scholarly journals Alterations in Various Biochemical Parameters Among Covid-19 Patients: An Observational Retrospective Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1648-1659
Author(s):  
Arul Senghor K. Aravaanan
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Total Bilirubin ◽  
Ferritin Level ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Indirect Bilirubin ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Study Participants

Novel coronavirus causing the pandemic infectious disease termed as COVID-19 is characterized by respiratory illness which may lead on to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ferritin is a key mediator of immune dysregulation leading on to cytokine storm. Alterations in various biochemical parameters have been widely reported in COVID-19. Early identification of effective biomarkers to assess the severity of this disease is essential. Our study was aimed to evaluate the variations in the routinely analysed biochemical parameters and their association with ferritin levels among COVID patients. The study participants consisted of 270 members among which 149 were COVID positive and 121 were negative. Analysis of the routine biochemical parameters as well as ferritin level were carried out. Among the 149 positive cases, 84 (56.4%) were mild positive with ferritin levels <500ng/ml and 65 (43.6%) were severe positive with ferritin levels >500ng/ml. We reported significant increase in serum ferritin levels in severe positive samples (1449.84 ± 249.47) compared to mild positive samples (230.04 ± 17.41). We observed increased levels of total bilirubin in 12.7%, direct bilirubin in 16.8%, indirect bilirubin in 8.7%, AST in 65.8%, ALT in 44.3%, ALP in 9.4%, GGT in 51.7%, urea in 18.4%, creatinine in 14.3%, BUN in 18.4% and decreased levels of total protein and albumin in 23.5% positive patients compared to negative patients. Ferritin and its associated biochemical parameters act as predictors of COVID severity. These biochemical alterations suggest the significance of early risk assessment and monitoring of COVID patients.

SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind Hollingsworth
Keyword(s):  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Asymptomatic Infections ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus which emerged in Wuhan, China in 2019, and from there spread to other parts of mainland China and around the world. The virus spreads mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. On average, the time from exposure to SARS-CoV-2 to the appearance of symptoms is 5–6 days but can range from 1–14 days. Asymptomatic infections with SARS-CoV-2 can occur. In those with symptoms, most people (approx. 80%) will experience a mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without hospital management. Adults 65 years of age and older, and individuals of any age with underlying medical conditions, are at increased risk for severe COVID-19 and death. Complications include respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis/septic shock, thromboembolism, multiorgan failure and death. In rare cases, children and adults can develop a severe inflammatory syndrome a few weeks after SARS-COV-2 infection. Vaccines are available to help prevent COVID-19 disease; by August 2021, 7 vaccines had been authorized for use by the WHO to prevent COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, with others approved by country regulatory authorities.

scholarly journals Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-73
Author(s):  
Ernest Kenu ◽  
Joseph Frimpong ◽  
Kwadwo Koram
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The disease was christened COVID-19 and the pathogen (an RNA virus) identified as SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).1,2 The virus is primarily spread through contact with small droplets produced from coughing, sneezing, or talking by an infected person. While a substantial proportion of infected individuals may remain asymptomatic, the most common symptoms in clinical cases include, fever, cough, acute respiratory distress, fatigue, and failure to resolve over 3 to 5 days of antibiotic treatment. Complications may include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome.3 Over five million confirmed cases of COVID-19 has been recorded globally with more than 300,000 deaths as at 25th May 2020. The United States of America has recorded the highest number of cases with more than 1.5 million and over 100,000 deaths.4 In Africa, more than 90,0000 cases have been reported with about 3,000 deaths. South Africa has recorded the highest number of cases with 23,615 cases and 481 deaths. Ghana confirmed its first cases of COVID-19 on 12th March 2020 and had as at 25 May 2020 recorded over 7,000 cases with 34 deaths.5  

scholarly journals Multiorgan Involvement in COVID-19 and Possible Therapies

2020 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Prachee Sathe ◽  
Vijay Sundar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractIn late 2019, China reported cases of respiratory illness in humans, which involved a novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (also known as 2019-nCoV). The World Health Organization (WHO) termed the disease COVID-19 (i.e., Coronavirus disease 2019). Most of the morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 is largely due to acute viral pneumonitis that leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This article will discuss the clinical features of the multiorgan involvement in COVID-19 as well as the management of patients who become critically ill due to COVID-19.

scholarly journals Біохімічні зміни в сироватці крові свиней хворих на трихуроз

2015 ◽  
pp. 124-126
Author(s):  
В. В. Мельничук ◽  
О. С. Назаренко ◽  
С. І. Назаренко
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Total Bilirubin ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Liver Parenchyma ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Indirect Bilirubin ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
The Impact

Наведені результати гематологічних дослідженьщодо визначення впливу збудника трихурозу свинейна біохімічні показники сироватки крові інвазованихтварин. Встановлено, що паразитування трихурисівв організмі поросят призводить до достовірногозниження вмісту загального білка, альбумінів і зрос-тання вмісту загального білірубіну, непрямого біліру-біну й активності ферментів у сироватці крові.Отримані дані свідчать про залучення у патологіч-ний процес паренхіми печінки, серцевого м'яза і гла-денької мускулатури кишечника. The results of hematological studies to determine the impact of the pathogen of trichurosis of pigs on blood serum biochemical parameters infested animals are presented. We established that trichurises’ parasites in the body of pigs leads to a significant reduction of total protein, albumin and increase of total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin and enzyme activity in blood serum. These data suggest about involvement of liver parenchyma in the pathological process, cardiac muscle and smooth muscles of the intestine.

scholarly journals Emerging Mechanisms of Pulmonary Vasoconstriction in SARS-CoV-2-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and Potential Therapeutic Targets

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Karmouty-Quintana ◽  
Rajarajan A. Thandavarayan ◽  
Steven P. Keller ◽  
Sandeep Sahay ◽  
Lavannya M. Pandit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
1918 Influenza ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The 1918 influenza killed approximately 50 million people in a few short years, and now, the world is facing another pandemic. In December 2019, a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused an international outbreak of a respiratory illness termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and rapidly spread to cause the worst pandemic since 1918. Recent clinical reports highlight an atypical presentation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 patients characterized by severe hypoxemia, an imbalance of the renin–angiotensin system, an increase in thrombogenic processes, and a cytokine release storm. These processes not only exacerbate lung injury but can also promote pulmonary vascular remodeling and vasoconstriction, which are hallmarks of pulmonary hypertension (PH). PH is a complication of ARDS that has received little attention; thus, we hypothesize that PH in COVID-19-induced ARDS represents an important target for disease amelioration. The mechanisms that can promote PH following SARS-CoV-2 infection are described. In this review article, we outline emerging mechanisms of pulmonary vascular dysfunction and outline potential treatment options that have been clinically tested.

scholarly journals Covid-19 Pandemic-Insights and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 070-087
Author(s):  
Lakshmi S ◽  
Shehna S ◽  
Vimal S ◽  
Midhu GV ◽  
Shiny DV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The Public ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Genetic Makeup ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak affected a large number of deaths with millions of confirmed cases worldwide. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is associated with respiratory illness that lead to severe pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Although related to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Covid-19 shows some unique pathogenetic, epidemiological and clinical features. On the basis of the phylogenetic relationship as well as genomic structures, the Covid-19 belongs to genera Betacoronavirus. Human Betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV) have shared similarities, yet differences also in their genomic and phenotypic level that influence the pathogenesis. To gain knowledge regarding the pathophysiology and virulence of the Covid-19 virus, it is absolutely necessary to understand its genetic makeup, transmission, virulence factors, risk factors, diagnosis, clinical presentations, outcome predictions, management of risk factors and ways to control the disease thus providing an insight to the current or future treatment and management protocols. To provide a review of the differences in pathogenesis, epidemiology and clinical features of Covid-19, its transmission and replication dynamics, genome organization, current clinical trials and vaccine development strategies, Immunoinformatics, diagnostics and ways to control the pandemic, inorder to raise an increasing awareness, both to the public and for scientific perspectives.

scholarly journals Review on the Systemic Damage and Biochemical Alterations Associated with COVID-19 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 34-57
Author(s):  
Yiglet Mebrat
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Total Bilirubin ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
The People ◽  
Daily Report ◽  
The World ◽  
Hematological Manifestations

According to the WHO daily report, the world lost 4.3 million peoples and more than 203 million of the people were infected by the epidemic till August 10, 2021. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) is a respiratory disease and it is a systemic infection with cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, neurological, and hematological manifestations, leading to death. Many biomarkers reflecting the main pathophysiological characteristics of the disease have been associated with the risk of developing severe disease. Biochemical changes like leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, cytokine storm, decreased albumin, increase in ALT, total bilirubin, LDH, and procalcitonin levels are significant predictors of ICU admitted COVID-19 patients. So, monitoring of biochemical parameters in COVID-19 patients is critical for assessing disease severity and progression as well as monitoring therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Associations between different bilirubin subtypes and diabetic microvascular complications in middle-aged and elderly individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 204201882093789
Author(s):  
Heng Wan ◽  
Hui Zhu ◽  
Yuying Wang ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Bilirubin ◽  
Microvascular Complications ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Indirect Bilirubin ◽  
Fundus Photographs ◽  
Diabetic Microvascular Complications ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Fourth Quartile

Aims: Some studies have reported associations between bilirubin and diabetic microvascular complications. However, these studies focused only on total bilirubin (TBIL) without distinguishing different bilirubin subtypes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the associations of TBIL, direct bilirubin (DBIL) and indirect bilirubin (IBIL) levels with albuminuria/creatinine ratio (ACR) and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among diabetic adults. Methods: We analyzed 4368 individuals out of 4813 diabetic participants enrolled from seven communities in 2018 in a cross-sectional study. Participants underwent several checkups, including the measurement of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, glucose, lipid profile, TBIL, DBIL, IBIL and ACR. DR was detected by high-quality fundus photographs and was remotely read by ophthalmologists. Results: Compared with the first quartile of DBIL, participants in the fourth quartile had a lower prevalence of high ACR (odds ratio (OR) 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59, 0.99) ( p for trend < 0.05). Neither TBIL nor IBIL was associated with the prevalence of high ACR. In DR, higher DBIL and TBIL by one standard deviation was associated with a 19% (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.69, 0.94) and a 12% (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.78, 0.99) lower frequency of DR, respectively (both p for trend < 0.05). However, IBIL was not associated with the prevalence of DR. These associations were adjusted for potential confounding factors. Conclusion: DBIL had a stronger association with high ACR and DR than TBIL or IBIL did in diabetic adults. The effect of DBIL on diabetic complications should be noted and investigated in further studies.

scholarly journals An evidence-based systematic review on emerging therapeutic and preventive strategies to treat novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) during an outbreak scenario

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupama M. Gudadappanavar ◽  
Jyoti Benni
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Recombinant Vaccines ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Full Length Genome

AbstractA novel coronavirus infection coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged from Wuhan, Hubei Province of China, in December 2019 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is believed to be originated from bats in the local wet markets. Later, animal to human and human-to-human transmission of the virus began and resulting in widespread respiratory illness worldwide to around more than 180 countries. The World Health Organization declared this disease as a pandemic in March 2020. There is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available to be used against COVID-19. Nevertheless, few broad-spectrum antiviral drugs have been studied against COVID-19 in clinical trials with clinical recovery. In the current review, we summarize the morphology and pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection. A strong rational groundwork was made keeping the focus on current development of therapeutic agents and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Among the proposed therapeutic regimen, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, remdisevir, azithromycin, toclizumab and cromostat mesylate have shown promising results, and limited benefit was seen with lopinavir–ritonavir treatment in hospitalized adult patients with severe COVID-19. Early development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine started based on the full-length genome analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Several subunit vaccines, peptides, nucleic acids, plant-derived, recombinant vaccines are under pipeline. This article concludes and highlights ongoing advances in drug repurposing, therapeutics and vaccines to counter COVID-19, which collectively could enable efforts to halt the pandemic virus infection.

scholarly journals Measurement and clinical usefulness of bilirubin in liver disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Raúl Guerra Ruiz ◽  
Javier Crespo ◽  
Rosa Maria López Martínez ◽  
Paula Iruzubieta ◽  
Gregori Casals Mercadal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Ducts ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Liver Lesion ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Direct Bilirubin ◽  
Liver Uptake ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Indirect Bilirubin ◽  
Impaired Liver ◽  
Direct Spectrophotometry

Abstract Elevated plasma bilirubin levels are a frequent clinical finding. It can be secondary to alterations in any stage of its metabolism: (a) excess bilirubin production (i.e., pathologic hemolysis); (b) impaired liver uptake, with elevation of indirect bilirubin; (c) impaired conjugation, prompted by a defect in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase; and (d) bile clearance defect, with elevation of direct bilirubin secondary to defects in clearance proteins, or inability of the bile to reach the small bowel through bile ducts. A liver lesion of any cause reduces hepatocyte cell number and may impair the uptake of indirect bilirubin from plasma and diminish direct bilirubin transport and clearance through the bile ducts. Various analytical methods are currently available for measuring bilirubin and its metabolites in serum, urine and feces. Serum bilirubin is determined by (1) diazo transfer reaction, currently, the gold-standard; (2) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); (3) oxidative, enzymatic, and chemical methods; (4) direct spectrophotometry; and (5) transcutaneous methods. Although bilirubin is a well-established marker of liver function, it does not always identify a lesion in this organ. Therefore, for accurate diagnosis, alterations in bilirubin concentrations should be assessed in relation to patient anamnesis, the degree of the alteration, and the pattern of concurrent biochemical alterations.

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