scholarly journals PECAN KERNEL COLOR: STANDARDS USING MUNSELL COLOR CHIPS

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 432a-432
Author(s):  
Tommy E. Thompson ◽  
L.J. Grauke ◽  
E.F. Young
Keyword(s):  
Carya Illinoinensis ◽  
Quality Trait ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Kernel Color ◽  
Color Determination ◽  
Color System ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Storage Methods ◽  
Breeding And Genetics

The Munsell Color System was used to study pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] kernel colors and color changes for 21 clones, 11 locations, and five storage methods for nuts collected over 4 years. Hue readings ranged from 10.0 (10 red) to 22.5 (2.5 yellow). Value readings ranged from 2.0 to 8.0, and chroma readings ranged from 1.0 to 8.0. A total of 91 classes (individual combinations of hue, value, and chroma) were needed to describe all kernel colors. Overall, one class 115.0/5/4 (hue/value/chroma)] accounted for 3979 of the 32,078 readings taken, and the 15 most common classes accounted for 80.7% of all the readings. This system of color determination was well-suited for pecan color determinations and continues to be used routinely as a part of our breeding and genetics program to define this important quality trait in pecan.

scholarly journals Pecan Kernel Color: Standards Using the Munsell Color Notation System

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy E. Thompson ◽  
L.J. Grauke ◽  
E.F. Young
Keyword(s):  
Carya Illinoinensis ◽  
Quality Trait ◽  
Notation System ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Kernel Color ◽  
Color System ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Storage Methods ◽  
Breeding And Genetics ◽  
Munsell System

The Munsell Color System was used to define pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] kernel colors and color changes for 21 clones, 11 locations, and 4 storage methods for nuts collected over a 4-year period. Hue readings ranged from 10.0 (10 red) to 22.5 (2.5 yellow). Value readings ranged from 2.5 to 8.0, and chroma readings ranged from 1.0 to 8.0. A total of 91 color chips (individual combinations of hue, value, and chroma) were needed to describe kernel color variability. In 1987 and 1988, one color [15.0/5/4 (hue/value/chroma)] accounted for 3,979 of the 32,078 readings taken, and the 15 most common colors accounted for 80.7% of all the readings. The Munsell system of color determination was well suited for pecan color determinations. A simplified color rating system with only six color classes was developed for general use by the pecan industry. This system is also routinely used in our breeding and genetics program to define this very important quality trait in pecan.

Study of some Dental Biomaterials Properties Using an Original Software Application

2013 ◽  
Vol 587 ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasile Prejmerean ◽  
Laura Silaghi-Dumitrescu ◽  
Doina Prodan ◽  
Cristina Prejmerean ◽  
Marioara Moldovan
Keyword(s):  
Digital Images ◽  
Dental Materials ◽  
Dental Composites ◽  
Software Application ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Color System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aluminum Plates ◽  
Statistical Results ◽  
Cielab Color

The aim of the present study is to measure the optical properties of dental materials, color and translucency, as well as their radiopacity using digital images. To do this, an original software application implementing two functions has been developed. Determining the radiopacity amount of certain areas of the materials is achieved by interpolating the values of ten aluminum plates used as reference. The study of this property is achieved by interpreting the statistical results and graphs displayed. The translucency value was calculated as the difference of the CIELab color system values for two digital images representing the same material on white and black background, respectively. In order to evaluate the color changes of the biomaterials, the samples were immersed in coffee, wine and orange juice. The application has been tested on several experimental materials based on bioceramics, dental composites and giomers, and the results are similar to the ones obtained using other evaluation methods.

scholarly journals Color Stability of a New Rice Husk Composite in Comparison with Conventional Composites after Exposure to Commonly Consumed Beverages in Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Kacharaju Kranthi Raja ◽  
Padmini Hari ◽  
Melissa Queen Kha Chin ◽  
Kiran Singbal ◽  
Ismail M. Fareez
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Color Stability ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Mixed Anova ◽  
Organic Rice ◽  
Color Measurements ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Color System ◽  
Post Hoc

Objective. To evaluate the color stability of a new organic rice husk nanocomposite as compared to four conventional composites after exposure to commonly consumed beverages in Malaysia. Methods. One hundred and twenty-five disk samples were prepared from a new rice husk-based composite and four other conventional methacrylate-based light-cured composites of shade A2. The samples were immersed in four commonly consumed beverages: coco-based drink, kopi, Chinese tea, and teh tarik for four weeks. The color measurements were carried out every week using the reflectance spectrophotometer according to the CIE L∗a∗b∗ color system. Color changes of samples (ΔE) in each week were calculated. Statistical analysis was carried out by performing a mixed ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test in order to analyse the differences in ΔE. Results. The findings revealed a statistically significant difference of ΔE reading (p<0.05) among all composites immersed in all four beverages after four weeks. Rice husk composites exhibited lesser color stability as compared to Ceram.X One Universal (p<0.001) and G-aenial Universal Flo (p<0.001) but showed higher color stability compared to Solare-X (p<0.001) and Neofil (p<0.001). Coffee and Chinese tea had the most significant impact on color changes (p<0.05) observed in all composites over four weeks of study. Conclusion. Rice husk composite showed acceptable color stability. It can be considered as an alternative to conventional composites due to its eco-friendly properties.

scholarly journals Image analysis for a microfluidic paper-based analytical device using the CIE L*a*b* color system

The Analyst ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (24) ◽  
pp. 6507-6509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Komatsu ◽  
Saeed Mohammadi ◽  
Lori Shayne Alamo Busa ◽  
Masatoshi Maeki ◽  
Akihiko Ishida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
System P ◽  
Color System ◽  
Analytical Device

A quantitative method based on image analysis of multiple color changes in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices using CIE L*a*b* color difference is presented.

Effect of Vitique Esthetic Cementation on Tetracycline Stained Teeth-Mask with Different Simulated Staining Levels Following IPS-Empress II Ceramic Veneers

2013 ◽  
Vol 544 ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
Hua Fan ◽  
Ruo Yu Liu ◽  
Dong Dong Jing ◽  
Liang Jiao Chen ◽  
Yao Kun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Color Difference ◽  
Bonding Agent ◽  
Resin Adhesive ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Color System ◽  
Abutment Teeth ◽  
Final Color

Abstract. To evaluate the color changes of tetracycline stained teeth after restored with IPS-EMPRESS Ⅱ ceramics. Simulated tetracycline stained teeth were divided according to staining degree into four groups: mild, moderate, severe, and very severe groups; each group had ten specimens which were repaired with IPS-EMPRESS Ⅱ ceramics veneers, bonded with Vitique Esthetic Cementation System. The ShadeEye-NCC color system was used to analyze the change in L, a and b. ΔE were calculated to compare color difference among the four groups.Before and after bonding, the values of L, a, b were significantly different (P <0.05). Mild tetracycline stained teeth bonded using resin adhesive without opaque bonding have a better effect than moderate and severe tetracycline stained teeth bonded with opaque resin adhesive; while, it is best to use other restorations to repair very severe tetracycline stained teeth. The IPS-EMPRESS Ⅱ ceramics can effectively improve the color of discolored tooth, however , the final color of the veneered teeth is easily influenced by the color of the abutment teeth. Aluting agent with color masking ability can do some improvements in the final color. An appropriate bonding agent should be chosen to perfect the final results of the veneered tooth.

scholarly journals Integrating a Low-Cost Electronic Nose and Machine Learning Modelling to Assess Coffee Aroma Profile and Intensity

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2016
Author(s):  
Claudia Gonzalez Viejo ◽  
Eden Tongson ◽  
Sigfredo Fuentes
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Quality Trait ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Aroma Profile ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Machine Learning Models

Aroma is one of the main attributes that consumers consider when appreciating and selecting a coffee; hence it is considered an important quality trait. However, the most common methods to assess aroma are based on expensive equipment or human senses through sensory evaluation, which is time-consuming and requires highly trained assessors to avoid subjectivity. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the coffee intensity and aromas using a low-cost and portable electronic nose (e-nose) and machine learning modeling. For this purpose, triplicates of six commercial coffee samples with different intensity levels were used for this study. Two machine learning models were developed based on artificial neural networks using the data from the e-nose as inputs to (i) classify the samples into low, medium, and high-intensity (Model 1) and (ii) to predict the relative abundance of 45 different aromas (Model 2). Results showed that it is possible to estimate the intensity of coffees with high accuracy (98%; Model 1), as well as to predict the specific aromas obtaining a high correlation coefficient (R = 0.99), and no under- or over-fitting of the models were detected. The proposed contactless, nondestructive, rapid, reliable, and low-cost method showed to be effective in evaluating volatile compounds in coffee, which is a potential technique to be applied within all stages of the production process to detect any undesirable characteristics on–time and ensure high-quality products.

scholarly journals Relationships between puroindoline-prolamin interactions and wheat grain hardness

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Geneix ◽  
Michèle Dalgalarrondo ◽  
Caroline Tassy ◽  
Isabelle Nadaud ◽  
Pierre Barret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Quality Trait ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Grain Hardness ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Binding Behavior ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Important Quality

AbstractGrain hardness is an important quality trait of cereal crops. In wheat, it is mainly determined by the Hardness locus that harbors genes encoding puroindoline A (PINA) and puroindoline B (PINB). Any deletion or mutation of these genes leading to the absence of PINA or to single amino acid changes in PINB leads to hard endosperms. Although it is generally acknowledged that hardness is controlled by adhesion strength between the protein matrix and starch granules, the physicochemical mechanisms connecting puroindolines and the starch-protein interactions are unknown as of this time. To explore these mechanisms, we focused on PINA. The overexpression in a hard wheat cultivar (cv. Courtot with the Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1d alleles) decreased grain hardness in a dose-related effect, suggesting an interactive process. When PINA was added to gliadins in solution, large aggregates of up to 13 µm in diameter were formed. Turbidimetry measurements showed that the PINA-gliadin interaction displayed a high cooperativity that increased with a decrease in pH from neutral to acid (pH 4) media, mimicking the pH change during endosperm development. No turbidity was observed in the presence of isolated α– and γ-gliadins, but non-cooperative interactions of PINA with these proteins could be confirmed by surface plasmon resonance. A significant higher interaction of PINA with γ-gliadins than with α–gliadins was observed. Similar binding behavior was observed with a recombinant repeated polypeptide that mimics the repeat domain of gliadins, i.e., (Pro-Gln-Gln-Pro-Tyr)8. Taken together, these results suggest that the interaction of PINA with a monomeric gliadin creates a nucleation point leading to the aggregation of other gliadins, a phenomenon that could prevent further interaction of the storage prolamins with starch granules. Consequently, the role of puroindoline-prolamin interactions on grain hardness should be addressed on the basis of previous observations that highlight the similar subcellular routing of storage prolamins and puroindolines.

scholarly journals Pecan Nut and Kernel Traits Are Related to Shelling Efficiency

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.E. Thompson ◽  
L.J. Grauke
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Carya Illinoinensis ◽  
Kernel Color ◽  
The World ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Agricultural Research Service ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service conducts the largest and oldest pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] breeding program in the world. This program evaluates thousands of nut and kernel samples each year using a standard nut and kernel evaluation system developed and refined for more than 70 years. This report relates the effectiveness of these evaluations to commercial shelling efficiency by direct comparison of these data to commercially shelled samples from the same clone performance test. Visual ratings of shelled kernel samples (1-5, with 1 = best) were correlated with time required to hand clean kernel samples (r = 0.55). As percent kernel increased, visual ratings of shelled kernels improved (decreased) (r = -0.73). More intact halves were recovered from shelled samples with the best (lowest) visual ratings (r = -0.67). Conversely, fewer pieces of any size were present in samples with the best visual ratings. Visual ratings improved as nut density decreased (r = 0.33). Samples with the lightest kernel color also had the best visual ratings (r = 0.38). These data show that the standard U.S. Dept. of Agriculture pecan nut and kernel evaluation system needs to be refined by modifying selection pressure placed on various standard evaluation traits.

scholarly journals Potato Tuber Shape Phenotyping Using RGB Imaging

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1781
Author(s):  
Jonathan A. D. Neilson ◽  
Anne M. Smith ◽  
Lilia Mesina ◽  
Rachel Vivian ◽  
Susan Smienk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potato Tuber ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Quality Trait ◽  
Tuber Shape ◽  
French Fry ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Breeding Selection ◽  
Prime Target

Potato tuber shape is an important quality trait for breeding and variety development. Length to width (L/W) ratio is a commonly used method to score potato tubers for suitability for different markets and is relatively easy to measure, though labor intensive when done manually. L/W also does not adequately capture secondary growth and other tuber malformations that contribute to tuber shape. Tuber shape has a genetic component and is a prime target for early breeding selection. In the current study we developed an image analysis pipeline to extract tuber shape statistics from images taken using inexpensive, commercially available cameras. The image processing pipeline was used to evaluate greenhouse grown tubers from 32 unique crosses. Tubers from greenhouse grown plants were then grown in a field located in Vauxhall, AB, Canada, and evaluated for tuber shape. Randomly selected tuber images were also shown to industry agronomists and potato growers located in Southern Alberta and their shape scored for suitability for processing (French fry and chipping) markets. Based on measurements taken from greenhouse grown tubers we were able to classify whether mean tuber shape from field grown plants were within ideal shape parameters for processing markets with ~76–86% accuracy. Based on performance of progeny we identified parents which show higher breeding value for tuber shape.

Response of Walnuts to Simulated Drift Rates of Bispyribac-Sodium, Bensulfuron-Methyl, and Propanil

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-415
Author(s):  
Mariano F. Galla ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Bradley D. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Quality Factor ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Separate Study ◽  
Kernel Color ◽  
Field Situation ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Low Drift

AbstractA field study was established to study symptoms, growth and yield of 2-year-old walnut trees exposure to simulated drift of several herbicides commonly used in rice production. Bispyribac-sodium, bensulfuron-methyl, and propanil were applied at four rates representing 0.5%, 1%, 3% and 10% of the normal use rate in rice (45, 70, and 6725 g ai ha−1, for the three herbicides respectively). Symptoms started to appear approximately 7 days after application (DAT) and peaked 28 DAT. At that time, bispyribac-sodium caused greater injury at low drift rates (6% and 15% visual injury for 0.5% and 1% rate, respectively) compared to bensulfuron-methyl and propanil. Bispyribac-sodium also appeared to slow walnut shoot elongation compared to nontreated trees; however, no yield reductions were observed either in the year after drift exposure. The effect of bispyribac-sodium simulated drift on the yield and nut quality in the year of drift exposure was evaluated in a separate study on 3-year-old walnut trees. While no yield or nut quality reductions were observed, a linear correlation between rate of bispyribac-sodium and color, an important quality factor, was found: higher herbicide rates tended to be associated with darker kernel color. Bispyribac-sodium may damage nearby walnut orchards if drifted at significant amounts. However, it is unlikely that in a field situation bispyribac-sodium would drift at high enough levels to cause the symptoms observed from the 10% use rates in this study.

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