scholarly journals Hybrid Threats: Essence, Characteristics, Preconditions for Escalation

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (49) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
N. H. Kalyuzhna ◽  
◽  
T. K. Kovtun ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Weak States ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
National Economies

The article aims at clarifying the essence of hybrid threats through systematizing their key characteristics and determining preconditions for conflict escalation. Common definitions of hybrid threats are considered and the lack of a unified approach to their interpretation is emphasized given their diversity and comprehensive nature. The high destructive potential of hybrid threats due to their hidden nature and focus on the most vulnerable aspects of the hybrid aggression object are substantiated. The specifics of carrying out hybrid threats in the economic sphere is analyzed, and the example of foreign trade relations between Ukraine and the Russian Federation shows that the economic sphere serves as a space for hiding and deformalizing a hybrid conflict. The essence of the synergetic effect made by the synchronous realization of hybrid threats in different confrontation areas is considered. It is demonstrated that the key feature of hybrid conflicts is their staying outside the legally justified intervention of other states and international organizations. Emphasis is placed on the rapid spread of hybrid threats in the economic sphere and on the special risks that conflicts hybridization creates for economically weak states. Another important feature of hybrid threats is identified, namely, the high probability of their escalation due to unforeseen events, the global pandemic COVID-19 in particular. It is substantiated that the expected risk of the post-pandemic period is the transition of most national economies to protectionist policies, which will inevitably increase the risk of hybrid threats escalation for economically weak states due to the desire of more powerful states to protect their national economic interests. Having analyzed the specifics of hybrid threats and understanding hybridity as a result of combining different forms, the authors identify the key characteristics of hybrid threats and further combine them into the following groups according to their essence: general aspects; specifics of methods and tools; areas of implementation; prerequisites for efficiency.

scholarly journals China – Tariff Rate Quotas for Certain Agricultural Products: Against the Grain: Can the WTO Open Chinese Markets? A Contaminated Experiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Joseph Glauber ◽  
Simon Lester
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Tariff Rate ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Tariff Rate Quotas ◽  
International Obligations ◽  
Trade Relationship ◽  
Key Issues

Abstract The US complaint about Chinese tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) on certain grain products helps illustrate several key issues in US–China trade relations and the effectiveness of WTO disputes. First, do international obligations based on transparency and fairness work in relation to an authoritarian country not known for the rule of law domestically? Second, can there be a disconnect between the legal aspects of a dispute and the underlying economic interests, with a DSB ruling sometimes not leading to improved trade flows? And third, given the bilateral trade war and ‘phase one’ trade deal between the United States and China, has the WTO been superseded in this trade relationship? This paper summarizes the facts and law of the China–TRQs dispute, and examines each of these questions in that context.

Main Characteristics of Vietnam–China Trade Relations, 2000–15

China Report ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-366
Author(s):  
Ngo Xuan Binh
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Imbalance ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
The North ◽  
China Trade ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
The Relationship

Entering the 21st century, trade relations between Vietnam and China have grown strongly, making positive contributions to the economic development of the two countries. However, the relationship in the period 2000–15 also witnessed a number of thorny issues such as a serious trade imbalance against Vietnam, the ‘North to South’ nature in the import and export structure of the two countries, Vietnam’s growing dependence on bilateral trade with China, and so on. These issues have affected negatively Vietnam’s economy. Based on data analysis, the author identifies the key characteristics of trade relations between Vietnam and China and highlights possible solutions for Vietnam to move its trade relations with China in a more balanced direction.

scholarly journals Emphasize personal health benefits to boost COVID-19 vaccination rates

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (32) ◽  
pp. e2108225118
Author(s):  
Madison Ashworth ◽  
Linda Thunström ◽  
Todd L. Cherry ◽  
Stephen C. Newbold ◽  
David C. Finnoff
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Personal Health ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Multiple Messages ◽  
National Economies ◽  
The Impact

The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines is a tremendous scientific response to the current global pandemic. However, vaccines per se do not save lives and restart economies. Their success depends on the number of people getting vaccinated. We used a survey experiment to examine the impact on vaccine intentions of a variety of public health messages identified as particularly promising: three messages that emphasize different benefits from the vaccines (personal health, the health of others, and the recovery of local and national economies) and one message that emphasizes vaccine safety. Because people will likely be exposed to multiple messages in the real world, we also examined the effect of these messages in combination. Based on a nationally quota representative sample of 3,048 adults in the United States, our findings suggest that several forms of public messages can increase vaccine intentions, but messaging that emphasizes personal health benefits had the largest impact.

scholarly journals Transformation of Criteria for the Efficiency of Economic Activities of Countries in the Context of the Modern Model of Globalization

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galina Makarova ◽  
Vasilii Rudyakov
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Location ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
National Economies

Although macroeconomics as an independent economic science emerged only in the twen­tieth century, the first steps in developing the macroeconomic aspect of efficiency were taken several centuries earlier — beginning from the 16th — 17th centuries — at the pre-industrial stage of development of society. Due to the underdevelopment of the production sphere, the search for sources of growth in the efficiency of national economies at that time was mainly carried out from the most general economic positions — as an integral part of solving the main task of the economics of those eras — searching for ways and means of increasing the wealth of nations. At the same time, naturally, among the first were the climatic and foreign economic factors of increasing the efficiency of national economies. For example, factors related to identifying the advantages of various countries in a geographic location and the ability to solve their economic problems by using the most advantageous options for organizing and conducting foreign economic and trade relations. The transition of developed countries to new stages of development — industrial and postindustrial, as well as the selection by John M. Keynes of the new direction of economic research — macroeconomics, historically leads both to a deepening of the meaning of the very category of “macroeconomic efficiency” and to more detailed studies of factors affecting it.

scholarly journals Importance of «weak» states during conflicts: Portuguese trade with the United States during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Moreira ◽  
Jari Eloranta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Weak States ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Total War ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Peninsular War ◽  
International Trading

AbstractThis paper focuses on the analysis of weak states in the international trading system during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic crises, especially on Portugal's trade relations with the United States. We argue that the previous studies of the trade flows during these conflicts have not paid enough attention on smaller actors. Even though the Peninsular War caused severe disruption of agricultural production in Portugal, the United States, despite its strained relations with an ally of Portugal, Great Britain, became a key supplier for the Portuguese market. Clearly, the threatened position of the peninsula, and the need to supply the troops, awarded the Portuguese some room to manoeuvre in the international markets. Total war was not a constraint for all states — economic necessities trumped political and diplomatic concerns during the era of the first real-world wars. This situation was a temporary one, only to change after the conflict.

Economic policy and development in Austrian Lombardy, 1815–1859

Modern Italy ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert Pichler
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
The Political ◽  
Italian Economy ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Material Interests ◽  
Systematic Relationships ◽  
The One

SummaryThe question of economic integration is not new in Europe. Historically, the birth and construction of nation-states was important in stimulating interest in the systematic relationships between political and economic integration. In the case of the multinational structure of the Habsburg monarchy in the nineteenth century, the result was an economic policy that, for political reasons, aimed to unite the material interests of a state that was completely heterogeneous in other respects. Lombardy was a case in point. Traditionally the region had been in the economic vanguard in central Europe. When it again became part of Austria in 1815 it also became subject to the imperial policy of political integration. As a result its economic priorities were partially reformulated. On the one hand, Austria had a protectionist system aimed at autarky which made incentives to industrial production a priority. Lombardy's purely mercantilist outlook, on the other hand, was based around the production of a few highly specialized goods, most notably silk, for export. Conflict between economic interests in Lombardy was the inevitable result. Nevertheless, the imperial government had to take account of the fact that it was impossible to restrict Lombardy's international trade relations exclusively to the Austrian market. And the problems that beset any effort to tie the Lombard economy into a denser network of relationships with the Austrian market were not due to the political formation of the Italian nation because Northern Italy, and Lombardy in particular, continued to occupy an anomalous position within the context of the Italian economy.

scholarly journals SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES UNDER GLOBALIZATION: ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCES

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (0) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Butkus ◽  
Smiltė Jonušaitė
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Economic Globalization ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Weak States ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
National Economies

Globalization is a process, which means the interrelationship of national economies across the whole world in affairs such as labor, trade, investment and the movement of services, goods and people with their knowledge and traditions. The phenomenon of globalization progresses all the time and involves total fields of the country. It can be claimed that every matter has its own advantages and disadvantages, globalization is not an exception. Because of these reasons, the study compares economic globalization, which manifests itself differently depending on the effects of globalization. Therefore, research objective – impact of globalization on strong and weak states of economic processes. Research objective – to analyze the contact of globalization on economic growth. Continuing, empirical research has chosen to investigate the interaction of some economic factors with real GDP, which is one of the main economic indicators characterizing the country’s economic development. The main idea in the future – to include as many economic factors as possible in the study in order to achieve more accurate results.

scholarly journals DARI MONOPOLI HINGGA PELABUHAN BEBAS: AKTIVITAS PERDAGANGAN DI KARESIDENAN TERNATE 1854-1930

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Rustam Hasim
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Free Port ◽  
Trade Control ◽  
Dutch Colonial

This paper discusses trading practices conducted in the Ternate Residency after the Dutch turned the port in the residence as a free port in 1854. In line with this policy, several major export and import materials supported the growth of the port meanwhile clove commodities did not become superior goods due to Hongotochten and extirpate policies in the VOC period. This fact shows that the policy of turning into the free port in 1854 was not only apart of the intention to control the economic resources within Ternate Area, but also to create Ternate as a colonial area under the Dutch’s control. This, in fact, opened a new chapter for trading activities in the region. The purpose of this policy is to attract and concentrate the commercial activities of the indigenous population to the free port under the supervision of the Dutch colonial for they hoped to prevent an indigenous merchant from establishing trade relations with other European nations. This study found that in 1854 the Dutch government made Ternate a free port is the implementation of a free port as the first step to protect economic interests, besides it is intended to place the Dutch in maintaining trade control in the territory of the colony.    

A word about . . . Called for such a time as this

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-145
Author(s):  
LeAnn Snow Flesher
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
National Economies ◽  
We The People ◽  
At Home

The years 2020 and 2021 are some of the most unusual and memorable in the lives of those on the planet today. The world has been united in its efforts to address and eliminate a global pandemic. The pandemic has heightened our awareness of the intersectionality of class, gender, race, and more, at home and abroad. With health concerns at a zenith, national economies at risk, racial tensions at an all-time high, and environmental concerns looming, we, the people, are called to step up to do our part to bring solutions, resolutions, and conclusions. This moment is not one to sit back and wait, rather a moment for everyone to do their part. We are living on this planet together—each of us has a role to play. What is your role? Do you know?

SYNERGISM IN ORDER FORMATION FROM UNSTABLE FLUCTUATIONS

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 1250001 ◽  
Author(s):  
MASUO SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Analysis ◽  
Statistical Physics ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Planck Equation ◽  
New Order ◽  
Stochastic Integrals ◽  
Simple Derivation ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
Unstable States

The present paper reviews some general aspects of the stochastic analysis performed by the author in the field of statistical physics, particularly concerning the order formation from unstable states. First, a brief review and some new results are given on the generalization of the Itô-type and Stratonovich-type stochastic integrals. Their physical meaning is also discussed form the viewpoint of symmetry. Secondly, Kubo's stochastic Liouville equation is presented from the viewpoint of separation of procedures, to give a simple derivation of the Fokker–Planck equation. Thirdly, the scaling theory of order formation from the unstable point is re-formulated by introducing here a new order parameter to characterize macroscopic order formation and to clarify the synergetic effect of the initial fluctuation, random noise and nonlinearity. Finally, some discussions are given, particularly concerning applications of the Hida calculus based on the Gelfand triplet space.

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