Determinants of microbiological quality of drinking water in refugee camps and host communities in Gambella Region, Ethiopia

Abstract Inadequate improved water supply and sanitation, particularly in refugee camps contribute to the spread of infectious diseases. The study objective was to assess determinants of microbiological quality of drinking water in refugee camps and host communities in Gambella Region, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2016 based on structured questionnaire-based interviews and testing household water using the portable Potatest+ water quality testing kit. Data were analyzed and P values <0.05 with 95% confidence interval (CI) were considered statistically significant. Results showed there were significant differences in fecal coliform count (P value = 0.009) and free residual chlorine concentration (P value = 0.01) between the source and stored water samples. Surface water source, water shortages in the previous month, and unavailability of free residual chlorine and caregivers without formal education were the main determinants of microbiological quality of stored water. Stored water was contaminated in many households in both the refugee and host communities. Designing and implementing appropriate community education and effective hygiene promotion programs are essential in improving community knowledge of water contamination and reducing diarrhea prevalence among under-five children in refugee camps and host communities in Gambella Region.

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Kualitas air minum depot isi ulang di Banyumas

Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat ◽

10.22146/bkm.12696 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

Harry Abriandy ◽

Dibyo Pramono ◽

Susi Iravati

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Water Source ◽

Drinking Water Quality ◽

Reservoir Quality ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Environmental Hygiene

Drinking water quality of refill depots in BanyumasPurposeThis study was conducted to determine the association between water source, reservoir quality, environmental hygiene, hygiene behavioral handlers, filter size, filter quality, the use of disinfectants and the use of a coagulant with the microbiological quality of drinking water refill.MethodsThis analytic observational study used a cross-sectional design. The study population was drinking water depots that have implemented internal monitoring of drinking water quality, the selection of the sample using simple random sampling method, with the total sample of 162.ResultsA total of 140 DWD (86.42%) are eligible microbiological, 22 DWD (13.58%) are not eligible. The source of water that is the most widely used are water wells (53.09%), while the source of water from the taps and springs are used as much as 33.95% and 12.96%, respectively.ConclusionThere is no relationship between the water source, reservoir quality, environmental hygiene, hygiene behavioral handlers, the size of the filter, the use of disinfectants and the use of a coagulant with the microbiological quality of drinking water refill. There is a relationship between the quality of the filter with the microbiological quality of drinking water refill (p-value=0.0304 95%CI 1.006-10.525; PR=3.255).

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Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water in Sachets Sold in the City of Yaoundé in Cameroon: Tests of Sensitivity to the Antibiotics of Bacteria Isolated

Journal of Applied Biotechnology ◽

10.5296/jab.v8i1.16684 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

Nguepidjo Gilbert ◽

Kapso Tchouankep Mireille ◽

Ngong Ankiambom Innocent ◽

Tonmeu Douyong Chimène Sandrine ◽

Enoka Patrice ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Low Cost ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Positive Culture ◽

Human Beings ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The City

Water is the basic drink for human beings and drinking water in sachets is very popular because of its relatively low cost and availability. The aim of this study is to determine the bacteriological profile of sachet drinking water sold in the city of Yaounde. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study covering the period from March to June 2019, carried out in the application laboratory of ETMS-Yaounde. A total of 230 samples of drinking water in sachets purchased in different markets in the city of Yaounde were analyzed using Mac Conkey's flooding method. The identification was done on the API 20 E Gallery and the susceptibility test on Mueller Hinton media. The size of the sample was 230 packaged sachet drinking water and 213 of the 230 revealed 92% of positive culture of germs, and only 17 samples gave a negative culture, at a percentage of 8% of isolated germs. The isolated bacterial species and their respective abundances in samples were Enterobacter gergoviae (3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5%), Proteus mirabilis (5%), Serratia fonticola (5%), Salmonella choler arizonae cloacae (8%), Salmonella spp. (8%), Enterobacter cloacae (10%), Staphylococcus aureus (10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (28%). All these tested germs were resistant to Amoxicillin and Erythromycin and 70% of tested germs were sensitive to Gentamycin. Overall, the results revealed poor microbiological quality of these waters. This exposes consumers to health risks, and it is important to inform and sensitize consumers about the risks involved, to educate producers and to control their activities by the health services.

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Point-of-Use Water Treatment Methods and the Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water in a Peri-Urban Community of Bonendale, Douala IV, Cameroon

Austin Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology ◽

10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1093 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ngouakam H ◽

◽

Fru Cho J ◽

Tientche B ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Potential Health ◽

Coliform Count ◽

Point Of Use ◽

Dug Wells

Background: The study aimed at assessing the knowledge of Bonendale populations related to safe drinking water; determine the microbiological quality and the household treatment practices of drinking water at the point of use (PoU). Methods: The study was descriptive and cross-sectional, conducted between November 2017 and November 2018 in Bonendale, Douala IV. A systematic random sampling method was used to select 237 households. Results: The main source of drinking water in the study population was dug wells (64.9%). The major activity around the boreholes was agriculture 50% (6/12) while agriculture and livestock rearing were practiced around 34.3% (12/35) and 42.8% (15/35) of dug wells respectively. Nearly half 110 (46.4%) of respondents had a good knowledge of physical properties of drinking water. Fifty-nine water samples out of a total of 60 tested (98.3%) were contaminated by coliform bacteria. Analysis of water samples indicated that 47.6% (10/21) of dug wells, 37.0% (10/27) of Camwater, and 41.2% (5/12) of boreholes had a total coliform count varying between 101-1000 CFU/100mL. And only a single Camwater water sample 1 (137%) had a coliform count of 0 CFU/100mL. Conclusion: These findings indicated the poor microbiological quality of point water used by Bonendale populations representing an important potential health risk of water-borne diseases. The results also reveal that a very high proportion of households treat their PoU before drinking.

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KEBERADAAN BAKTERI Escherichia coli PADA AIR KOLAM RENANG UMUM

GEMA LINGKUNGAN KESEHATAN ◽

10.36568/kesling.v17i2.1059 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Indah Wahyuningtias ◽

Bambang Sunarko ◽

Iva Rustanti EW

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Swimming Pool ◽

Residual Chlorine ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

Pool Water ◽

Swimming Pool Water ◽

Escherichia Coli Bacteria

One indicator of swimming pool water pollution is the presence of Escherichia coli bacteria. Factors can caused the presence of Escherichia coli in pool water are the levels of residual chlorine, the visitors who dispose of metabolic waste (sweat, urine) in pool water and disinfection of pool that were not done properly. This study analyzes the quality of swimming pool water seen from the presence of Escherichia coli in public pool water. This study was an observational analytic that use a cross sectional research design. The sample used were public swimming pool located in the Sukodono Health Center working area with total of pools were 10, and with Fisher's exact test. The results showed that main factor affecting the presence of Escherichia coli in pool water was residual chlorine content with a p-value of 0.019 which means that there was a difference number of Escherichia coli in swimming pools containing residual chlorine and in pool water that didn’t contain residual chlorine.This study concluded that there were differences in the number of Escherichia coli bacteria in pool water containing residual chlorine and in pool water that did not contain residual chlorine. To keep the remaining chlorine in pool water in accordance with Permenkes No. 32 of 2017, pool managers should routinely check the remaining chlorine and do chlorination regularly. Keywords: Escherichia coli, residual chlor, swimming pool

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ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF THE CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL DRINKING WATER AT THE DEPOT DRINKING WATER REFILL TULUNGAGUNG DISTRICT

JOURNAL FOR QUALITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH ◽

10.30994/jqph.v1i1.10 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 104-112

Author(s):

Eka Puspitasari

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Survey Method ◽

Test Results ◽

Raw Water ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Regression Test ◽

Independent Variable

Refill drinking water Depot is an industry that does the processing of the raw water into drinking water and sell directly to the consumer. Mn metal and bacterial Coliform is an indicator of refill drinking water polluters. This research aims to find the factors influencing the quality of Microbiology and chemistry at the depot drinking water drinking water refill Tulungagung district. Research using survey method with Cross sectional approach is analytical. The sampling technique used was Simple Random Sampling with a sample of 89 depot drinking water refill. Technique of data analysis using Regression and Logistic regression test linear. Independent variable examined was the source of raw water, the depot operator hygiene of drinking water, hygiene, sanitation, which covers three aspects namely sanitary location, building and facility sanitation. The results showed from 89 depot examined known as much as 79.8% sanitation facilities are not qualified, the value of the MPN 59.55% of eligible and levels of Mn 100% qualified. From Regresilogistik test results between independent variable with the value of the MPN indicate significance of 0.008 < (α = 0.05) on sanitation facilities are variable. This means there are influences between facilities sanitation microbiological quality of drinking water. On Linear regression test results between independent variable with the value obtained significance levels of Mn 0.47 > ((α = 0.05) which means no influence between independent variables with the chemical quality of drinking water. The lack of sanitation facilities increases the potential for bacterial contamination through the operator. Therefore the availability of on-site sanitation depot drinking water is a major factor that affects the quality of drinking water microbiology refills.

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The Relationship of Drinking Water Depot Sanitation with the Presence of Coliform and Eschericia Coli

MIRACLE Journal Of Public Health ◽

10.36566/mjph/vol4.iss2/264 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 187-194

Author(s):

Asmawati Badun

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

Study Population ◽

Relationship Of

The coverage of sanitation in Indonesia, especially in drinking water, is known to have not been in accordance with the needs of the population. Likewise in Kendari District where drinking water facilities (depots) and the quality of the water produced do not meet health requirements. This study aims to determine the correlation of drinking water depot sanitation hygiene with the presence of Coliform and Eschericia Coli bacteria in Kendari District. The type of study is observational analytic with a cross-sectional study design. The study population, namely all drinking water depots in the working area of the Kendari District, amounted to 14 depots with a simple random sampling of 13 depots. Testing the data using the Fisher's Exact Test. The results of the study on sanitation hygiene of the place obtained p-value=0.014 and phi test=0.822, the results of the test on hygiene and sanitation of equipment obtained p-value=0.014 and phi test=0.822, while the sanitation hygiene of the handlers obtained p-value=0.003 and phi test=1.000. This means that there is a strong relationship between sanitation hygiene of premises, equipment and handlers with the presence of Coliform and Eschericia Coli bacteria in Kendari District. It is hoped that health center will actively conduct counseling in order to increase public insight and knowledge about sanitation hygiene of places, equipment and handlers at drinking water depots.

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Assessment of the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of packaged water sold in Nnewi, South-East Nigeria: a population health risk assessment and preventive care study

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20174809 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (11) ◽

pp. 4003

Author(s):

Uzoamaka Ugochinyere Epundu ◽

Echendu Dolly Adinma ◽

Nkiru Nwamaka Ezeama ◽

Benjamin Sunday Uzochukwu ◽

Obed Chukwunonso Epundu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Samples ◽

Potable Water ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Bottled Water ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Guideline Value ◽

Guideline Values

Background: Global statistics show that over 1.2 billion people do not have access to potable water and 70% of Nigerians lack access to potable water. Non-availability and/or lack of access to potable water predispose people to preventable life-threatening conditions. This study assessed the physical, chemical, and microbiological quality of sachet and bottled water to generate evidence for planning, policy, and intervention.Methods: The study was a cross-sectional analytic study of the quality of packaged (sachet and bottled) drinking water obtained from consumer households. The potability status of the water samples was assessed by means of qualitative assessments and quantitative laboratory tests. The results were compared to guideline values stipulated by the Nigerian Industrial Standard for Potable Water, NIS 306:2008. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study period was from April 2016 to June 2016.Results: Of the 35.0 bottled water samples, 18.0 (51.4%), 21.0 (60.0%) and 17.0 (48.6%) had their production dates, expiry dates and batch numbers. All 65.0 (100.0%) samples appeared colourless to the naked eye and visible particles were present in 3.0 (4.6%) of the total water samples. The lead content of 7.0 (23.3%) sachet and 1.0 (2.9%) bottled sample exceeded the guideline value for lead. The pH of 16.0 (53.3%) sachet samples and 27.0 (77.1%) bottled samples fell below the recommended limits for pH. Escherichia coli was found in 4.0 (13.3%) and 15.0 (42.9%) of sachet and bottled water samples.Conclusions: The study suggested that sachet and bottled water sold in Nnewi have good physical qualities, but poor chemical and microbiological qualities. More of the microbiological contaminant (E. coli) was present in the bottled water than the sachet water.

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The Factors Of Sanitary Hygiene Associated With The Bacteriological Quality Of Refill Water In Tanjungpinang

Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Andalas ◽

10.24893/jkma.v11i1.217 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

Weni Enjelina ◽

M. Syahnan Purba ◽

Zulya Erda

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Sample Selection ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Bacteriological Quality ◽

Hygiene Behaviour

The quality of drinking water in the drinking water refill depot (DAMIU) is still low. Based on the results of bacteriological testing conducted by Puskesmas in Tanjungpinang 2015, it is known that 5 samples drinking water refill (AMIU) containing coliform bacteria. This study aims to know bacteriological quality in drinking water refill and determine Factors of Hygiene sanitasion DAMIU that associated with AMIU’s bacteriological quality in Tanjungpinang city. The study design was a cross sectional study with sample of 30 DAMIU in Tanjungpinang. Sample selection is done by proportional random sampling. Data were analyzed using Chi square test. The results showed that 20% AMIU containing germs total , but for E.coli, 100% not containing. Building sanitation, processing tools sanitation and galon sanitation most of drinking water refill already eligible and not related with germs total number, only Operator hygiene that 53% eligible and related with germs total number (p value 0,017). The study conclude that 20% AMIU containing germs total. Operator hygiene factor related with germs total. To prevent the presence of germs in drinking water refill, the operator should apply hygiene behaviour and have certificate of seminar and training about hygiene and sanitary processing of DAMIU

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The Factors Of Sanitary Hygiene Associated With The Bacteriological Quality Of Refill Water In Tanjungpinang

Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Andalas ◽

10.24893/jkma.11.1.33-38.2016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

Weni Enjelina ◽

M. Syahnan Purba ◽

Zulya Erda

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Sample Selection ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Bacteriological Quality ◽

Hygiene Behaviour

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Away-from-home drinking water consumption practices and the microbiological quality of water consumed in rural western Kenya

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2011.115 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 628-636 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

W. Onyango-Ouma ◽

Charles P. Gerba

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Western Kenya ◽

Household Level ◽

Point Of Use ◽

Quality Of Water ◽

Consumption Practices

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to examine away-from-home drinking water consumption practices and the microbiological quality of water consumed in rural western Kenya. The study involved adults and schoolchildren. Data were collected using focus group discussions, questionnaire survey, observations, diaries and interviews. The findings suggest that away-from-home drinking water consumption is a common practice in the study area; however, the microbiological quality of the water consumed is poor. While some respondents perceive the water to be safe for drinking mainly because of the clear colour of the water, others are forced by circumstances to drink the water as it is owing to a lack of alternative safe sources. It is concluded that there is a need for new innovative approaches to address away-from-home drinking water consumption in resource-poor settings in order to complement and maximize the benefits of point-of-use water treatment at the household level.

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