scholarly journals Development of An Immunogenomic Landscape For The Competing Endogenous RNAs Network of Peri-Implantitis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Ji-Na Zheng ◽  
Chan-Juan Gong ◽  
Keng-Fu Lan ◽  
XiaoJun Ding
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Profile Data ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Cerna Network ◽  
Inflammatory Damage ◽  
Competing Endogenous Rnas ◽  
Important Significance

Abstract Background: Peri-implantitis is an inflammation that occurs around the implant, resulting in varying degrees of inflammatory damage to the soft and hard tissues. The characteristic criterion is the loss of the supporting bone in an inflammatory environment. However, the specific mechanisms and biomarkers involved in peri-implantitis remain to be further studied. Recently, competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) and immune microenvironment have been found to play a more important role in the inflammatory process. In our study, we analyzed the expression of immune related microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and message RNAs (mRNAs) in peri-implantitis by analyzing GSE33774 and GSE57631.Methods: In this study, we explored the expression profile data of immune-related lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs, and constructed immune-related ceRNA network involved in the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis. In addition, the CIBERSORT was used to evaluate the content of immune cells in normal tissues and peri-implantitis to detect the immune microenvironment of peri-implantitis.Results: In the analysis, the corresponding lncRNAs, 14 DElncRNAs, 16 DEmiRNAs, and 18 DEmRNAs were used to establish an immune related ceRNA network constructed and the immune infiltration patterns associated with peri-implantitis was discovered. Through the mutual verification of the two datasets, we found that GSK3B and miR-1297 may have important significance in the immune microenvironment and pathogenesis of peri-implantitis and GSK3B was closely related to four types of immune cells, which needs to be further proved by later experiments. Conclusions: Through immune-related ceRNA network, IRGs and immune cell infiltration can further comprehensively understand the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis, which built up an immunogenomic landscape with clinical significance for peri-implantitis.One-sentences summary: GSK3B and miR-1297 may have important significance in the immune microenvironment and pathogenesis of peri-implantitis.

scholarly journals Development of an immunogenomic landscape for the competing endogenous RNAs network of peri-implantitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Jina Zheng ◽  
Chanjuan Gong ◽  
Kengfu Lan ◽  
Yuqing Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Profile Data ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Cerna Network ◽  
Inflammatory Damage ◽  
Competing Endogenous Rnas ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Important Significance

Abstract Background Peri-implantitis is an inflammation that occurs around the implant, resulting in varying degrees of inflammatory damage to the soft and hard tissues. The characteristic criterion is the loss of the supporting bone in an inflammatory environment. However, the specific mechanisms and biomarkers involved in peri-implantitis remain to be further studied. Recently, competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) and immune microenvironment have been found to play a more important role in the inflammatory process. In our study, we analyzed the expression of immune related microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and message RNAs (mRNAs) in peri-implantitis by analyzing GSE33774 and GSE57631. Methods In this study, we explored the expression profile data of immune-related lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs, and constructed immune-related ceRNA network involved in the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis. In addition, the CIBERSORT was used to evaluate the content of immune cells in normal tissues and peri-implantitis to detect the immune microenvironment of peri-implantitis. Results In the analysis, 14 DElncRNAs, 16 DEmiRNAs, and 18 DEmRNAs were used to establish an immune related ceRNA network and the immune infiltration patterns associated with peri-implantitis was discovered. Through the mutual verification of the two datasets, we found that GSK3B and miR-1297 may have important significance in the immune microenvironment and pathogenesis of peri-implantitis and GSK3B was closely related to four types of immune cells, especially with the highest correlation with resting mast cells (P = 0.0003). Conclusions Through immune-related ceRNA network, immune-related genes (IRGs) and immune cell infiltration can further comprehensively understand the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis, which built up an immunogenomic landscape with clinical significance for peri-implantitis.

scholarly journals Development of an immunogenomic landscape for the competing endogenous RNAs network of peri-implantitis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Ji Na Zheng ◽  
Chan Juan Gong ◽  
Keng Fu Lan ◽  
Yu Qing Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Profile Data ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Cerna Network ◽  
Inflammatory Damage ◽  
Competing Endogenous Rnas ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Important Significance

Abstract Background: Peri-implantitis is an inflammation that occurs around the implant, resulting in varying degrees of inflammatory damage to the soft and hard tissues. The characteristic criterion is the loss of the supporting bone in an inflammatory environment. However, the specific mechanisms and biomarkers involved in peri-implantitis remain to be further studied. Recently, competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) and immune microenvironment have been found to play a more important role in the inflammatory process. In our study, we analyzed the expression of immune related microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and message RNAs (mRNAs) in peri-implantitis by analyzing GSE33774 and GSE57631.Methods: In this study, we explored the expression profile data of immune-related lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs, and constructed immune-related ceRNA network involved in the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis. In addition, the CIBERSORT was used to evaluate the content of immune cells in normal tissues and peri-implantitis to detect the immune microenvironment of peri-implantitis.Results: In the analysis, 14 DElncRNAs, 16 DEmiRNAs, and 18 DEmRNAs were used to establish an immune related ceRNA network and the immune infiltration patterns associated with peri-implantitis was discovered. Through the mutual verification of the two datasets, we found that GSK3B and miR-1297 may have important significance in the immune microenvironment and pathogenesis of peri-implantitis and GSK3B was closely related to four types of immune cells, especially with the highest correlation with resting mast cells (P = 0.0003).Conclusions: Through immune-related ceRNA network, immune-related genes (IRGs) and immune cell infiltration can further comprehensively understand the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis, which built up an immunogenomic landscape with clinical significance for peri-implantitis.

scholarly journals Development of an immunogenomic landscape for the competing endogenous RNAs network of peri-implantitis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Ji-Na Zheng ◽  
Chan-Juan Gong ◽  
Keng-Fu Lan ◽  
Yuqing Shen Yuqing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Profile Data ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Cerna Network ◽  
Inflammatory Damage ◽  
Competing Endogenous Rnas ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Important Significance

Abstract Background: Peri-implantitis is an inflammation that occurs around the implant, resulting in varying degrees of inflammatory damage to the soft and hard tissues. The characteristic criterion is the loss of the supporting bone in an inflammatory environment. However, the specific mechanisms and biomarkers involved in peri-implantitis remain to be further studied. Recently, competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) and immune microenvironment have been found to play a more important role in the inflammatory process. In our study, we analyzed the expression of immune related microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and message RNAs (mRNAs) in peri-implantitis by analyzing GSE33774 and GSE57631.Methods: In this study, we explored the expression profile data of immune-related lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs, and constructed immune-related ceRNA network involved in the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis. In addition, the CIBERSORT was used to evaluate the content of immune cells in normal tissues and peri-implantitis to detect the immune microenvironment of peri-implantitis.Results: In the analysis, 14 DElncRNAs, 16 DEmiRNAs, and 18 DEmRNAs were used to establish an immune related ceRNA network and the immune infiltration patterns associated with peri-implantitis was discovered. Through the mutual verification of the two datasets, we found that GSK3B and miR-1297 may have important significance in the immune microenvironment and pathogenesis of peri-implantitis and GSK3B was closely related to four types of immune cells, especially with the highest correlation with resting mast cells (P = 0.0003).Conclusions: Through immune-related ceRNA network, immune-related genes (IRGs) and immune cell infiltration can further comprehensively understand the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis, which built up an immunogenomic landscape with clinical significance for peri-implantitis.

scholarly journals Autophagic Markers in Chordomas: Immunohistochemical Analysis and Comparison with the Immune Microenvironment of Chordoma Tissues

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2169
Author(s):  
Georgia Karpathiou ◽  
Maroa Dridi ◽  
Lila Krebs-Drouot ◽  
François Vassal ◽  
Emmanuel Jouanneau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Vascular Density ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Sequestosome 1 ◽  
Cell Expression

Chordomas are notably resistant to chemotherapy. One of the cytoprotective mechanisms implicated in chemoresistance is autophagy. There are indirect data that autophagy could be implicated in chordomas, but its presence has not been studied in chordoma tissues. Sixty-one (61) chordomas were immunohistochemically studied for autophagic markers and their expression was compared with the expression in notochords, clinicopathological data, as well as the tumor immune microenvironment. All chordomas strongly and diffusely expressed cytoplasmic p62 (sequestosome 1, SQSTM1/p62), whereas 16 (26.2%) tumors also showed nuclear p62 expression. LC3B (Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3B) tumor cell expression was found in 44 (72.1%) tumors. Autophagy-related 16‑like 1 (ATG16L1) was also expressed by most tumors. All tumors expressed mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6PR/IGF2R). LC3B tumor cell expression was negatively associated with tumor size, while no other parameters, such as age, sex, localization, or survival, were associated with the immunohistochemical factors studied. LC3B immune cell expression showed a significant positive association with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)+ immune cells and with a higher vascular density. ATG16L1 expression was also positively associated with higher vascular density. Notochords (n = 5) showed different immunostaining with a very weak LC3B and M6PR expression, and no p62 expression. In contrast to normal notochords, autophagic factors such as LC3B and ATG16L1 are often present in chordomas, associated with a strong and diffuse expression of p62, suggesting a blocked autophagic flow. Furthermore, PD-L1+ immune cells also express LC3B, suggesting the need for further investigations between autophagy and the immune microenvironment.

scholarly journals Identification of Biomarkers Related to Immune Cell Infiltration in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Gene Co-Expression Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanbang Zhou ◽  
Yiyang Chen ◽  
Ruixing Luo ◽  
Zifan Li ◽  
Guanwei Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Hub Genes ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Immune Infiltration

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer with poor prognosis. Due to the lack of effective biomarkers and its complex immune microenvironment, the effects of current HCC therapies are not ideal. In this study, we used the GSE57957 microarray data from Gene Expression Omnibus database to construct a co-expression network. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis and CIBERSORT algorithm, which quantifies cellular composition of immune cells, were used to identify modules related to immune cells. Four hub genes (EFTUD2, GAPDH, NOP56, PA2G4) were identified by co-expression network and protein-protein interactions network analysis. We examined these genes in TCGA database, and found that the four hub genes were highly expressed in tumor tissues in multiple HCC groups, and the expression levels were significantly correlated with patient survival time, pathological stage and tumor progression. On the other hand, methylation analysis showed that the up-regulation of EFTUD2, GAPDH, NOP56 might be due to the hypomethylation status of their promoters. Next, we investigated the correlations between the expression levels of four hub genes and tumor immune infiltration using Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER). Gene set variation analysis suggested that the four hub genes were associated with numerous pathways that affect tumor progression or immune microenvironment. Overall, our results showed that the four hub genes were closely related to tumor prognosis, and may serve as targets for treatment and diagnosis of HCC. In addition, the associations between these genes and immune infiltration enhanced our understanding of tumor immune environment and provided new directions for the development of drugs and the monitoring of tumor immune status.

scholarly journals CXC Chemokines as Therapeutic Targets and Prognostic Biomarkers in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma Microenvironment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuezhi Zhou ◽  
Manjuan Peng ◽  
Ye He ◽  
Jingjie Peng ◽  
Xuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cutaneous Melanoma ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Gene Activation ◽  
Skin Tumor ◽  
Pathological Stage ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
The World ◽  
Cxc Chemokine ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundSkin Cutaneous Melanoma (SKCM) is a tumor of the epidermal melanocytes induced by gene activation or mutation. It is the result of the interaction between genetic, constitutional, and environmental factors. SKCM is highly aggressive and is the most threatening skin tumor. The incidence of the disease is increasing year by year, and it is the main cause of death in skin tumors around the world. CXC chemokines in the tumor microenvironment can regulate the transport of immune cells and the activity of tumor cells, thus playing an anti-tumor immunological role and affecting the prognosis of patients. However, the expression level of CXC chemokine in SKCM and its effect on prognosis are still unclear.MethodOncomine, UALCAN, GEPIA, STRING, GeneMANIA, cBioPortal, TIMER, TRRUST, DAVID 6.8, and Metascape were applied in our research.ResultThe transcription of CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL13 in SKCM tissues were significantly higher than those in normal tissues. The pathological stage of SKCM patients is closely related to the expression of CXCL4, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12, and CXCL13. The prognosis of SKCM patients with low transcription levels of CXCL4, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CXCL13 is better. The differential expression of CXC chemokines is mainly associated with inflammatory response, immune response, and cytokine mediated signaling pathways. Our data indicate that the key transcription factors of CXC chemokines are RELA, NF-κB1 and SP1. The targets of CXC chemokines are mainly LCK, LYN, SYK, MAPK2, MAPK12, and ART. The relationship between CXC chemokine expression and immune cell infiltration in SKCM was closed.ConclusionsOur research provides a basis for screening SKCM biomarkers, predicting prognosis, and choosing immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Immune Cell Landscape in Gastric Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Wei He ◽  
Zi-rui Wang ◽  
Yu-jiao Wang ◽  
Lan-lan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Molecular Therapy ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Regulatory Factors ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
The Relationship

Background. The tumor-infiltrating immune cells are closely associated with the prognosis of gastric cancer (GC). This article is aimed at determining the composition change of immune cells and immune regulatory factors in GC and normal tissues, depicting their prognosis value in GC, and revealing the relationship between them and GC clinical parameters. Methods. We used CIBERSORT to calculate the proportion of 22 immune cells in the GC or normal tissues; a t -test was applied to assess the expression difference of immune cells and immune regulatory factors in normal and GC tissues. The relationship of the immune cells, immune regulatory factors, and GC patients’ clinical characteristics was assessed by univariate analysis. Results. In this study, we found that the proportion of macrophages increased, while plasma cells and monocytes decreased in GC tissues. In these immune fractions, Tregs and naïve B cells were found to be correlated with GC patients’ prognosis. Interestingly, the expression of immune regulatory factors was ambiguous with their classical function in GC tissues. For example, TIM-3, FOXP3, and CMTM6 were overexpressed, while CD27 and PD-1 were underexpressed in GC tissues. We also found that IDO1, PD-1, TIGIT, and TIM-3 were highly expressed in high-grade GC tissues, the HERC2 expression level was related to patients’ gender, and the TIGIT expression level was sensitive to targeted therapy. Furthermore, our results suggested that the infiltration of Tregs and naive B cells was strongly correlated with the T stage, radiation therapy, targeted molecular therapy, and the expression levels of TIM-3 and FOXP3 in GC. Conclusion. The expression pattern of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and immune regulatory factors was systematically depicted in the GC tumor microenvironment, indicating that individualized treatment based on the tumor-infiltrating immune cells and immune regulatory factors may be beneficial to GC patients.

scholarly journals Identification and Validation of Three Autophagy-Related Long Noncoding RNAs as Prognostic Signature in Cholangiocarcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Jun Liu ◽  
Alphonse Houssou Hounye ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
Xiaowei Liu ◽  
Jun Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Score ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Roc Curve Analysis ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Normal Tissues

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is featured by common occurrence and poor prognosis. Autophagy is a biological process that has been extensively involved in the progression of tumors. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been discovered to be critical in diagnosing and predicting various tumors. It may be valuable to elaborate autophagy-related lncRNAs (ARlncRNAs) in CCA, and indeed, there are still few studies concerning the role of ARlncRNAs in CCA. Here, a prognostic ARlncRNA signature was constructed to predict the survival outcome of CCA patients. Through identification, three differentially expressed ARlncRNAs (DEARlncRNAs), including CHRM3.AS2, MIR205HG, and LINC00661, were screened and were considered predictive signatures. Furthermore, the overall survival (OS) of patients with high-risk scores was significantly lower than that of patients with low scores. Interestingly, the risk score was an independent factor for the OS of patients with CCA. Moreover, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the screened and constructed prognosis signature for 1 year (AUC = 0.884), 3 years (AUC =0.759), and 5 years (AUC = 0.788) presented a high score of accuracy in predicting OS of CCA patients. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that the three DEARlncRNAs were significantly enriched in CCA-related signaling pathways, including “pathways of basal cell carcinoma”, “glycerolipid metabolism”, etc. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that expressions of CHRM3.AS2, MIR205HG, and LINC00661 were higher in CCA tissues than those in normal tissues, similar to the trends detected in the CCA dataset. Furthermore, Pearson’s analysis reported an intimate correlation of the risk score with immune cell infiltration, indicating a predictive value of the signature for the efficacy of immunotherapy. In addition, the screened lncRNAs were found to have the ability to modulate the expression of mRNAs by interacting with miRNAs based on the established lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. In conclusion, our study develops a novel nomogram with good reliability and accuracy to predict the OS of CCA patients, providing a significant guiding value for developing tailored therapy for CCA patients.

scholarly journals GJA1 Expression and Its Prognostic Value in Cervical Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Silu Meng ◽  
Xinran Fan ◽  
Jianwei Zhang ◽  
Ran An ◽  
Shuang Li
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Gap Junction ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Chi Squared

Gap Junction Protein Alpha 1 (GJA1) belongs to the gap junction family and has been widely studied in cancers. We evaluated the role of GJA1 in cervical cancer (CC) using public data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The difference of GJA1 expression level between CC and normal tissues was analyzed by the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), six GEO datasets, and the Human Protein Atlas (HPA). The relationship between clinicopathological features and GJA1 expression was analyzed by the chi-squared test and the logistic regression. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were used to assessing the effect of GJA1 expression on survival. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to screen the signaling pathways regulated by GJA1. Immune Cell Abundance Identifier (ImmuCellAI) was chosen to analyze the immune cells affected by GJA1. The expression of GJA1 in CC was significantly lower than that in normal tissues based on the GEPIA, GEO datasets, and HPA. Both the chi-squared test and the logistic regression showed that high-GJA1 expression was significantly correlated with keratinization, hormone use, tumor size, and FIGO stage. The Kaplan–Meier curves suggested that high-GJA1 expression could indicate poor prognosis ( p = 0.0058 ). Multivariate analysis showed that high-GJA1 expression was an independent predictor of poor overall survival (HR, 4.084; 95% CI, 1.354-12.320; p = 0.013 ). GSEA showed many cancer-related pathways, such as the p53 signaling pathway and the Wnt signaling pathway, were enriched in the high-GJA1-expression group. Immune cell abundance analysis revealed that the abundance of CD8 naive, DC, and neutrophil was significantly increased in the high-GJA1-expression group. In conclusion, GJA1 can be regarded as a potential prognostic marker of poor survival and therapeutic target in CC. Moreover, many cancer-related pathways may be the critical pathways regulated by GJA1. Furthermore, GJA1 can affect the abundance of immune cells.

scholarly journals Crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: new findings and future perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqi Mao ◽  
Jin Xu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Chen Liang ◽  
Jie Hua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cancer Associated Fibroblasts ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Essential Components

AbstractCancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a stromal cell population with cell-of-origin, phenotypic and functional heterogeneity, are the most essential components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Through multiple pathways, activated CAFs can promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, along with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and even chemoresistance. Numerous previous studies have confirmed the critical role of the interaction between CAFs and tumor cells in tumorigenesis and development. However, recently, the mutual effects of CAFs and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) have been identified as another key factor in promoting tumor progression. The TIME mainly consists of distinct immune cell populations in tumor islets and is highly associated with the antitumor immunological state in the TME. CAFs interact with tumor-infiltrating immune cells as well as other immune components within the TIME via the secretion of various cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, exosomes and other effector molecules, consequently shaping an immunosuppressive TME that enables cancer cells to evade surveillance of the immune system. In-depth studies of CAFs and immune microenvironment interactions, particularly the complicated mechanisms connecting CAFs with immune cells, might provide novel strategies for subsequent targeted immunotherapies. Herein, we shed light on recent advances regarding the direct and indirect crosstalk between CAFs and infiltrating immune cells and further summarize the possible immunoinhibitory mechanisms induced by CAFs in the TME. In addition, we present current related CAF-targeting immunotherapies and briefly describe some future perspectives on CAF research in the end.

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