scholarly journals APPLICATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES IN ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshi Mahavir ◽  
Lata Sneh ◽  
Kanwar Preeti ◽  
Mishra Tulika
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Cell Wall Disruption

There are many infectious diseases that may be biofilm mediated, medical device-mediated or from some other agent, are now becoming life-threatening. Despite of availability of many antimicrobial agents, new drugs or therapeutics, these infections have continued to be a global health challenge. Nowadays, conventional antimicrobial agents have failed against many infections due to the emergence of multiple drug-resistant strains. Even, if there is a therapeutic efficacy of these drugs, there inappropriate amounts are resulting in an adequate therapeutic index, local and systematic side effects, including irritation, reduction in gut flora and other manifestations. To overcome such situations, nanostructures have exclusive physicochemical properties as they are ultra small, their size can be controlled, greater surface area to mass ratio, high reactivity and functionalizable structure. Encapsulation of antimicrobial drugs in these nanoparticle systems helps in reducing many side effects. It also helps in the sustained release of drug for a larger time period. Several metal and metal oxide nanoparticles such as silver, gold, zinc, etc. have shown a promising antimicrobial activity. Liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and solid lipid nanoparticles have achieved great success as efficient antimicrobial drug delivery systems. These nanoparticles use multiple biological pathways to exert their antimicrobial mechanism such as cell wall disruption, inhibition of RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, etc. Moreover,these preparations of nanoparticles are more cost-effective than that of antibiotic synthesis with lesser or no side effects.

scholarly journals Multifunctional Therapeutic Potential of Phytocomplexes and Natural Extracts for Antimicrobial Properties

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1076
Author(s):  
Md. Mominur Rahman ◽  
Md. Saidur Rahaman ◽  
Md. Rezaul Islam ◽  
Md. Emon Hossain ◽  
Faria Mannan Mithi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Natural Extracts

Natural products have been known for their antimicrobial factors since time immemorial. Infectious diseases are a worldwide burden that have been deteriorating because of the improvement of species impervious to various anti-infection agents. Hence, the distinguishing proof of antimicrobial specialists with high-power dynamic against MDR microorganisms is central to conquer this issue. Successful treatment of infection involves the improvement of new drugs or some common source of novel medications. Numerous naturally occurring antimicrobial agents can be of plant origin, animal origin, microbial origin, etc. Many plant and animal products have antimicrobial activities due to various active principles, secondary metabolites, or phytochemicals like alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, essential oils, flavonoids, lectins, phagocytic cells, and many other organic constituents. Phytocomplexes’ antimicrobial movement frequently results from a few particles acting in cooperative energy, and the clinical impacts might be because of the direct effects against microorganisms. The restorative plants that may furnish novel medication lead the antimicrobial movement. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial properties of the phytocomplexes and natural extracts of the plants that are ordinarily being utilized as conventional medications and then recommended the chance of utilizing them in drugs for the treatment of multiple drug-resistant disease.

Colloidal Nanocarriers as Versatile Targeted Delivery Systems for Cervical Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (40) ◽  
pp. 5174-5187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abimanyu Sugumaran ◽  
Vishali Mathialagan
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Normal Tissues

Background: The second most common malignant cancer of the uterus is cervical cancer, which is present worldwide, has a rising death rate and is predominant in developing countries. Different classes of anticancer agents are used to treat cervical carcinoma. The use of these agents results in severe untoward side-effects, toxicity, and multidrug resistance (MDR) with higher chances of recurrence and spread beyond the pelvic region. Moreover, the resulting clinical outcome remains very poor even after surgical procedures and treatment with conventional chemotherapy. Because of the nonspecificity of their use, the agents wipe out both cancerous and normal tissues. Colloidal nano dispersions have now been focusing on site-specific delivery for cervical cancer, and there has been much advancement. Methods: This review aims to highlight the problems in the current treatment of cervical cancer and explore the potential of colloidal nanocarriers for selective delivery of anticancer drugs using available literature. Results: In this study, we surveyed the role and potential of different colloidal nanocarriers in cervical cancer, such as nanoemulsion, nanodispersions, polymeric nanoparticles, and metallic nanoparticles and photothermal and photodynamic therapy. We found significant advancement in colloidal nanocarrier-based cervical cancer treatment. Conclusion: Cervical cancer-targeted treatment with colloidal nanocarriers would hopefully result in minimal toxic side effects, reduced dosage frequency, and lower MDR incidence and enhance the patient survival rates. The future direction of the study should be focused more on the regulatory barrier of nanocarriers based on clinical outcomes for cervical cancer targeting with cost-effective analysis.

Phytochemical composition of different plant parts of Acacia nilotica (L.) and their medicinal values

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Mansi Srivastva ◽  
Gargi Singh ◽  
Laxmi Parwani ◽  
Jaspreet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Acacia Nilotica ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Phytochemical Composition ◽  
Antiplatelet Aggregation

Plant-derived medicines are long being used for the prevention and treatment of various human ailments. For the last few decades, plants are widely being explored for their active ingredients due to their immense potential in the treatment of critical illnesses. Thus, in recent years, exponential growth can be seen in the field of herbal medicines. Medicinal plants are a unique source of valuable phytochemicals. Their use in different medicine systems is gradually increasing due to their cost-effectiveness, easy availability and natural origin with fewer or no side effects. Acacia nilotica (L.) is a member of the family Fabaceae, commonly found in tropical and sub-tropical regions and the plant is widely known for its enormous medicinal values. Every plant part of A. nilotica is a source of many bioactive important secondary metabolites that are widely useful for the cure of various human diseases and the development of new drugs. An exhaustive literature survey revealed that tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, fatty acids and carbohydrates are present as major classes of phytochemicals in different plant parts of A. nilotica. These phytochemicals exhibit significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiarrheal, antihypertensive, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, antiplatelet aggregation, anticancer and antiviral activities. The present review is aimed to organize the comprehensive information available on phytochemical composition and medicinal properties of different plant parts of A. nilotica viz. leaves, bark, flowers, seeds, pods, gum and roots. The study is useful to explore the therapeutic potential of different plant parts of A. nilotica which will further help in the development of new promising, safe, cost-effective drugs with a high therapeutic index from the different parts of the Acacia plant.

scholarly journals Assessment of Clofazimine and TB47 Combination Activity against Mycobacterium abscessus Using a Bioluminescent Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Yaoju Tan ◽  
M. Mahmudul Islam ◽  
Yuanyuan Cao ◽  
Xiaoyun Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Mycobacterium Abscessus ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Mycobacterium abscessus is intrinsically resistant to most antimicrobial agents. The emerging infections caused by M. abscessus and the lack of effective treatment call for rapid attention. Here, we intended to construct a selectable marker-free autoluminescent M. abscessus strain (designated UAlMab) as a real-time reporter strain to facilitate the discovery of effective drugs and regimens for treating M. abscessus. The UAlMab strain was constructed using the dif/Xer recombinase system. In vitro and in vivo activities of several drugs, including clofazimine and TB47, a recently reported cytochrome bc1 inhibitor, were assessed using UAlMab. Furthermore, the efficacy of multiple drug combinations, including the clofazimine and TB47 combination, were tested against 20 clinical M. abscessus isolates. The UAlMab strain enabled us to evaluate drug efficacy both in vitro and in live BALB/c mice in a real-time, noninvasive fashion. Importantly, although TB47 showed marginal activity either alone or in combination with clarithromycin, amikacin, or roxithromycin, the drug markedly potentiated the activity of clofazimine, both in vitro and in vivo. This study demonstrates that the use of the UAlMab strain can significantly facilitate rapid evaluation of new drugs and regimens. The clofazimine and TB47 combination is effective against M. abscessus, and dual/triple electron transport chain (ETC) targeting can be an effective therapeutic approach for treating mycobacterial infections.

Repurposing of Existing Statin Drugs for Treatment of Microbial Infections: How Much Promising?

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritika Rana ◽  
Ruchika Sharma ◽  
Anoop Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
Statin Drugs ◽  
Novel Drug

Today’s microbial infections’ resistance to approved drugs, the emergence of new infectious diseases and lack of vaccines, create a huge threat to human health. Thus, there is an urgent need to create novel antimicrobial agents, but the high cost and prolonged timeline of novel drug discovery and development is the major barrier to make new drugs. Therefore, there is a need for specific cost effective approaches in order to identify new drugs for the treatment of various microbial infections. Drug repurposition is an alternative technique to find existing clinically approved drugs for other indications. This approach may enhance the portfolio of Pharmaceutical companies by reducing the time and money required for the development of new chemical entity. In literature, various studies have reported some encouraging results regarding the antimicrobial use of existing statin drugs. Further, some clinical studies have also shown the protective effect of statin drugs in reduction of the morbidity and mortality due to many infectious diseases but complete understanding is still lacking. Thus, there is a need for better understanding of the use of statin drugs, especially in the context of antimicrobial effects. In this review, we try to summarize the use of statin drugs in various infectious diseases and their proposed antimicrobial mechanism of action. Further, current challenges and future perspectives of repurposition of statin drugs as antimicrobial agents have also been discussed.

Assuring the Safety and Effectiveness of New Drugs: Rigorous Phase IV Trials Randomizing General Practices to Delayed Access to New Drugs

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-59
Author(s):  
Joy Adamson ◽  
Tjeerd Van Staa ◽  
David Torgerson
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Cluster Trial ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
General Practices ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Phase Iv

Randomized trials are crucial for establishing the effectiveness of new drugs and procedures. However, they are less effective at detecting uncommon but clinically significant side effects. We propose a solution. All UK general practices could be randomized to be allowed to prescribe new licenced drugs earlier or later. This would produce a large pragmatic cluster trial which could enable rare, but harmful, effects to be demonstrated more quickly than the current usual practice of looking for harmful events in observational datasets. Given current computerization of practice records such an approach is feasible and likely to be cost-effective.

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant HIV: Past, Present, and Future

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Harris ◽  
Bohdan Nosyk ◽  
Richard Harrigan ◽  
Viviane Dias Lima ◽  
Calvin Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Early Years ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Highly Active

In the early years of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, HIV with resistance to two or more agents in different antiretroviral classes posed a significant clinical challenge. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV was an important cause of treatment failure, morbidity, and mortality. Treatment options at the time were limited; multiple drug regimens with or without enfuvirtide were used with some success but proved to be difficult to sustain for reasons of tolerability, toxicity, and cost. Starting in 2006, data began to emerge supporting the use of new drugs from the original antiretroviral classes (tipranavir, darunavir, and etravirine) and drugs from new classes (raltegravir and maraviroc) for the treatment of MDR HIV. Their availability has enabled patients with MDR HIV to achieve full and durable viral suppression with more compact and cost-effective regimens including at least two and often three fully active agents. The emergence of drug-resistant HIV is expected to continue to become less frequent in the future, driven by improvements in the convenience, tolerability, efficacy, and durability of first-line HAART regimens. To continue this trend, the optimal rollout of HAART in both rich and resource-limited settings will require careful planning and strategic use of antiretroviral drugs and monitoring technologies.

Recent Advances in Drug Repurposing for Parkinson’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (28) ◽  
pp. 5340-5362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Chen ◽  
Giuseppe Gumina ◽  
Kristopher G. Virga
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Drug Repositioning ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Clinical Drugs

:As a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mostly affects older people, Parkinson’s disease is a growing health threat to our ever-aging population. Despite remarkable advances in our understanding of this disease, all therapeutics currently available only act to improve symptoms but cannot stop the disease progression. Therefore, it is essential that more effective drug discovery methods and approaches are developed, validated, and used for the discovery of disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson’s disease. Drug repurposing, also known as drug repositioning, or the process of finding new uses for existing or abandoned pharmaceuticals, has been recognized as a cost-effective and timeefficient way to develop new drugs, being equally promising as de novo drug discovery in the field of neurodegeneration and, more specifically for Parkinson’s disease. The availability of several established libraries of clinical drugs and fast evolvement in disease biology, genomics and bioinformatics has stimulated the momentums of both in silico and activity-based drug repurposing. With the successful clinical introduction of several repurposed drugs for Parkinson’s disease, drug repurposing has now become a robust alternative approach to the discovery and development of novel drugs for this disease. In this review, recent advances in drug repurposing for Parkinson’s disease will be discussed.

Antimicrobial properties of actively purified secondary metabolites isolated from different marine organisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilushi Indika Bamunu Arachchige ◽  
Fazlurrahman Khan ◽  
Young-Mog Kim
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds

Background: The treatment of infection caused by pathogenic bacteria becomes one of the serious concerns globally. The failure in the treatment was found due to the exhibition of multiple resistance mechanisms against the antimicrobial agents. Emergence of resistant bacterial species has also been observed due to prolong treatment using conventional antibiotics. To combat these problems, several alternative strategies have been employed using biological and chemically synthesized compounds as antibacterial agents. Marine organisms considered as one of the potential sources for the isolation of bioactive compounds due to the easily available, cost-effective, and eco-friendly. Methods: The online search methodology was adapted for the collection of information related to the antimicrobial properties of marine-derived compounds. These compound has been isolated and purified by different purification techniques, and their structure also characterized. Furthermore, the antibacterial activities have been reported by using broth microdilution as well as disc diffusion assays. Results: The present review paper describes the antimicrobial effect of diverse secondary metabolites which are isolated and purified from the different marine organisms. The structural elucidation of each secondary metabolite has also been done in the present paper, which will help for the in silico designing of the novel and potent antimicrobial compounds. Conclusion: A thorough literature search has been made and summarizes the list of antimicrobial compounds that are isolated from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic marine organisms. The information obtained from the present paper will be helpful for the application of marine compounds as antimicrobial agents against different antibiotic-resistant human pathogenic bacteria.

Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery Systems for Targeted Epigenetics Cancer Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1084-1098
Author(s):  
Fengqian Chen ◽  
Yunzhen Shi ◽  
Jinming Zhang ◽  
Qi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Epigenetic Therapy ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
High Therapeutic Index

This review summarizes the epigenetic mechanisms of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modifications in cancer and the epigenetic modifications in cancer therapy. Due to their undesired side effects, the use of epigenetic drugs as chemo-drugs in cancer therapies is limited. The drug delivery system opens a door for minimizing these side effects and achieving greater therapeutic benefits. The limitations of current epigenetic therapies in clinical cancer treatment and the advantages of using drug delivery systems for epigenetic agents are also discussed. Combining drug delivery systems with epigenetic therapy is a promising approach to reaching a high therapeutic index and minimizing the side effects.

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