scholarly journals Wattle and Daub Experimental Workshop: Durability Testing after 14 years of Uninterrupted Use

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 78-83
Author(s):  
María Guadalupe Cuitiño Rosales ◽  
Alfredo Esteves
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Auxiliary Heating ◽  
Energy Research ◽  
Durability Test ◽  
Durability Testing ◽  
Experimental Workshop ◽  
The City ◽  
Useful Lifetime ◽  
Over Time

An important factor to analyze when studying the useful lifetime of earth constructions is the detection of any constructive pathologies that may occur; an important consideration when building a house; yet in Argentina information on building with wattle and daub is scarce. This paper describes a durability test conducted on an experimental workshop built with wattle and daub technology in 2004, in the city of Mendoza, Argentina. The building has a floor area of 33.63 m2 (5.70 m x 5.90 m), and houses an experimental workshop for thermal energy research and the construction of solar equipment. During the 14 years that the workshop has been in use, the wattle and daub walls have been exposed to various environmental forces, such as rain, wind, and earthquakes. However, its thermal behavior has remained constant over time, maintaining a difference in temperature of 5.8ºC between the inside and outside without auxiliary heating. In general, the construction has been well-preserved and serves the purpose for which it was built, thus proving that wattle and daub constructions will remain in optimum condition for at least 14 years with minimal maintenance required to prevent surface materials from deteriorating.

Seasonal Variation of Suicide in the City of São Paulo, Brazil, 1996–2010

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Hideki Bando ◽  
Fernando Madalena Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Health Statistics ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
June July ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Background: In light of the few reports from intertropical latitudes and their conflicting results, we aimed to replicate and update the investigation of seasonal patterns of suicide occurrences in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Data relating to male and female suicides were extracted from the Mortality Information Enhancement Program (PRO-AIM), the official health statistics of the municipality of São Paulo. Seasonality was assessed by studying distribution of suicides over time using cosinor analyses. Results: There were 6,916 registered suicides (76.7% men), with an average of 39.0 ± 7.0 observed suicides per month. For the total sample and for both sexes, cosinor analysis estimated a significant seasonal pattern. For the total sample and for males suicide peaked in November (late spring) with a trough in May–June (late autumn). For females, the estimated peak occurred in January, and the trough in June–July. Conclusions: A seasonal pattern of suicides was found for both males and females, peaking in spring/summer and dipping in fall/winter. The scarcity of reports from intertropical latitudes warrants promoting more studies in this area.

scholarly journals The prevalence of underweight in 9–10-year-old schoolchildren in Liverpool: 1998–2006

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 953-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne M Boddy ◽  
Allan F Hackett ◽  
Gareth Stratton
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrum ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fitness Testing ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Substantial Problem ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of underweight between 1998 and 2006 in Liverpool schoolchildren aged 9–10 years using recently published underweight cut-off points.Design and settingStature and body mass data collected at the LiverpoolSportsLinx project’s fitness testing sessions were used to calculate BMI.SubjectsData were available on 26 782 (n13 637 boys, 13 145 girls) participants.ResultsOverall underweight declined in boys from 10·3 % in 1998–1999 to 6·9 % in 2005–2006, and all sub-classifications of underweight declined, in particular grade 3 underweight, with the most recent prevalence being 0·1 %. In girls, the prevalence of underweight declined from 10·8 % in 1998–1999 to 7·5 % in 2005–2006. The prevalence of all grades of underweight was higher in girls than in boys. Underweight showed a fluctuating pattern across all grades over time for boys and girls, and overall prevalence in 2005–2006 represents over 200 children across the city.ConclusionsUnderweight may have reduced slightly from baseline, but remains a substantial problem in Liverpool, with the prevalence of overall underweight being relatively similar to the prevalence of obesity. The present study highlights the requirement for policy makers and funders to consider both ends of the body mass spectrum when fixing priorities in child health.

A Tower of Tangled Histories: The Upper Silesia Tower in Poznań and the Making of an Unromantic Poland, 1911–1955

Slavic Review ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-590
Author(s):  
Patryk Babiracki
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Cold War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
World War ◽  
Upper Silesia ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Engaging with regional, international, and spatial histories, this article proposes a new reading of the twentieth-century Polish past by exploring the vicissitudes of a building known as the Upper Silesia Tower. Renowned German architect Hans Poelzig designed the Tower for the 1911 Ostdeutsche Ausstellung in Posen, an ethnically Polish city under Prussian rule. After Poland regained its independence following World War I, the pavilion, standing centrally on the grounds of Poznań’s International Trade Fair, became the fair's symbol, and over time, also evolved into visual shorthand for the city itself. I argue that the Tower's significance extends beyond Posen/Poznań, however. As an embodiment of the conflicts and contradictions of Polish-German historical entanglements, the building, in its changing forms, also concretized various efforts to redefine the dominant Polish national identity away from Romantic ideals toward values such as order, industriousness, and hard work. I also suggest that eventually, as a material structure harnessed into the service of socialism, the Tower, with its complicated past, also brings into relief questions about the regional dimensions of the clashes over the meaning of modernity during the Cold War.

Narrating The City: spaces Of Urban Change, South London

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Suzanne M. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urban Change ◽  
Spatial Transformation ◽  
Class Culture ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The City ◽  
North And South ◽  
Official Data ◽  
Over Time

This paper explores the documentation of social and spatial transformation in the Walworth area, South London. Spatial narratives are the entry point for my exploration, where official and ‘unofficial’ representations of history are aligned to capture the nature of urban change. Looking at the city from street level provides a worldly view of social encounter and spaces that are expressive of how citizens experience and shape the city. A more distanced view of the city accessed from official data reveals different constructs. In overlaying near and far views and data and experience, correlations and contestations emerge. As a method of research, the narrative is the potential palimpsest, incorporating fragments of the immediate and historic without representing a comprehensive whole. In this paper Walworth is documented as a local and Inner City context where remnants and insertions are juxtaposed, where white working class culture and diverse ethnicities experience difference and change. A primary aim is to consider the diverse experiences of groups and individuals over time, through their relationship with their street, neighbourhood and city. In relating the Walworth area to London I use three spatial narratives to articulate the contemporary and historic relationship of people to place: the other side examines the physical discrimination between north and south London, the other half looks at distinctions of class and race and other histories explores the histories displaced from official accounts.

scholarly journals Suelos Y Karst, Origen De Inundaciones Y Hundimientos En Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Fragoso-Servón ◽  
Alberto Pereira-Corona
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Quintana Roo ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Mexican Caribbean ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

The Mexican Caribbean and its main cities have the highest population growth rate in Mexico. This work goal was to analyze the growth of the city of Chetumal and the geopedological characteristics in which it has been developed, to identify potential hazards and thereby improve development programs. The methodology consisted in the study of geopedological characteristics and the analysis of land use changes in the city over time. The main problems of Chetumal are floods and subsidence. Floods are more common in areas where Gleysols soils are found in low-lying areas. The subsidence is associated to Leptosols with a phreatic mantle at a shallow depth where the precipitations favors dissolution of rock. The extrapolation of the relationships between geopedological conditions and the area occupied by the city, allows us to suppose that areas which the current Urban Development Program proposes for future city expansion will develop the same problems of subsidence and flooding as the areas already built in sites with similar conditions.

scholarly journals El Patrimonio cultural inmaterial de la Plaza Baquedano en Santiago de Chile = The Intangible Cultural Heritage of Plaza Baquedano in Santiago de Chile

2018 ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Karina Orozco Salinas
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Public Space ◽  
El Paso ◽  
Intangible Cultural Heritage ◽  
The Public ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
Open Discussion ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

ResumenEsta investigación parte de la necesidad de poner el foco en los espacios públicos identitarios, en los cuales la constante congregación espontánea y masiva de la ciudadanía, ha construido un patrimonio cultural inmaterial en ellos, a la hora de celebrar colectivamente en la ciudad. Desde este enfoque, se aborda el caso de la Plaza Baquedano en Santiago de Chile, mediante una metodología propia que contrarresta fuentes secundarias, principalmente periodísticas, con fuentes empíricas. Por lo que seaplican encuestas y entrevistas, con el fin de comprender el fenómeno desde el contexto urbano, social, celebración y patrimonio del lugar. Asimismo, lograr la perspectiva interna y externa del estudio de caso.Los resultados obtenidos confirman la existencia del patrimonio inmaterial y el carácter de identidad, que se ha generado con el paso del tiempo en este espacio público y, tanto la visión interna como la externa, consideran que debería ser catalogado como patrimonio cultural del país. Sin  embargo, esta mención no ha sido otorgada por alguno de los  instrumentos vinculantes en Chile. Por lo cual es una discusión abierta,ya que en la opinión de expertos consultados la complejidad de otorgar una figura de protección inmovilizaría el dinamismo que ha constituido a este lugar como tal.AbstractThis research departs from the need to focus in the public identitary spaces, in which the constant congregation spontaneous and massive of citizenship, has built an intangible cultural heritage in them, when it comes to celebrating collectively in the city. From this approach, is addressed the case of Plaza Baquedano in Santiago de Chile, through our methodology that combine secondary sources, mainly journalistic, with empirical sources. So that, surveys and interviews are applied in order to understand thephenomenon from the urban, social, celebration and heritage context’s.In addition, to achieve internal and external perspective of the case. The results collated confirm the existence of heritage and the identity character, which has been generated over time in this public space and both vision internal and external, consider that it should be cataloged as country’s cultural heritage. However, this mention has not been granted by some of the binding instruments in Chile. Therefore it is an open discussion, since in the opinion of the experts consulted the complexity of granting a protection figure would immobilize the dynamism that has built this place as such.

scholarly journals Edge Effect: Reconnecting Whangarei's City and River

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alicia Lawrie
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Informal Learning ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Beating Heart ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
The People ◽  
People Movement ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Over Time

<p>Whangarei City has a dying Commercial Centre. This has resulted from population shifts that have occurred over time. Significant issues have driven movement of people toward much larger cities (seeking better economic, cultural and social outcomes) and more spacious urban fringes (seeking improved environmental outcomes). The Whangarei CBD incorporates both the dying Commercial Centre and a thriving Town Basin which is the centre for Arts and Recreation within the city. The two areas are a juxtaposition. The investigation reveals reasons why two such contrasting areas exist and defines a design solution that seeks to resolve this and leverages the success of the Town Basin to revive the Commercial Centre. The aim of this thesis is to investigate ways that architecture can be used to invigorate Whangarei’s dying Commercial Centre by creating a place of activity, engagement and informal learning and by re-establishing the important connection Whangarei has with its river as well as other positives within the city.   Thesis objectives:  • Identify the reasons for the decline of the Commercial Centre and the success of the Town Basin and how a connection can be established between the two.  • Establish a beating heart within the dying Commercial Centre and provide a life source in the form of people movement into the centre from all parts of the city.  • Provide dynamic spaces which encourage informal learning, social interaction, playfulness and creativity that will engage the people of Whangarei including youth and children.  • Use the natural environment as a means of engaging people of all ages by weaving together water, a restored ecology and architecture.</p>

scholarly journals AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN MEDIEVAL MOSCOW (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN THE MOSCOW KREMLIN IN 2016-2018)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.Ю. Лебедева ◽  
А.Ю. Сергеев
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Exotic Plant ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The City ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Over Time

В статье представлены результаты археоботанических исследований в Московском Кремле и обсуждается проблема использования растений жителями города с особым акцентом на потреблении зерновой продукции. Материалы рассматриваются по двум хронологическим выборкам (XII - перв. пол. XIII в. и втор. пол. XIII - XV в.), что позволяет проследить динамику изменения археоботанических спектров. Выделяются три специфические черты, характеризующие коллекцию зерновых в Москве. Во-первых, высокая насыщенность зерном культурного слоя во-вторых, стабильно высокий показатель доли ржи на протяжении столетий (ок. 70 ) и, в-третьих, остающийся непонятным факт сокращения на 10 доли овса в поздней выборке. Последнее, по мнению авторов, противоречит логике развития города, требующей увеличения фуражных запасов для лошадей - основного транспортного средства средневековья. Авторы приходят к выводу, что при отсутствии или скудости находок экзотических растений, выступающих маркерами элитного питания в европейских городах, в средневековой Руси в этом качестве могут интерпретироваться обычные зерновые культуры, в частности - мягкая пшеница. The paper presents the results of archaeobotanical studies in the Moscow Kremlin and discusses the use of plants by the city residents with a focus on consumption of crops. The analysis is based on two chronological selections (the 12th - first half of the 13th centuries and the first half of the 13th - 15th centuries) it gives an insight into the changes over time of archaeobotanical spectra. Three specific features characterizing the crop grains in Moscow are singled out. Firstly, abundance of crop plants in the occupation layers secondly, consistently high values of the rye share in total crops throughout centuries (around 70 ) and, thirdly, the reduction in the share of oats by 10 in the later sample for some inexplicable reasons. In the view of the authors, the latter fact contradicts the logical development of the city that required increase in forage reserves for horses which was the main animal for transportation in the medieval times. The authors come to the conclusion that in the absence or scarcity of exotic plant finds used as markers of luxury food in European cities, common grain crops such as bread wheat can be used as elite food indicator in Medieval Russia.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Apparent Microflora and Study of Antibiotic Resistance of Coliforms Isolated from the Shells of Poultry Eggs in Moscow-Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
Mbarga Manga Joseph Arsene ◽  
Smolyakova Larisa Andreevna ◽  
Podoprigora Irina Viktorovna
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Poultry Eggs ◽  
Mar Index ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Poultry Farming

Background: Antibiotic resistance is increasingly an issue in both human health and veterinary medicine. It is important to regularly assess the resistance of strains which have high potential to transmit this resistance. Numerous researches have shown so far that coli forms are part of these bacteria and coliforms from breeding environments (in particular poultry farming) are the most concerned because of their permanent exposure to antibiotics and adaptation that could result. Aim: This work was carried out to investigate the sensitivity to antibiotics of coliforms isolated from the shell of poultry eggs. Methods: A total of 191 egg samples (149 chicken eggs and 42 quail eggs) were collected in supermarket of the city of Moscow, coliforms bacteria were isolated the shells of these eggs and their sensitivity to antibiotics was achieved by employing modified Kirby-Bauer’s disc method. The results have been analysed and interpreted using the Guidelines of Ministry of health of Russian Federation. Results and Discussion: It turns out that, among the 191 samples studied only 16.2% (31) of the chicken eggs contained coli forms, 7.3% (14) contained mold and 76.4% (146) were sterile while 81% (34) of quail eggs were sterile, 19% (8) contained mold and none contained coliforms. Of the 60 bacteria isolated, 39 (65%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic and the highest MAR Index observed was 0.58 while the lowest was 0.08. Of the 720 anti biograms performed, we observed 557 (77.4%) cases of sensitivity, 72 (10.0%) intermediate cases and 91 (12.6%) cases of resistance. The highest resistances were observed on tetracycline (50%), amoxycillin (40%) and ampicillin (30%) while the weakest resistances were observed on trimethoprim (11.7%), cefazolin (10%), ciprofloxacin (5%) and 1.7% for ceftriazone, fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin. A comparison between the sensitivity of the isolates to Cefazolin and their sensitivity to Cefazolin + Clavulanic acid showed that the difference between these two antibiotics was highly significant (P = 0.00). Conclusion: Antibiotic resistance of coliform bacteria isolated was high, with the highest MAR Index observed equal to 0.58. The bio security relating to the use of antibiotics must be reinforced, better use of current known antibiotics is necessary to prolong their effectiveness over time.

scholarly journals Votive altars: domestic signals to inhabit the Sacred

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Claudio Gambardella ◽  
Valentina Sapio
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Catholic Religion ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Human World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

“Sacred” is an Indo-European word meaning “separate”. The Sacred, therefore, [. . . is] a quality that is inherent in that which has relation and contact with powers that man, not being able to dominate, perceives as superior to himself, and as such attributable to a dimension [. . . ] thought however as ”separate” and ”other” with respect to the human world » Galimberti, (2000). The so-called votive altar, autonomous or attached to a major building often present in the Mediterranean countries, belong to the dimension of the Sacred.Votive altars - present in an old neighborhood of peasant origin in the suburbs of Naples called Ponticelli - are almost always placed in the interstices between street and courtyard (a self-built residential typology modeled over time by the inhabitants and which often forms the matrix of many neighborhoods popular Neapolitan). They keep and exhibit little sculptures and drawings of Jesus, Madonnas, and Saints of the Catholic religion, mixed with ancestors portraits and photos of relatives dead of the inhabitants, drawing on the ancient domestic cult of the Romans of Lari and Penati; it is certainly not a consciously cultured reference, but a mysterious ”feeling” that is common among primitive and popular cultures and that unravels through the centuries unscathed. Placed at the entrance of the living space, the altar expresses the sign of a difference, of a territorial change, separates ”ours” from ”yours”, welcomes, does not reject, but marks an open and inclusive threshold.With the paper, we want to study this phenomenon of ”primitive” culture and not regulated by laws, a mix of diffuse sacredness and popular magic, deepening the ”design” aspects of it, building an abacus in which to highlight potential and free references to the visual arts of these ”design works without designers”, and finding out new signs of the Sacred in the City in our time.

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