-caspase-3, cleaved-caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax, Keap1, Nrf2, and HO-1 were measured using western blotting. The mRNA levels of Keap1, Nrf2, and HO-1 were measured using RT-qPCR. Results. The LGZGD attenuated injury to H9c2 cells and reduced the apoptosis rate. It was also found to upregulate the SOD activity and suppress the formation of MDA and ROS. The expression levels of pro-caspase-3 and Bcl-2 were significantly increased, while those of cleaved-caspase-3 and Bax were decreased in the LGZGD group compared with the model group. As compared with the model group, the LGZGD group demonstrated decreased Keap1 protein expression and significantly increased Nrf2 nuclear expression and Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activity. ATRA was found to reverse the LGZGD-mediated antioxidative and antiapoptotic effect on injured H9c2 cells induced by H2O2. Conclusion. Our results demonstrated that LGZGD attenuated the H2O2-induced injury to H9c2 cells by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis via the Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1 pathway. These observations suggest that LGZGD might prevent and treat heart failure through regulation of the oxidative stress response.

Probable antioxidant therapy of Saffron Crocin in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial

Biomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-521
Author(s):  
Sara Ami Ahmadi ◽  
Azin Kazemi ◽  
Mohammadmahdi Sabahi ◽  
Shahab Razipour ◽  
Arash Salehipour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oxidative Damages ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
And Control

Introduction and Aim: Multiple Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurological condition  might emerge as a result ofcomplex combination of genetic risk factors with environmental triggers, including oxidative stress. in this study we aimed to evaluate the effects of oral Crocin on oxidative stress in patients with MS.  Materials and Methods: Adjunct to standard treatment, the Crocin group (20 patients) received 30-mg/day (15 mg twice daily) dose of Crocin and placebo group (20 patients) received for 4 weeks. Saliva and urine samples were collected to determine the levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase activity (CAT), total thiol groups (TTG), lipid peroxidation (LPO), were measured at baseline and the end of the study.   Results: At baseline, there were no significant differences of LPO, TAC, CAT, and TTG of urine between the control and case groups. However, a significant difference was found after 4 weeks of Crocin-therapy in TTG,TAC and LPO (p<0.05) except in CAT activity (P>0.05). We found no deffrence in urinary TTG level and CAT activity in control group at the end of intervention (P>0.05), while TAC and LPO level were significantly different at the end of the study as compared with the beginning (P<0.05). Althugh, we found no significant difference in saliva LPO, TTG and TAC levels and the activity of CAT in case and control groups at first (p>0.05), Crocin administration have resulted in a significant increase in saliva TTG and TAC levels as well as CAT activity and markedly decrease in LPO level (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, Crocin can significantly reduce the several oxidative stress factors in MS patients and may contributes to attenuates the oxidative damages.

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