Occurrence of typhoid among the local population of district Dir Lower: A laboratory based study

Introduction: Typhoid fever, a bacterial disease caused by Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) remains a major health problem in the Asian sub-continent due to poor hygienic conditions. Aim: Our aim was to determine the prevalence of Typhoid fever among the general population of district Lower Dir, Pakistan in order to describe the disease occurrence and distribution. Material and methods: This was a descriptive-epidemiological study. 1076 subjects were enrolled; with presentation of common symptoms of typhoid at the Fazal-Rahim Clinical Laboratory as inclusion criteria. Typhidot test was performed for all participants. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. PHStat software was used for statistical analyses. Results and discussion: The study comprised of 414 males and 662 females. 37.26% of total cases were found positive; Females (62.64%) were more affected compared to males (37.4%). Furthermore, the IgM antibodies were detected in 353 (88.02%) patients while IgG antibodies were present in only 48 (19.98%). Age group 20-40 years recorded the highest incidence of cases 242 (60.34%); also the month of March recorded the highest incidence of cases 67 (50.38%). Overall, typhoid is a common disease in the local population of Dir (Lower), it is dominant in females with the highest burden recorded in the economically-productive age group 20-40 years. Conclusions: Further studies are recommended to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern; there is need to launch effective programmes for the eradication of the disease and promote safe drinking water and food through public enlightenment and education.

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Prevalence of Enteric Fever in the Local Population of Rawalpindi And Islamabad Pakistan

Abasyn Journal Life Sciences ◽

10.34091/ajls.3.2.15 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 156-163

Keyword(s):

Enteric Fever ◽

Local Population ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Oral Route ◽

Bacterial Disease ◽

Chromatographic Technique ◽

Age Group ◽

South Central ◽

Test Kit ◽

Group 5

Enteric fever is the massive bacterial disease in global and caused by Salmonella typhi. It is known that humans are the only natural host and reservoir for S. typhi. That transmits enteric fever through the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of infected water and food. The prevalence rate is high in South Central and South-East Asian countries recorded as (>100/100,000) cases per year. The aim of designing of the present study, there is no specific epidemiology report present at Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Total of 500 blood samples were collected from patients showing sign and symptoms of enteric fever. Sample collected from different government and private hospitals, medical laboratories, and health organizations from November 2013 to April 2014. Immuno chromatographic technique (ICT) was used for the detection of enteric fever via typhoid test kit. Out of 500 samples, 368 (73.6 %) patients were found serologically negative while 132 (26.4%) were positive. Among the positive samples, 42 (31.8%) were adult samples that included 25 IgM, 12 IgG and 5 both IgM and IgG. Infected children of age 13-15 years were 30 (22.72%) with IgM 19, IgG 8 and both IgM and IgG 3. Thirty-one (31) samples were positive among children of age group 5-12 years with 15 IgM positive, 10 IgG positive and 3 both IgM and IgG positive. Furthermore, 29 (21.96 %) were positive among children of age group 1-4 years. This high incidence of enteric fever among susceptible outdoor patients and laboratories patient show that enteric fever is a serious health problem in Rawalpindi, Islamabad. Preventive measures such as vaccination, maintaining food hygiene and awareness campaign are required in the twin cities of Rawalpindi-Islamabad for the eradication of enteric fever.

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Skull and Face Injuries and Associated Factors in Pedestrian Victims of Traffic Accidents: A Single Trauma Center Analysis

Current Dentistry ◽

10.2174/2542579x02999200608131337 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 53-59

Author(s):

Josimara A. de Araújo Varela ◽

Tatiana F.T. Palitot ◽

Smyrna L.X. de Souza ◽

Alidianne F.C. Cavalcanti ◽

Alessandro L. Cavalcanti

Keyword(s):

Medical Records ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Age Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significance Level ◽

The Face ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The City

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the presence of lesions in the skull and face and the associated factors in pedestrian victims of traffic accidents. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study carried out through the analysis of medical records of pedestrian victims of traffic accidents in an emergency service in the city of Campina Grande, Brazil, during the year of 2016. Information was collected regarding gender, age group, day of the week, time of the accident, type of vehicle involved, presence of trauma to the skull and face, and outcomes. The Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests were used, with a significance level of 5%. Results: A total of 1,884 medical records were evaluated, out of which 7.1% (n = 133) involved pedestrians. Men were the most frequent victims (68.4%), and victims of age 60 years old or over (30.5%) predominated. Almost one-third of the cases were recorded during the weekends (30.5%), and the most prevalent time was at night (52.7%). Regarding the type of vehicle involved, motorcycles predominated (47.4%). Head trauma was present in 37.6% of victims, while facial injuries corresponded to 8.2%. In 12% of cases, the victims died. The variables of gender, age group, occurrence on weekends, and trauma to the face showed a statistically significant association with the occurrence of traffic accidents (Chi-square test; p<0.05). Conclusion: Among pedestrian victims of traffic accidents, there is a predominance of men aged 65 years or over. Accidents are frequent at night, and motorcycles are the main vehicles involved. The presence of trauma to the skull and face regions is high.

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Association of cervical carcinogenesis risk with HPV16 E6 and E7 variants in the Taizhou area, China

BMC Cancer ◽

10.1186/s12885-021-08531-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mei-Zhen Dai ◽

Yi Qiu ◽

Xing-Hong Di ◽

Wei-Wu Shi ◽

Hui-Hui Xu

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cervical Carcinogenesis ◽

Chi Square ◽

Major Health Problem ◽

Hpv16 E6 ◽

Exact Test ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

E6 And E7

Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 accounts for a larger share of cervical cancer and has been a major health problem worldwide for decades. The progression of initial infection to cervical cancer has been linked to viral sequence properties; however, the role of HPV16 variants in the risk of cervical carcinogenesis, especially with longitudinal follow-up, is not fully understood in China. Methods We aimed to investigate the genetic variability of HPV16 E6 and E7 oncogenes in isolates from cervical exfoliated cells. Between December 2012 and December 2014, a total of 310 single HPV16-positive samples were selected from women living in the Taizhou area, China. Sequences of all E6 and E7 oncogenes were analysed by PCR-sequencing assay. Detailed sequence comparison, genetic heterogeneity analyses and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree construction were performed with BioEdit Sequence Alignment Editor and MEGA X software. Data for cytology tests and histological diagnoses were obtained from our Taizhou Area Study with longitudinal follow-up for at least 5 years. The relationship between HPV16 variants and cervical carcinogenesis risk was analysed by the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Results In this study, we obtained 64 distinct variation patterns with the accession GenBank numbers MT681266-MT681329. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 98.3% of HPV16 variants belong to lineage A, in which the A4 (Asian) sublineage was dominant (64.8%), followed by A2 (12.1%), A1 (11.4%), and A3 (10.0%). The A4 (Asian) sublineage had a higher risk of CIN2+ than the A1–3 (European) sublineages (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.04–6.97, P < 0.05). Furthermore, nucleotide variation in HPV16 E6 T178G is associated with the development of cervical cancer. Conclusion These data could provide novel insights into the role of HPV16 variants in cervical carcinogenesis risk in China.

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Factors Related to the Incidence of Typhoid Fever in the Work Area Health Office of Jayawijaya Regency

JOURNAL FOR QUALITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH ◽

10.30994/jqph.v5i1.248 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 49-56

Author(s):

Rahmad Suryawan Ura ◽

Yuly Peristiowati

Keyword(s):

Typhoid Fever ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Case Group ◽

District Health Office ◽

District Health ◽

Chi Square ◽

Work Area ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Test Result

Typhoid fever is a disease that is prone to occur in Indonesia, because of the characteristics of the climate that is very prone to diseases related to the seasons. The purpose of this study is to analyze factors related to the incidence of typhoid fever in the Working Area of the Jayawijaya District Health Office. The research design used is quantitative analytics method using quantitative data. The type of approach used is case control. The population is 74 patients with typhoid fever. The large sample taken as many as 37 respondents, with a large comparison of samples between the number of respondents in the case group is 37 respondents, and 37 respondents as a control group, so the total number of samples is 74 respondents. Sampling techniques used in this study is a simple random sampling technique. Based on the results of the study, it is known that there is no relationship between age and the incidence of typhoid fever in the Working Area of the Jayawijaya District Health Office. Chi-square test result obtained p-Value Sig (0.445) > α (0.05). While it is known that there is a relationship between the level of knowledge, the level of education, hygiene of individual respondents with the incidence of typhoid fever in the Work Area of the Health Office of Jayawijaya Regency. Chi-square test results obtained p- value (0.000) < α (0.05) and environmental sanitation with the incidence of Typhoid Fever in the Work Area of the Jayawijaya District Health Office. Chi-square test result obtained p-value (0.001) < α (0.05). Based on the results of the study is expected to increase kinship with patients as well as by providing health services visits to the patient's home.

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Prevalence of oral habits in children

Revista Brasileira de Odontologia ◽

10.18363/rbo.v74n4.p.272 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

pp. 272

Author(s):

Pedro Diniz Rebouças Rebouças ◽

Levy Sombra de Oliveira ◽

Henrique Matos Costa Lima ◽

Lorena Walesca Macedo Rodrigues ◽

Regina Glaucia Lucena Aguiar Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Descriptive Study ◽

First Year ◽

Age Group ◽

Absolute Frequency ◽

Chi Square ◽

Oral Habits ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Quantitative Descriptive ◽

Epidemiological Profile ◽

Structured Questionnaire

Objective: this quantitative descriptive study aimed to evaluate the presence of deleterious oral habits and associated factors in children attending the Amadeu Barros Leal day care in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Material and Methods: the sample consisted of 75 children (51% of girls) aged 0 to 5 years. Data were collected through the application of a structured questionnaire to the parents or guardians and analyzed statistically with Fisher’s exact or Chi-square test, considering a 95% confidence interval. The results were expressed as absolute frequency and percentage. Results: 89% of the children participating in the study were breastfed, and 43.5% of them were breastfed at least until the first year of age. As much as 19% of the children slept with their mouths open and 39% used a pacifier, 56.7% of which used it constantly during the day and at night. About 91% of children used a feeding bottle, and most of bottles (79%) did not have an orthodontic nipple. In addition, 60% of children aged 24-36 months had the deleterious habit of grinding their teeth. Conclusion: in the present study, we investigated children from 0 to 5 years old and observed that this age group is predisposed to deleterious oral habits. In this way, more studies that trace a safe epidemiological profile aiming to reduce these harmful habits are extremely necessary.

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Evaluation of the Risk of Clinical Deterioration among Inpatients with COVID-19

Advances in Virology ◽

10.1155/2021/6689669 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Víctor O. Costa ◽

Eveline M. Nicolini ◽

Bruna M. A. da Costa ◽

Fabrício M. Teixeira ◽

Júlia P. Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Lung Parenchyma ◽

Clinical Deterioration ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Chi Square ◽

Exact Test ◽

Laboratory Confirmation ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Imaging Markers

This study aims to assess the risk of severe forms of COVID-19, based on clinical, laboratory, and imaging markers in patients initially admitted to the ward. This is a retrospective observational study, with data from electronic medical records of inpatients, with laboratory confirmation of COVID-19, between March and September 2020, in a hospital from Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil. Participants (n = 74) were separated into two groups by clinical evolution: those who remained in the ward and those who progressed to the ICU. Mann–Whitney U test was taken for continuous variables and the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Comparing the proposed groups, lower values of lymphocytes ( p = <0.001) and increases in serum creatinine ( p = 0.009), LDH ( p = 0.057), troponin ( p = 0.018), IL-6 ( p = 0.053), complement C4 ( p = 0.040), and CRP ( p = 0.053) showed significant differences or statistical tendency for clinical deterioration. The average age of the groups was 47.9 ± 16.5 and 66.5 ± 7.3 years ( p = 0.001). Hypertension ( p = 0.064), heart disease ( p = 0.048), and COPD ( p = 0.039) were more linked to ICU admission, as well as the presence of tachypnea on admission ( p = 0.051). Ground-glass involvement >25% of the lung parenchyma or pleural effusion on chest CT showed association with evolution to ICU ( p = 0.027), as well as bilateral opacifications ( p = 0.030) when compared to unilateral ones. Laboratory, clinical, and imaging markers may have significant relation with worse outcomes and the need for intensive treatment, being helpful as predictive factors.

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Digital Marketing Communication and Car Buying: A Study of Potential Deterrents

Management Insight - The Journal of Incisive Analysers ◽

10.21844/mijia.v13i02.11265 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (02) ◽

Author(s):

Rekha Dahiya ◽

Aparna Mishra

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Digital Marketing ◽

Marketing Communication ◽

Age Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Occupational Category ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

And Cluster Analysis ◽

Digital Channels ◽

Lack Of Knowledge

The present study aims to identify the potential deterrents of digital marketing communication while buying a car. Data was collected from 801 respondents from Delhi using area wise proportionate sampling. 75% of the respondents used at least one digital channel of communication while buying a car. There were 25% of the respondents who didn’t use digital channels of communication while buying a car and relied exclusively upon traditional channels of communication. The study analyzed the respondents believing only in traditional channels of communication while buying a car to know the deterrents impeding the usage of digital channels of communication. The study also aimed to identify the distinct customers segments using traditional channels of communication while buying a car. Data was analyzed with the help of chi-square test and cluster analysis. ‘Technicality’ of the medium followed by ‘lack of knowledge and time’ were identified as the major deterrents of digital marketing communication. Two customer segments were identified in the study that made use of only traditional channels of communication while buying a car. First segment comprised of respondents ‘above 40 years of age’ belonging to ‘business’ category. Second segment was composed of respondents in ‘service’ occupational category belonging to ‘26 to 30 years age’ group.

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Attitudes of the Local Population in Border Municipalities on Development of Sport-Event Tourism

Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research ◽

10.1177/1096348020927444 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 109634802092744

Author(s):

Slobodanka S. Marković ◽

Marija R. Perić ◽

Maja B. Mijatov ◽

Aleksandra S. Dragin ◽

Dejan Lj. Doljak

Keyword(s):

Local Community ◽

Local Population ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Chi Square ◽

Sport Event ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Event Tourism ◽

Tourism Resources ◽

Sport Events ◽

Further Development

This article is focused on attitudes of the local population within the border municipalities in the Euroregion “Drina-Sava-Majevica,” on the further development of sport-event tourism. The survey research obtained a sample of 238 respondents. Collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS (21.0). Analysis of categorical variables (Chi-square test) and coefficients of correlation, together with descriptive statistics, indicated that the local community has reliable attitudes on potentials for development of sport-events, as well as the most popular “Drinska regatta.” However, members of the local community still do not recognize possibilities of using tourism resources for gaining personal and community-wide benefits. Therefore, efforts aimed at further tourism development within the researched border municipalities should be valorized and adequately represented in the tourism market in cooperation with the local population.

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Dynamic Smile Visualization and Quantification in different age groups

Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1708673 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 06 (04) ◽

pp. 32-38

Author(s):

Harshitha V. ◽

M.S. Ravi ◽

Reshma Raveendran ◽

Raed Saeed ◽

Kiran Kumar C.

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

T Test ◽

Age Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Video Clips ◽

Younger Age ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Buccal Corridor ◽

Paired T Test ◽

Two Age Groups

Abstract Aims and Objectives: To assess the posed and dynamic smile and to compare the various attributes of smile in frontal, oblique and sagittal dimensions, in two different age groups (10- 15years and 18-25 years). Materials and Methods: The posed and dynamic smile parameters were measured using digital video clips in 80 subjects of two different age groups (10-15years and 18-25 years). Total of 15 parameters were studied in 3 planes of space. The data was analysed using student`s t-test to compare smile parameters across the age groups, paired t-test was used to analyse the parameters of posed and unposed smile within the same age group and chi-square test was performed for the discrete data. Results: The present study revealed significant differences in dynamic smile parameters between the two age groups. The parameters like Philtrum height and Smile index are more in older age group whereas the buccal corridor was more in younger age group. Significant differences were also recorded in various parameters in both the groups when the posted smile is compared with that of the dynamic smile. Conclusion: In both the age groups, the dynamic and posed smile attributes are significantly different, except for buccal corridor and interlabial gap.

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149 Analysis of culling pattern during breeding cycle and lifetime production from the aspect of culling reasons for gilts and sows in southwest China

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.304 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 148-149

Author(s):

Chao Wang ◽

Jian Peng

Keyword(s):

Production Efficiency ◽

Southwest China ◽

Mixed Linear Model ◽

Breeding Cycle ◽

Common Disease ◽

Primary Reason ◽

Chi Square ◽

System Disease ◽

Lactating Sows ◽

Chi Square Test

Abstract Unplanned removal of gilts and sows shortens the longevity and decreases the production efficiency. Analyzing and monitoring culling pattern conduces to administrative decisions on productivity and economic results of breeding herds. To investigate culling pattern during breeding cycle and lifetime production from the aspect of culling reasons, 19,471 culling records of 24 pig herds from January 2016 to December 2017 were collected in southwest China. Lifetime pigs born alive (LPBA) and parity for culling reasons were analyzed using mixed linear model (PROC MIXED) with culling reason as fixed effect and farm and year as random effects, respectively. For reason distribution at different parities and breeding cycle analysis, chi-square test (PROC FREQ) was performed for the comparison between any two culling reasons with an adjusted significant level when overall difference was significant. Results showed sows culled for stress and death (SD), lameness (LA), common disease (CD), and return to estrus (NP) had less than 20 of LPBA (P < 0.05). Gilts mainly culled for anestrus beyond 9 months (AB9), CD, and LA, while weaning sows for reproductive system disease (RS), CD, and anestrus beyond 7 days (P < 0.0033). Gestating sows mainly culled for NP, CD, and SD, while lactating sows for low or no milk production (NM), poor litter size, and CD (P < 0.0033). Moreover, sows mainly culled at parity 0, 1, and 2 (P < 0.0024). Besides CD and RS, LA and NP were the primary reason for parity 1 and 2 culls, respectively. In conclusion, SD, LA, CD, and NP sharply decrease sow lifetime production. AB9, RS, NP, and NM mainly occurred in gilts, weaning, gestating, and lactating sows, respectively. Low parity sows had more risks of CD, RS, LA, and NP.

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