Shadow Economy and Corruption in Azerbaijan

2012 ◽  
pp. 84-91
Author(s):  
R. Dzhabiev
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Legislation

The government legislation of Azerbaijan is in many respects behind the new realities of economic life. Contradictions between the quickly changing market economy conditions and the existing legislative base allow bribe-takers for using the appearing gaps in the legal sphere. The deduction of shadow economy at least to the 10% of GDP level must be put as a strategic task, along with the increase in GDP, poverty combating, inflation reduction, etc.

Prinsip Dasar Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Dalam Islam

AKADEMIKA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Misbahul Khoir
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Universal Values ◽  
The Government ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
And Behavior

In order for humans could reach the so-called falah (goodness), human behavior needs to be colored with the spirit and norms of Islamic economics reflected in its values. The principles and values of Islamic economics are considerably two inseparable things. The implementation of economic principles without being colored with values or values without being based on principles could keep people far away from their purpose, namely falah. The implementation of values not based on principles will tend to bring with it the normative economics, which would cause it trapped into injustice. While the implementation of values on the Islamic economic development is based on the five universal values, namely akidah (belief), 'adl (justice), nubuwwah (prophetic), khilafah (the government), and ma'ad (results). The five principles are used as the basis for building theories of Islamic economics. But strong and adequate theories not applied into a system will make the Islamic economics just as the study of science without giving positive impact on the economic life. Therefore, based on the five universal values, the three derivative principles should be built into the characteristics and the forerunner of the Islamic economic system. The Islamic economic system makes sure that there are no economic transactions that are contrary to the Shari'a. But business performance depends on the man behind the gun. For that reason, the economic actors within this framework could be held by non-Muslims. The Islamic economics could only be developed if the mindset and behavior of Muslims are already itqan (diligent) and ihsan (professional). It "may be" one of the secrets of the Prophet's statement, saying "Truly I was sent to perfect good character". Because good character could be an indicator of knowing good or bad behavior in determining both the success and the failure of business itself.

Role of micro-hydropower plants in socio-economic development of rural Afghanistan

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mohammad Airaj Firdaws Sadiq ◽  
Najib Rahman Sabory ◽  
Mir Sayed Shah Danish ◽  
Tomonobu Senjyu
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Hydropower Plant ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Hydropower Plants ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Government ◽  
Decentralized Energy ◽  
Energy Options

Afghanistan hosts the Hindu Kush, an extension of the Himalaya mountains that act as water sources for five major rivers flowing through Afghanistan. Most of these rivers provide promise for the construction of water dams and installment of micro hydropower plants (MHP). Although civil war and political strife continue to threaten the country for more than four decades, the Afghan government introduced strategic plans for the development of the country. In 2016 Afghanistan introduced the Afghanistan National Peace and Development (ANPD) Framework at Brussels de-signed to support Afghanistan’s progress towards achieving the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals). This study discussed the 7th Goal (ensuring access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy for all) and 8th Goal (promoting sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all) alignment in Afghanistan. The Afghan gov-ernment acknowledges its responsibility to provide electricity for all of its citizens, but this can only be achieved if the government can secure a reliable source of energy. Afghanistan’s mountainous terrain provides a challenge to build a central energy distribution system. Therefore this study looks for alternative solutions to the energy problems in Afghanistan and explores feasibility of micro-hydropower plant installations in remote areas. This study evaluated socio-economic im-pacts of micro-hydropower plants in the life of average residents. We focused on one example of a micro hydropower plant located in Parwan, conducted interviews with local residents, and gath-ered on-site data. The findings in this study can help policymakers to analyze the effects of devel-opment projects in the social and economic life of residents. It will encourage the government and hopefully the private sector to invest in decentralized energy options, while the country is facing an ever-growing energy demand.

Moral canals: trust and social capital in the work of Hume, Smith and Genovesi

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigino Bruni ◽  
Robert Sugden
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
David Hume ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
History Of

It is a truism that a market economy cannot function without trust. We must be able to rely on other people to respect our property rights, and on our trading partners to keep their promises. The theory of economics is incomplete unless it can explain why economic agents often trust one another, and why that trust is often repaid. There is a long history of work in economics and philosophy which tries to explain the kinds of reasoning that people use when they engage in practices of trust: this work develops theories of trust. A related tradition in economics, sociology and political science investigates the kinds of social institution that reproduce whatever habits, dispositions or modes of reasoning are involved in acts of trust: this work develops theories of social capital. A recurring question in these literatures is whether a society which organizes its economic life through markets is capable of reproducing the trust on which those markets depend. In this paper, we look at these themes in relation to the writings of three eighteenth-century philosopher-economists: David Hume, Adam Smith, and Antonio Genovesi.

Kampungs and Conflict in Colonial Semarang

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Cobban
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
City Council ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Java ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

By the beginning of the twentieth century, Semarang was a major port city and administrative centre on Java. Attainment of this position was due partly to the expansion of its hinterland during the nineteenth century. This expansion was closely related to developments in the means of transportation and the consequent ability of plantation owners to bring the products of their plantations to the port for shipment to foreign markets. By the end of the century virtually the whole economic life of central Java focused upon Semarang. The city also exercised administrative functions in the Dutch colonial administration and generally had been responsible for Dutch interests in the middle and eastern parts of the island. The importance of Semarang as an administrative centre increased after 1906. In that year the government incorporated the city as an urban municipality (stadsgemeente). In 1914 it had consular representation from the United States, Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Italy, Norway, Germany, and Thailand. Subsequently, in 1926 it became the capital of the Province of Central Java under the terms of an administrative reform fostered by the colonial government at Batavia. Status as an urban municipality meant that local officials sitting on a city council would govern the domestic affairs of the city. The members of the city council at first were appointed from Batavia, subsequently some of them were elected by residents of the city. By the beginning of the twentieth century Semarang had enhanced its position as a major port on the north coast of the island of Java. It was one of the foremost cities of the Dutch East Indies, along with Batavia and Surabaya, a leading port and a centre of administration and trade. This article outlines the growth of the port of Semarang during the nineteenth century and discusses some of the conflict related to this growth over living conditions in parts of the city during the twentieth century, a conflict which smouldered for several decades among the government, members of the city council, and the non-European residents of the city, one which remained unresolved at the end of the colonial era.

scholarly journals Shadow economy and public debt sustainability in Turkey

2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (173) ◽  
pp. 85-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yereli Burçin ◽  
Erdem Seçilmiş ◽  
Alparslan Başaran
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Core ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sustainability Of Public Debt ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the shadow economy and public debt in Turkey. We elaborate on the questions regarding the negative effects of shadow economy on the sustainability of public debt observing the estimates about the size of shadow economy in Turkey. In the light of some scholars? estimates, we re-evaluate the macroeconomic situation of Turkey. At the core of the study, we discuss how the government borrowing policies would differ if the shadow economy was included into the legal system. In order to examine the effects of shadow economy on sustainability, we use various sustainability indicators. There is a significant difference observed between the calculations which take into account the volume of shadow economy as a share of economic system and those that exclude shadow economy as an exogenous variable. .

scholarly journals Introduction to urban agriculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 399-406
Author(s):  
Luka Brezinščak ◽  
Ana Poštek ◽  
Ivica Kisić
Keyword(s):  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
City Development ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Government ◽  
Social Environmental

An increasing number of population in the cities has problems with food security, transportation and environmental protection. To misticate these problems, a new type of agriculture has been established: Urban Agriculture (UA). In this paper, we are introducing the concept of UA and provide basic information on the definition and forms of UA. The article aims to provide insight into the general concept of UA for sustainable city development. UA has a positive influence on social, environmental and economic life in the cities, which should encourage members of the government and private sector to utilize UA as an important part in city planning. However, there are reservations which should be taken into account, but by raising awareness we add to a better understanding of mechanisms in UA.

scholarly journals Meniti Jalan Nasionalisasi Aset Perusahaan Belanda Di Indonesia: Menguntungkan Atau Merugikan

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-113
Author(s):  
Danan Tricahyono
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Capital Outflows ◽  
The Government ◽  
Independent Country ◽  
Compensation Payments

Abstrak: Indonesia sebagai negara merdeka memiliki cita-cita berdikari dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan. Salah satunya di bidang ekonomi sebagai pilar pembangunan. Cara yang ditempuh untuk menata kehidupan ekonomi dilakukan dengan penuh liku-liku. Langkah-langkah yang ditempuh diantaranya dengan menasionalisasi berbagai bangunan umum vital milik asing dengan pembayaran ganti rugi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalis jalan yang ditempuh oleh pemerintah guna melakukan nasionalisasi, pelaksanaan nasionalisasi dalam berbagai sektor perusahaan milik Belanda, dan pengaruh nasionalisasi perusahaan terhadap berbagai bidang kehidupan seperti ekonomi, politik, dan sosial. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari lima langkah: heuristik (pengumpulan sumber), kritik (verifikasi sumber), interpretasi (penafsiran), dan historiografi (penulisan sejarah). Hasil penelitian menunjukan jika cikal bakal nasionalisasi perusahaan-perusahaan dimulai sejak masa pergerakan nasional yang mengarah pada konsep Indonesianisasi, proses pelaksanaan nasionaliasi mengacu pada Undang-Undang Nomor 86 Tahun 1958 Tentang Nasionalisasi Perusahaan-Perusahaan Milik Belanda. Mengenai teknis pelaksanaan nasionalisasi perusahaan Belanda diatur pada Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 3 Tahun 1959 tentang pembentukan Badan Nasionalisasi Perusahaan Belanda. Perusahaan yang dinasionalisasi bergerak dalam bidang pertanian dan perkebunan, perdagangan, industri dan tambang, perbankan, listrik dan gas, transportasi, dan konstruksi. Pengaruh dari nasionaliasi berupa keluarnya modal, goyahnya neraca keuangan, dan administrasi perusahaan. Perusahaan yang dinasionaliasi dalam perjalannya berubah menjadi BUMN.Kata kunci: nasionalisasi, perusahaan, BelandaAbstract: Indonesia as an independent country has aspirations to be independent in various fields of life. One of them is in the economic sector as a pillar of development. The method taken to organize economic life was carried out in a twisted manner. The steps taken include nationalizing various vital public buildings owned by foreigners with compensation payments. This study aims to analyze the path taken by the government to nationalize, the implementation of nationalization in various sectors of Dutch-owned companies, and the effects of company nationalization on various fields of life such as the economy, politics, and society. This research uses the historical method which consists of five steps: heuristics (source collection), criticism (source verification), interpretation (interpretation), and historiography (historical writing). The results showed that if the nationalization of companies started from the time of the national movement that led to the concept of Indonesianization, the process of implementing nationalization referred to Law Number 86 of 1958 concerning the Nationalization of Dutch Owned Companies. Regarding the technical implementation of the nationalization of Dutch companies, it is regulated in Government Regulation Number 3 of 1959 concerning the formation of the Dutch Company Nationalization Agency. The nationalized companies are engaged in agriculture and plantation, trade, industry and mining, banking, electricity and gas, transportation, and construction. The effects of nationalization are in the form of capital outflows, unstable balance sheets, and company administration. Companies that are nationalized on the way turn into BUMN.Keywords: nationalization, company, Netherlands

scholarly journals PERPINDAHAN PEMUKIMAN MASYARAKAT BAJO DARI PULAU MASUDU SULAWESI TENGGARA (Moving of Bajo Community Settlement From Masudu Island, South East Sulawesi)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-51
Author(s):  
Simon Sirua Sarapang
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
External Data ◽  
The People ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Community Data ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
The Government ◽  
Two Stages

The movement of people from one area to another can improve the structure of community settlements and socio-economic structures. This paper aims to determine the background of the settlement of the Bajo people from Masudu Island to the coast of Liano Village, the process of relocating the Bajo Community from Masudu Island to the coast of Liano Village, the settlement pattern of the Bajo Community, the socio-economic life of the Bajo community. Data collection consists of three types of study documents, interviews, and observations. The collected data is verified by two stages, namely: verification of internal data, and verification of external data. The next stage is the stage of interpretation which consists of analysis and synthesis. The results showed that the background of the movement of the Bajo people in Liano Village was a factor in the damage to houses due to strong winds and tides, the government policy of inadequate Bajo community income. The process of moving the Bajo community was carried out in stages, starting with the people who lived in the western part of Masudu Island in 1999, by crossing the sea and some people carrying home tools on Masudu Island. The pattern of settlement of Bajo people in the neighborhood Liano village is linearly following the highway with the distance between houses close together. The socio-economic life of the Bajo community in Liano Village is the creation of interactions with other communities on the land and the availability of infrastructure for the Bajo people so that they facilitate activities. ABSTRAK Perpindahan penduduk dari satu daerah ke daerah lainnya dapat memperbaiki struktur pemukiman masyarakat dan struktur sosial ekonomi. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui latarbelakang perpindahan pemukiman Masyarakat Bajo dari Pulau Masudu ke pesisir pantai Desa Liano, proses perpindahan pemukiman Masyarakat Bajo dari Pulau Masudu ke pesisir pantai Desa Liano, pola pemukiman Masyarakat Bajo, kehidupan sosial ekonomi masyarakat Bajo. Pengumpulan data terdiri dari tiga jenis yaitustudi dokumen, wawancara, dan observasi. Data yang telah dikumpulkan tersebut dilakukan verifikasi yang terdiri dari dua tahap yakni: verifikasi data internal, dan verifikasi data eksternal. Tahapan selanjutnya adalah tahap interpretasi yang terdiri dari analisis dan sintesis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa latar belakang perpindahan masyarakat Bajo di Desa Liano adalah faktor kerusakan rumah akibat angin kencang dan pasang air laut, kebijakan pemerintah penghasilan masyarakat bajo yang kurang mencukupi. Proses perpindahan masyarakat Bajo dilakukan secara bertahap yang diawali masyarakat yang tinggal di bagian Barat Pulau Masudu pada tahun 1999, dengan menyebrangi laut dan sebagian masyarakat membawa perkakas rumah yang ada di Pulau Masudu. Pola pemukiman masyarakat Bajo di Lingkungan Desa Liano berbentuk linear mengikuti jalan raya dengan jarak antara rumah saling berdekatan. Kehidupan sosial ekonomi masyarakat Bajo di Desa Liano adalah terciptanya interaksi dengan masyarakat lain yang ada di darat serta tersedianya prasarana bagi masyarakat Bajo sehingga mempermudah mereka dalam berbagai aktivitas.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Vito Tanzi
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The Political ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
Political Market ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government ◽  
Normative Role

This more theoretical chapter focuses on the normative role of the government, in democratic countries with a market economy, and how that role has been tied to the prevalent view of the assumed relationship between individual citizens and their government. That view has been different in different countries. The chapter stresses the difference between choices made in and by the free market and those made through the political market. In the former, income distribution and individual liberty are important. In the political market, with one person one vote, the income of the voters should be less important. However, it often is important. Some societies place a lot of importance on individual liberty. Others give more weight to community goals. These attitudes influence government policies.

Austria

2021 ◽  
pp. 152-174
Author(s):  
Marcelo Jenny ◽  
Wolfgang C. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Party Leader ◽  
Policy Area ◽  
Party Size ◽  
Electoral Incentives ◽  
Specific Policy ◽  
Party Control ◽  
Time Regime ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Legislation ◽  
New Instruments

In the Austrian parliament a strict time regime keeps the length of debates at bay. While the government sets most of the agenda, opposition parties can get some proposals debated, and new instruments provide room for debate of topics independent of government legislation and reports. Debates are under tight party control with regard to the speakers’ nomination and the speakers sticking to the party line. Individual MPs do have electoral incentives to seek speaking assignments, but for most this results in low-level satisficing rather than maximizing speaking assignments. Party-size is a crucial factor determining the floor presence: MPs belonging to a small party have better chances to speak. Within parties, individual talent of MPs as speakers and their occupation of key party functions such as parliamentary party leader, or party spokesperson in a specific policy area are crucial for nominations.

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