Assessment of Neonicotinoid Insecticide Imidacloprid LC50 And Their Toxicity Parameters Against Earthworm (Eisenia Fetida)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parveen Gill ◽  
Sudhakara Rao ◽  
Rajender Gupta ◽  
Dharambir Singh ◽  
Tejpal Dahiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eisenia Fetida ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Soil Toxicity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Neonicotinoid Insecticide ◽  
Fluid Body ◽  
Mortality Percentage

Abstract Because of their high biomass in the soil, earthworms are used as bio-indicator species for assessing soil toxicity against pesticides. The regular observed sensitivity to relatively low pesticide concentrations exits in soils is a significant ecological observation. Insecticide residues harm the flora of beneficial invertebrates and harm the physiological functions of earthworms, resulting in death. They affect morphological parameters as well as internal organs, and eight different imidacloprid concentrations (0.050 µl/cm2, 0.100 µl/cm2, 0.150 µl/cm2, 0.200 µl/cm2, 0.250 µl/cm2, 0.300 µl/cm2, 0.350 µl/cm2, 0.400 µl/cm2) were prepared with water during the procedure. To establish the LC50 value, earthworms of Eisenia fetida were exposed to various concentrations of imidacloprid using the usual paper contact toxicity method, and their toxicity levels are established. The mortality percentage was estimated after 24 hours of imidacloprid exposure, and a dosage of 0.195 µl/cm2 resulted in 50% mortality of earthworms. When higher concentrations of imidacloprid were used, negative effects were observed. For ecotoxicological evaluations, the following morphological and behavioural changes were observed during the experiment: Preclittelar bulging, body constriction, blackening of the body, segment swelling, oozing of coelomic fluid, body constriction, cuticle rupture, and oozing of fluid from the body are all common side effects.

scholarly journals HOP-PLANT CARBONATE EXTRACT. TOXICITY. ORGANIC CHANGES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetiana Moiseienko ◽  
◽  
Gennadiy Khrystian ◽  
Inna Torianyk ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Acne is a leading player in the spread of skin diseases. Epidemiological studies conducted in industrialised Western countries have estimated the prevalence of acne in adolescents at between 50% and 95%, depending on the method used to calculate the lesions. Acne, a disease that most often befalls teenage faces, occurs in children after the onset of adrenal and gland androgens production and subsides after growth. However, it may continue to manifest itself in a large proportion of adults, especially women. Even after recovery, negative effects such as scars and pigment spots remain. Acne (L.70, eels, ICD-10) is a chronic polymorphic multifactorial inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and periglandular tissue that develops mainly in young people. To date, the causes of etiopathogenesis of BX have not been sufficiently investigated. According to ICD-10, the following factors are important in the development of the disease: 1) increase in skin fat production 2) excessive follicular hyperkeratosis; 3) microflora (Propionibacterium acnes) influence 4) inflammation development. Patients suffering from acne have significantly increased skin fat production, which is usually correlated with the severity of the disease. Changes in the physiological state of the seborrhea glands, which is the basis of seborrhea, develop under the influence of neuroendocrine system dysfunction. Hyperplasia and sebaceous gland hyper-secreting occur, the physical and chemical composition of seborrhea changes and its bactericidal properties are reduced. The imbalance of the autonomic nervous system is important, which leads to a temporary or permanent increase in the tone of the vagus innervation of the sebaceous glands and, as a result, hyperproduction of sebum. A number of researchers consider follicular hyperkeratosis to be one of the leading links in the pathogenesis of acne. The aim of the study was to study the chronic toxicity of a gel with an extract of carbon dioxide hops and to determine the effect of the latter on organ changes in laboratory animals. The methodological basis was microbiological, cultural, morphological and biochemical research methods. The duration of observation was 30 days. Both experimental prototypes of gel preparations and placebo were studied in the study groups. The results in the experiments were compared with intact controls. In an animal experiment (laboratory rats), it was found that gels with carbon dioxide hop extract do not exhibit toxic (chronic) effects on the body. Dynamics of the body mass of the individuals studied, blood parameters, including the constituent elements of the blood serum, CNS functioning parameters, structural and functional state of the urine and kidney systems are the objective evidence base for the use of the medicinal substance after the clinical stage of the studies. Based on the results of a pathomorphological study of the internal organs of experimental animals, it was established that the acne gel for long-term use in the studied dose does not affect the relative mass of the internal organs of rats and does not cause morphological and functional changes in them, does not lead to inflammatory reactions, destructive and degenerative processes and necrosis. Thus, the results of this study provide the basis for the treatment of acne with mudflow medications through their prolonged use. It has been determined that the gel does not have toxic effects on the skin and does not lead to negative effects on the internal organs of animals.

scholarly journals Characteristics of the toxic effect of imidacloprid on the state of Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Clitellata, Lumbricidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
A. O. Huslystyi ◽  
V. Y. Gasso ◽  
S. V. Yermolenko ◽  
V. B. Petrushevskyi
Keyword(s):  
Eisenia Fetida ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Escape Reflex ◽  
Neonicotinoid Insecticide

Imidacloprid became the most sold neonicotinoid insecticide in the world in the 21st century. Due to their constant use, neonicotinoids are stored in soils, bottom deposits, and surface waters. It is known that neonicotinoids reveal toxicity for non-target species: annelid worms, insects, fish, birds, and mammals. Neonicotinoids exhibit reproductive toxicity, neuro-, hepato-, and genotoxicity for mammals. Earthworms are useful modeling organisms that are proposed to carry out toxicity tests. Eisenia fetida is considered a convenient and adequate species in toxicological studies. Analysis of available data shows that even low concentrations of imidacloprid caused protrusion of a belt, blackening, leakage of a cellar fluid, narrowing areas of the body with edema in segments, and dark body pigmentation in E. fetida. There are also biochemical changes. Low concentrations of imidacloprid (<0.2 mg/L) suppress the activity of cellulase. Imidacloprid also causes damage to DNA, production of reactive oxygen species, and alterations in antioxidant enzymes activity in E. fetida: inhibition of catalase, but activation of superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase. Imidacloprid reduces reproductive success in E. fetida, causing significant deformation of sperm, reducing the average number and size of cocoons and the success of birth. At concentrations ≥10 mg/kg of imidacloprid, the high mortality of worms makes it impossible for vermiculture. At 5 mg/kg of imidacloprid in plants remains for vermicomposting in seven weeks, the mortality rate of 25% of E. fetida individuals is fixed. The stereotypical escape reflex behavior in the worms was observed in relation to imidacloprid at a concentration of 1.32 mg/kg. At the same time, molecular and cellular mechanisms of toxic effects of imidacloprid on E. fetida are almost not studied and needed special attention with further research.

Inspector Quadro - the complex of preparation for the treatment of ectoand endoparasitoses in cats and dogs

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
M.V. Arisov ◽  
I.P. Belykh ◽  
V.V. Artemov
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
The Body ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Diagnosis Of Infection

The purpose of the research: the study of the efficacy of the preparations for veterinary use "Inspector Quadro C" and "Inspector Quadro K" against ecto- and endoparasitoses of dogs and cats. Materials and methods. Studies were conducted on spontaneously infected dogs and cats of different sexes, age, weight and breed. The diagnosis of infection with ectoparasites was made based on the clinical picture and laboratory methods of investigation (microscopy of scrapings taken from ectoparasitized skin areas, examination of the coat for fleas, lice, worms, ixodids). Infection with helminths was established by detecting eggs of helminths in faeces of animals by the method of Füleleborn and mature segments of cestodes. Preparations were applied to the animals by drip application on dry undamaged skin in places inaccessible to licking in a dose of 0.1-0.4 ml per 1 kg of body weight. The results were statistically processed. Results and discussion. "Inspector Quadro S" and "Inspector Quadro K" showed 100% efficacy at sarcoptosis in dogs, notoedrosis in cats, otodectosis in dogs and cats, ixodidoses and entomoses. "Inspector Quadro C" showed a high efficiency (92.3%) at demodecosis in dogs. However, single mites were found in one dog. 100% efficacy of "Inspector Quadro C" and "Inspector Quadro K" has been established against intestinal nematodes and cestodes in dogs and cats. Negative effects of drugs on the body of animals have not been revealed.

The effectiveness of use of enterosorbent Shelltic Es when rearing of young pigs

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
S. Grikshas ◽  
N. Kulmakova ◽  
K. Spitsyna ◽  
A. Dar’in ◽  
T. Mittelshtein
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects ◽  
Experimental Group

Mycotoxins have been formed in feed are secondary metabolites of fungi and are quite stable substances that have teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. An effective way to combat mycotoxins in feed is the use of feed additives that adsorb toxins, prevent their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of the animal and are excreted from the body. The infl uence of coconut enterosorbent Shelltic Es on fattening and meat qualities of young pigs has been studied. It has been found in the process of fattening that the highest feed digestibility was in pigs of the experimental group, in the diet of which enterosorbent has been added. The results of studies of the chemical composition and technological properties of pork have been provided. The positive eff ect of enterosorbent on precocity, absolute average daily gain of live weight and reduction of feed expenditures per 1 kg of gain has been revealed. In pigs from the experimental group the average thickness of the fat was higher and the area of the “muscle eye” was lower compared with animals of the control group, which indicates that higher rates of carcass yield have been obtained due to faster accumulation of fat tissue. The weight of internal organs of pigs indicates the intensity of metabolic processes in the body. In experimental animals the weight of the lungs was 0,1 kg lower, and the liver and heart were higher by 0,13 and 0,01 kg, respectively. Enterosorbent had no effect on the content of vitamins in the liver of pigs of the compared groups. The content of impurities of organochlorine toxicants and toxic elements in the meat and liver of animals of the experimental group was lower than that of control analogues. Therefore, the use of enterosorbent Shelltic Es promotes more active excretion of them from the body.

scholarly journals Ferromagnetic soft catheter robots for minimally invasive bioprinting

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Zhou ◽  
Youzhou Yang ◽  
Jiaxin Wang ◽  
Qingyang Wu ◽  
Zhuozhi Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
The Body ◽  
Magnetic Actuation ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Planar Surfaces ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Direct Fabrication ◽  
Digitally Controlled

AbstractIn vivo bioprinting has recently emerged as a direct fabrication technique to create artificial tissues and medical devices on target sites within the body, enabling advanced clinical strategies. However, existing in vivo bioprinting methods are often limited to applications near the skin or require open surgery for printing on internal organs. Here, we report a ferromagnetic soft catheter robot (FSCR) system capable of in situ computer-controlled bioprinting in a minimally invasive manner based on magnetic actuation. The FSCR is designed by dispersing ferromagnetic particles in a fiber-reinforced polymer matrix. This design results in stable ink extrusion and allows for printing various materials with different rheological properties and functionalities. A superimposed magnetic field drives the FSCR to achieve digitally controlled printing with high accuracy. We demonstrate printing multiple patterns on planar surfaces, and considering the non-planar surface of natural organs, we then develop an in situ printing strategy for curved surfaces and demonstrate minimally invasive in vivo bioprinting of hydrogels in a rat model. Our catheter robot will permit intelligent and minimally invasive bio-fabrication.

scholarly journals Glucocorticoid Receptor β (GRβ): Beyond Its Dominant-Negative Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3649
Author(s):  
Patricia Ramos-Ramírez ◽  
Omar Tliba
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Glucocorticoids (GCs) act via the GC receptor (GR), a receptor ubiquitously expressed in the body where it drives a broad spectrum of responses within distinct cell types and tissues, which vary in strength and specificity. The variability of GR-mediated cell responses is further extended by the existence of GR isoforms, such as GRα and GRβ, generated through alternative splicing mechanisms. While GRα is the classic receptor responsible for GC actions, GRβ has been implicated in the impairment of GRα-mediated activities. Interestingly, in contrast to the popular belief that GRβ actions are restricted to its dominant-negative effects on GRα-mediated responses, GRβ has been shown to have intrinsic activities and “directly” regulates a plethora of genes related to inflammatory process, cell communication, migration, and malignancy, each in a GRα-independent manner. Furthermore, GRβ has been associated with increased cell migration, growth, and reduced sensitivity to GC-induced apoptosis. We will summarize the current knowledge of GRβ-mediated responses, with a focus on the GRα-independent/intrinsic effects of GRβ and the associated non-canonical signaling pathways. Where appropriate, potential links to airway inflammatory diseases will be highlighted.

Ionic regulation and buoyancy in some planktonic organisms

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Newton ◽  
W. T. W. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Gastrovascular System

Magnesium/chlorine and sulphur/chlorine ratios have been measured in the body fluids of some planktonic organisms by x-ray emission analysis of frozen hydrated specimens in a scanning electron microscope. Homarus vulgaris (Anthropoda: Decapoda) larvae excluded Mg2+ and SO42-ions from the haemolymph, but to a lesser extent than does the adult lobster. Bipinnaria larvae of Asterias (Echinodermata) excluded Mg2+ and SO42-ions from the coelomic fluid. Obelia medusae excluded Mg2+ and SO42-ions from the mesogloea but concentrate them in the gastrovascular system. The high concentration of sulphate in the gastrovascular fluid of medusae has been confirmed by rhodizonate titration in Cyanea and Rhizostoma jellyfish. Some implications of magnesium and sulphate regulation are discussed.

scholarly journals Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 241-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zerrin Atakan
Keyword(s):  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Biochemical Basis ◽  
Neurotransmitter System ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Opposing Effects ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The Brain

Cannabis is a complex plant, with major compounds such as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, which have opposing effects. The discovery of its compounds has led to the further discovery of an important neurotransmitter system called the endocannabinoid system. This system is widely distributed in the brain and in the body, and is considered to be responsible for numerous significant functions. There has been a recent and consistent worldwide increase in cannabis potency, with increasing associated health concerns. A number of epidemiological research projects have shown links between dose-related cannabis use and an increased risk of development of an enduring psychotic illness. However, it is also known that not everyone who uses cannabis is affected adversely in the same way. What makes someone more susceptible to its negative effects is not yet known, however there are some emerging vulnerability factors, ranging from certain genes to personality characteristics. In this article we first provide an overview of the biochemical basis of cannabis research by examining the different effects of the two main compounds of the plant and the endocannabinoid system, and then go on to review available information on the possible factors explaining variation of its effects upon different individuals.

The Role of the Coelomic Fluid in the Movements of Earthworms

1950 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. NEWELL
Keyword(s):  
Short Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Average Pressure ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Effective Barrier ◽  
Intrinsic Muscles

1. A short review is given of the coelom and of its morphological relations in the earthworm. 2. The arrangement of the intrinsic muscles in a typical septum is described. Four main sets of muscles are recognized: viz. radial muscles, circular muscles, oblique muscles, and the sphincter around the ventral foramen. 3. It is suggested that the function of the radial, circular and possibly of the oblique muscles is to control bulging of the septa, and so serve to localize differences in pressure in the coelomic fluid. Normally, in active worms, the sphincter of the ventral foramen is contracted and forms an effective barrier to the passage of fluid from one coelomic compartment to the next. This was verified experimentally and by X-ray photography. 4. A series of measurements of the pressure in the coelomic fluid in different regions of active worms was recorded by means of a capillary manometer and by the use of a spoon-gauge apparatus. Manometric measurements showed the average pressure in the anterior third of the body to be 16.0 cm. water and in the tail region to be 8.0 cm. water. The corresponding figures obtained with a spoon gauge were 13.5 and 8.5 cm. water. The pressure in narcotized worms is zero. 5. These results are discussed, and it is pointed out that the manometer readings suffer from the disadvantage of failing to show the rapid fluctuations in pressure which occur during wriggling movements of the worms. 6. It is calculated from these pressure readings that a worm can exert a forward thrust equivalent to forces of between 1.5 and 8.0 g. These figures agree well with those obtained by Gray & Lissman by the use of a special torsion balance. 7. The burrowing movements of earthworms are briefly described. 8. It is shown that the sphincters of the dorsal pores and of the nephridiopores do not normally allow of the escape of coelomic fluid, and will withstand a pressure well outside the normal range.

MICROSCOPIC CHANGES IN THE INTERNAL ORGANS OF WHITE MICE DURING EXPERIMENTAL IRON (IV) CLATHROCHELATE TOXICOSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. V. Borysevych ◽  
◽  
V. V. Lisova ◽  
I. M. Derkach ◽  
S. S. Derkach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Response ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Experimental Drug ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
First Time

Iron (IV) clathrochelate based on a macrobicyclic ligand of the hexahydrazide type is a unique compound that contains iron in a rare high valence IV. Preclinical and clinical studies of this complex, which were started for the first time in Ukraine, have an important theoretical and practical consequence as this complex can be recommended as an active substance in iron-containing drugs with antianemic action. In conducting preclinical studies of new drugs, pathomorphological studies are important because they are a necessary step in studying the biological response of animals to the action of test substances. It was found that some pathological changes develop in the body of white mice under conditions of experimental acute and chronic iron (IV) clathrochelate intoxication. They correlated with the dose of the test compound. During chronic intoxication, the microscopic changes in the liver and kidney of white mice treated with iron (IV) clathrochelate at a dose of 1/10 DL50 were similar to the microscopic changes in the liver and kidney of mice treated with the experimental drug at a dose of 1/5 DL50. However, the severity of these changes was lower, reflecting a lower degree of organ damage. In the myocardium of mice treated with iron (IV) clathrochelate at a dose of 1/5 DL50 on the 10th day, as in acute iron (IV) clathrochelate poisoning, only edema was recorded. The prospects for further research are the study of microscopic changes in the organs of laboratory animals of other species during experimental iron (IV) clathrochelate toxicosis.

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