scholarly journals Indeks adhesi Shigella dysenteriae pada enterosit mencit galur BALB/ pasca pemaparan protein pili 42 kDa

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enny Suswati ◽  
Dian H. Purnamasari ◽  
Desie D. Wisudanti ◽  
Diana C ◽  
Mufida Mufida
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
P Value ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Adhesion Protein ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Adhesion Index

Abstrak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuktikan bahwa protein pili Shigella dysenteriae  dengan berat molekul 42 kDa merupakan protein adhesi dari S. dysenteriae pada enterosit mencit galur BALB/c. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratoris yang dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Jember, melalui beberapa tahap yaitu isolasi dan identifikasi S. dysenteriae, kultur S. dysenteriae, isolasi pili, SDS-PAGE, pemurnian protein pili, uji hemaglutinasi,isolasi enterosit mencit galur BALB/c, dan uji adhesi. Pada penelitian ini dibentuk 6 kelompok perlakuan dan 1 kontrol negatif. Keenam kelompok perlakuan tersebut meliputi konsentrasi protein pili 1, ½, ¼, 1/8, 1/16, dan 1/32. Data dianalisis menggunakan program statistik SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solution) versi 16, jenis regresi linier sederhana dan one way Anov. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa protein pili S. dysenteriae 42 kDa mampu menghambat perlekatan S. dysenteriae terhadap enterosit mencit galur BALB/c. Pada uji regresi linier sederhana diperoleh nilai R square 0,897 yang berarti nilai indeks adhesi dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi protein pili sebesar 89,7%, dan 10,3% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain. Hasil uji one way Anova menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan konsentrasi protein pili berpengaruh terhadap indeks adhesi bakteri dengan nilai Sig. = 0,000 (p value 0,05). Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini sesuai dengan hipotesis, yaitu protein pili dengan berat molekul 42 kDa merupakan protein adhesi dari Shigella dysenteriae pada enterosit mencit galur BALB/c. Kata kunci: Shigella dysenteriae,  protein pili  42 kDa, indeks adhesi Abstract. The aim of this study was to prove that the protein pili Shigella dysenteriae with a molecular weight of 42 kDa is an adhesion protein from S. dysenteriae in enterocytes of BALB / c mice. This research is a laboratory experimental research carried out at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Jember, through several stages, namely the isolation and identification of S. dysenteriae, culture of S. dysenteriae, isolation of pili, SDS-PAGE, purification of pili protein, hemagglutination test, isolation of enterocyte strain mice. BALB / c, and adhesion test. In this study, 6 treatment groups and 1 negative control were formed. The six treatment groups included protein concentrations of pili 1, ½, ¼, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32. The data obtained were analyzed using the statistical program SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solution) version 16, simple linear regression and one way Anov. The results showed that the 42 kDa S. dysenteriae pili protein was able to inhibit the attachment of S. dysenteriae to enterocytes of the BALB / c mice. In the simple linear regression test, it was obtained that the R square value was 0.897, which means that the adhesion index value was influenced by the pili protein concentration of 89.7%, and 10.3% was influenced by other factors. The one way Anova test results showed that the difference in pili protein concentration had an effect on the bacterial adhesion index with the Sig. = 0.000 (p value 0.05). The conclusion obtained from this study is in accordance with the hypothesis, namely pili protein with a molecular weight of 42 kDa is the adhesion protein of Shigella dysenteriae in enterocytes of BALB / c mice. Key words: Shigella dysenteriae, 42 kDa pili protein, adhesion index

scholarly journals The Potential of Candida Biofilm Protein as Bioreceptor for Candidiasis Immunoassay

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masfufatun Masfufatun ◽  
Loo Haryanto ◽  
Harsono Harsono
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Polyclonal Antibody ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Protein Extract ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Mechanical Methods

Abstract: Candidiasis or infection that is caused by Candida has become a new list of the therapeutical problems recently. The difficulties in diagnosing are the main cause of the unsatisfactory results from common therapies and diagnosis methods. This has urged researchers to find alternative ways in candidiasis diagnosis such as serology-based detection using antigen or antibody development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of protein derived from Candida albicans biofilm as bioreceptor on candidiasis immunoassay through Dot Blot method. The research method used descriptive method with the following stages: (1) preparation of Candida albicans biofilm (2) extraction of Candida albicans protein through enzymatic and mechanical methods, (3) determination of protein molecular weight with SDS-PAGE (4) production of polyclonal anti- candida and (5) analysis of protein extract as bioreeceptor on dot blot. Profile of biofilm proteins on SDS-PAGE analysis were shown on molecular weight 27,42; 29,89; 38,10; 44,90; 48,75; 52,92; 55,14; 59,86; 70,56; 87,36; 102,54;115,05; 130,14;143,14;181,53 kD. There were differences in the intensity of dots in the control group (44070) and treatment groups (63170.5). It is noticeable that biofilm protein extract of C. albicans can be used for induction of anti-Candida polyclonal antibody production as the potential candidate of bioreceptor in candidiasis immunoassay. Keywords: SDS-PAGE, polyclonal antibody, immunoassay, dot blot, biofilm

Affinity Chromatography of Human Factor VIII Using Human and Rabbit Antibodies to Factor VIII

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 1306-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet L Lane ◽  
H Ekert ◽  
A Vafiadis
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Affinity Chromatography ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Subunit Structure ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Human Factor Viii ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Normal Human

SummaryFactor VIII, purified by gel filtration on Sepharose 2B, has an 8 band multiple subunit structure, with molecular weights ranging from 30,000 to 230,000, on reduction and SDS-PAGE at a protein concentration of 400 μg/gel. Affinity chromatography of this factor VIII preparation with insolubilized haemophilic antibody to factor VIII showed that 45-81% VIII:C and 0-33% VIILRag were attached to the column. Elution of the column with 0.25 M CaCl2 did not show VIII:C or VIILRag in the eluate. NH4SCN dissociation of the column, followed by reduction and SDS-PAGE of the dissociated protein, showed that 95 % of the protein bound by haemophilic antibody had a molecular weight similar to the low molecular weight subunits of the reduced factor VIII.In control experiments with normal Human IgG, 3% of VIII:C and 5% of VIILRag were attached to the column. NH4SCN dissociation of the column, followed by reduction and SDS-PAGE of the protein, showed 2 faint bands with molecular weight consistent with heavy and light chains of IgG.Similar experiments with antibody to factor VIII showed that 67-83% of VIILC and 61-76% of VIII:Rag were attached to the column. Elution of the column with 0.25 M CaCl2 showed 10% of the applied VIII:C, but no VIII:Rag in the eluate. NH4SCN dissociation of the column, followed by reduction and SDS-PAGE of the dissociated protein, showed an 8 band subunit structure similar to the reduced factor VIII.

scholarly journals Antidepresant effects of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) extract in depressed induced rats using 3-minutes Tail Suspension method

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Nita Parisa ◽  
Mayasari Mayasari ◽  
Nia Savitri Tamzil ◽  
Bintang Arroyantri ◽  
Ziske Maritska
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Cinnamon Extract ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Cinnamomum Burmannii ◽  
One Way Anova

Abstract Background. The increasing prevalence of depression gives rise to challenges in not only elucidating its diverse causes, but also in finding an effective treatment. One of the factors linked to depression is the imbalance of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine neurotransmitters.  Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) as one of the world’s wellknown cooking ingredients is believed to be able to regulate the neurotransmitters imbalance with the help of terpenoids and flavonoid polyphenols as one of its content. Objective. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of cinnamon extract as an antidepressant in depressed induced animal model. Methods. An experimental in vivo with pre-post control group design was conducted in twenty five Wistar strain white rats that were divided into 5 treatment groups that received fluoxetine as positive control, aquades, and different dose of cinnamon extracts (50 mg/kgBW, 100 mg/kgBW, and 200 mg/kgBW).  Depression induction method used was 3-minute Tail Suspension Test, done for 14 days. The antidepressant effectiveness test was carried out by calculating the immobility time duration with Forced Swimming Test method and was further analyzed using one-way ANOVA test. Results. One-way ANOVA test results showed that there were differences in the mean duration of immobility time between treatment groups after being given cinnamon extract (p value = 0,000). Groups that were given 100 mg/kgBW cinnamon extract and 200 mg /kgBW showed a p value>0.05 when compared with positive control group receiving Fluoxetine although displayed a similar reduced immobility time. Conclusion. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) extract showed a promising potential as an effective antidepressant tested in animal model.     Keywords: cinnamon, extract, depression, immobility time, rat

Linear Model Complexities

2021 ◽  
pp. 177-194
Author(s):  
Andy Hector
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Unbalanced Designs ◽  
One Way Anova

This book began with the simplest types of linear model: one-way ANOVA and its simple linear regression equivalent. However, once more complex ANOVA and ANCOVA designs were encountered some complexities arose that were then skipped over. This chapter explores these complexities of linear-model analysis and some additional ones that arise with unbalanced designs—those with unequal numbers of replicates in the different treatment groups.

scholarly journals MORTALITAS DAN RESORPSI FETUS MENCIT (Mus musculus L.) SETELAH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ETANOL TANAMAN SURUHAN (Peperomia pellucida (L.,) Kunth.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 194-202
Author(s):  
Hendri Busman ◽  
Nuning Nurcahyani ◽  
Yosi Dwi Saputra ◽  
Salman Farisi ◽  
Qotrunnada Salsabila
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Different Doses

Tanaman Suruhan (Peperomia pellucida (L.,) Kunth.) merupakan tanaman obat yang memiliki senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin, dan steroid. Berbagai senyawa kimia tersebut yang berpotensi sebagai obat tetapi perlu diperhatikan kemungkinan adanya efek samping terhadap organisme khususnya pada masa kehamilan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efek teratogenik ekstrak tanaman suruhan terhadap fetus mencit (Mus musculus L.), meliputi mortalitas dan resorpsi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dengan  20 ekor mencit betina dibagi ke dalam 4 kelompok yaitu: K(+) (Aquabides), P1 diberi ekstrak tanaman suruhan dengan dosis (1,68 mg/g bb), P2 (3,36 mg/g bb), dan P3 (6,72 mg/g bb). Hasil penelitian terhadap persentase fetus yang mengalami mortalitas dan resorpsi fetus antara kontrol K(+) dan perlakuan dengan ekstrak etanol suruhan (P1, P2, dan P3) tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik berdasarkan uji ANOVA satu faktor (p value 0,418). Hasil penelitian yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol tanaman suruhan tidak menyebabkan mortalitas pada fetus mencit, namun menyebabkan resorpsi pada fetus mencit pada pemberian dosis sebesar 1,62 mg/g BB, 3,36 mg/g BB, dan 6,72 mg/g BB.   Pepper elder (Peperomia pellucida (L.,) Kunth.) is a medicinal plant that has secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. The side effects for organisms of those chemical compounds, which are potentially beneficial for their medicinal use, still need to be considered especially in pregnancy. This study aims to determine the teratogenic effects of pepper elder extract on mortality and resorption of mice (Mus musculus L.) fetus. This study uses total random sampling design with 4 treatments consisting of 20 female mice divided into 4 groups: the control group (K(+)) which is given Aqua distillation and the treatment groups which are all given the pepper elder extract with different doses, where the first treatment group (P1) is given 1.68 mg/g body weight of the extract, the second treatment group (P2) is given 3.36 mg/g body weight of the extract, and the third treatment group (P3) is given 6.72 mg/g body weight of the extract. The results obtained of mortality and resorption percentage of mice fetus between the control group (K(+)) and the treatment groups (P1, P2, and P3) showed that there is no statistically meaningful difference based on one-way ANOVA test (p value 0,418). This study showed that ethanol extract of pepper elder causes no mortality in mice fetus, yet it causes resorption on mice fetus at given doses of 1,62 mg/g body weight, 3,36 mg/g body weight, dan 6,72 mg/g body weight.

scholarly journals Pelacakan eskpresi protein pada testis mencit (Mus musculus) setelah paparan esktrak etanol daun mimba (Azadirachta indica)

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Agung Janika Sitasiwi ◽  
Sri Isdadiyanto ◽  
Siti Muflichatun Mardiati
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Neem Leaf Extract

Abstract              Azadirachta indica (Neem) has been shown to affect the fertility of mice by interfering with the synthesis of testosterone in mice. The aim of this study was to detect the testes protein expression of mice after exposure to the ethanolic Neem leaf extract. The laboratory animals of this study were 20 male Swiss Webster mice with three months in age and body weight ranging from 27.5 grams. The mice were divided into two treatment groups, namely K (control group, exposed with distilled water) and P (treatment group, exposed to etahnolic Neem leaf  extract with 14 mg/animal /day). The treated were given for 21 days and the testicular protein was carried out on the 22nd day. The variables observed were testes weight, concentration and expression of proteins isolated from the testes. The protein concentration is determined by a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 450nm. The protein expression was observed and determined based on the results of protein electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The results showed that protein expression in the treatment group has a lower concentration compared to the control group. Those results  was confirmed by thinner bands in SDS-PAGE result. Those proteins thought to be a fertility determinant in mammals. Keywords : anti-fertility; Neem; protein expression Abstrak  Azadirachta indica (Mimba) telah terbukti mempengaruhi fertilitas mencit dengan cara mengganggu sintesis hormon testoteron pada mencit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melacak ekspresi protein pada testis mencit setelah paparan ekstrak etanol daun Mimba. Hewan uji penelitian ini adalah 20 ekor mencit Swiss Webster jantan dengan umur tiga bulan dan bobot badan berkisar 27.5 gram. Hewan uji dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu K (kelompok kontrol, dipapar akuades) dan  P (kelompok perlakuan, dipapar dengan ekstrak etanol daun Mimba dengan dosis 14 mg/ekor/hari). Pemberian bahan uji dilakukan  secara oral selama 21 hari. Variabel yang diamati adalah bobot testes, konsentrasi serta eskpresi protein yang diisolasi dari testis. Isolasi protein testis dilakukan pada hari ke-22. Konsentrasi protein ditentukan dengan spectrofotometer pada panjang gelombang 450nm. Ekspresi protein diamati dan ditentukan berdasar hasil elektroforesa protein. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekspresi protein pada kelompok perlakuan menunjukkan konsentrasi yang lebih rendah dengan pita yang lebih tipis jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah paparan ekstrak etanol daun Nimba menyebabkan gangguan ekspresi protein yang diduga berperan dalam menentukan fertilitas mamalia. Kata kunci : Mimba; anti-fertilitas; eskpresi protein;   

scholarly journals Effectiveness Of Watery Extract And Ethanolic Extract Of Garlic Bulbs (Allium sativum L.) For Second Degree Burns Healing On Mice (Mus musculus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Noni Zakiah
Keyword(s):  
Water Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Degree Burn ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Second Degree

Bulbs of garlic has been known to contain a compound that is potentially as alternative medicine for burns. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the water extract and ethanolic extract of garlic bulbs on second degree burn healing in mice. The test was conducted on 12 male mices divided using a completely randomized design (CRD) into 4 treatment groups consisting of P-1 without any treatment, P-2 by administering Bioplacenton®, P-3 with ethanolic extract and P-4 with watery extract. Lab studies have shown the average percentages of recovery for 18 days for P-2, P-3 and P-4, were 48%, 60% and 63% respectively. One way ANOVA test results obtained p value = 0.011 (p <0.05), it means there were differences in the healing duration of burns in four treatment groups. LSD test results showed that the group which had significant relationship were P-1 and P-4 wherein the Mean Difference was 0.90000. Thus it can be concluded that the group P-4 which is a water extract group was the most effective for the second degree burns healing.

scholarly journals Hydrolyzation of duck meat protein using Bacillus cereus TD5B protease, pepsin, trypsin and their potency as an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 266
Author(s):  
A. Winarti ◽  
F. Rahmawati ◽  
N. A. Fitriyanto ◽  
J. Jamhari ◽  
Y. Erwanto
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Ace Inhibitor ◽  
Inhibiting Activity ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Meat Protein ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Microbial Protease ◽  
Sds Page

This study was aimed to explore their potency of protein-bioactive of native ducks-meat after enzymatic hydrolysis by Bacillus-cereus TD5B-protease, Pepsin, and Trypsin as an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. The samples: ducks-meats from 10 months age of male Mojosari and Magelang-Duck. The experiments: individually hydrolysis of meat-protein using protease-enzyme (0.1 % w/w) from Bacillus-cereus TD5B, Pepsin, or Trypsin. The observed parameters: protein concentration, protein molecular weight, ACE-inhibitor activity, and IC-value (IC50). Data of protein concentration were statistically analyzed using T-Test, while data of SDS-PAGE and ACE-inhibiting activity were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that soluble protein concentration increased due to the hydrolysis process, from 0.826±0.108 mg/mL to 1.050±0.197 mg/mL (Microbial-protease), 2.122±0.141 mg/mL (pepsin), 1.641±0.071 mg/mL (trypsin) for Mojosari-duck and 0.642±0.038 mg/mL to 1.171±0.534 mg/mL(Microbial-protease), 2.100±0.376 mg/mL(pepsin), 1.725±0.092 mg/mL(trypsin) for Magelang-duck. The SDS-PAGE pattern showed that there was a decrease of molecular weight of duck-meats due to the hydrolysis process, from the range of 196.53-43.88 kDa to the range of 71.35-10.12 kDa. Duck-meat protein hydrolysate had ACE-inhibiting activity 71.7%(Mojosari-Microbial-Protease) IC50 54μg/mL, 57%(Mojosari-Pepsin) IC50 151μg/mL, 75.8%(Mojosari-Trypsin) IC50 51μg/mL and 52.8%(Magelang-Microbial-Protease) IC50 83μg/mL, 78,5%(Magelang-Pepsin) IC50 85μg/mL, 83.9%(Magelang-Trypsin) IC50 22μg/mL. In conclusion, hydrolysate of Magelang duck-meat used Trypsin had better potency as an ACE-inhibitor. 

scholarly journals ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF LECTIN ISOLATED FROM LEAVES OF BRYOPHYLLUM PINNATUM

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (no 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sruchi Devi ◽  
Sourbh Suren Garg ◽  
Arvind Kumar ◽  
Nitish Kaushal
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
The Family ◽  
Bryophyllum Pinnatum

The Bryophyllum pinnatum refers to the family Crassulaceae. The glycoprotein from the 0.9% of normal saline extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves was refined by dialysis with 50% of ammonium sulfate. Protein concentration was invented by Lowry’s method. The dialyzed sample allowed for SDS-PAGE to determine the molecular weight (Mr ). The antioxidant activity of crude lectin extract has been assessed by the DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS methods. The present study aims to verify the antioxidant activity of lectins detached from the leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum.

scholarly journals PRODUKSI ANTIBODI POLIKLONAL HASIL INDUKSI ISOLAT PROTEIN NON KINASE DARI MEMBRAN SPERMATOZOA MANUSIA

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umie Lestari ◽  
Basuki B Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Protein Membrane ◽  
Good Concentration ◽  
Elisa Technique ◽  
Biuret Method ◽  
Method Show

Objective: The aim of this research is to get the profile of human sperms membrane protein based on identification for molecular weight, concentration protein, phosphorylation activity, and ability to raise enough antibodies. Material and methods: There are three phases in this research, first, isolation protein of human sperms membrane with using lysis buffer containing Tween-20, second, determination of molecular weight, phosphorylation activity, and protein concentration, and third, antibody production. Molecular weight of protein membrane was detected by SDS-PAGE, confirmation of protein concentration measured Biuret method, kinase activity measured using spectrophometry at its optimum condition, and then production of antibody that corfirmed by ELISA technique. Results: Human sperms contain the protein with molecular weight of 201, 163, 116, 97, 72, 56, 48, 32, 27, 20, and 17kDa. The highest phosphorylation activity was found on protein with molecular weight of 20 kDa is 30.197x 10-3 unit, while the lowest phosphorylation activity is 28.976x10-3 unit was shown on protein with 116 kDa of molecular weight and then   this protein can induce production of antibody. Biuret method show the protein concentration from protein with molecular weight 116 kDa is 410 ug/mL. Conclusion: The protein that has molecular weight of 116 kDa can be used as immunocontraception agent because phosphorylation activity has lower, good concentration, and could induce the production of antibody.

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