The Influence of Stream Barriers and The Hypothetical Origin of Highlands Fishes.
Abstract Instream barriers such as waterfalls and man-made dams may result in distinct fish assemblages on both sides of the barriers. To determine the influence of these barriers on fish assemblages, a study was conducted in Sungai Enam that have substantial barriers including an 18-m high waterfall with 6.1% slope. Fish were captured using a backpack electrofishing gear together with scoop nets. Thirteen fish species from six families were recorded along this stream, but only Poropuntius smedleyi (Cyprinidae) can be found along the stream and the reach above the waterfall. Studies on a second site, Sungai Kooi, that has a 65m high and 90° slope waterfall, revealed eight fish species from three families, but only P. smedleyi and Devario regina (Cyprinidae) occurred above the waterfall. The number of species in both streams increases from upstream to downstream. A chi-square test revealed that the total number of species among reaches in Sungai Enam differed significantly. Fish species found above the waterfall are known to have no special adaptations to climb or jump over the barriers. Therefore, to explain their existence above the substantial waterfalls especially in Sungai Kooi, we proposed three hypotheses: (1) the world was once flooded and there was no limitation to fish distribution, (2) fish species assemblages were separated by land uplifting, and (3) there are other stream branches enabling fish movement into respective streams. Further studies are required to confirm these hypotheses.