TELAAH KOMPREHENSIF DIABETES MELITUS: KLASIFIKASI, GEJALA, DIAGNOSIS, PENCEGAHAN,  DAN PENGOBATAN

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. In general, diabetes is classified into type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), gestational, and other specific diabetes. The causes of diabetes are genetic disorders and environmental. Common symptoms of diabetes include: polydipsia, polyphagia, glycosuria, polyuria, dehydration, fatigue, weight loss, reduced vision, cramps, constipation, and candida infection. Test for diagnosis of diabetes include: fasting plasma glucose test, plasma glucose test after 2 hours of 75 g oral glucose administration, the glycated hemoglobin test (HbA1C), and random blood glucose test. Prevention of T1DM is still difficult because of the limited knowledge of metabolic, genetic, and immunological processes in the development of T1DM. T2DM is prevented by lifestyle and medical intervention. Insulin is the only drug for T1DM, whereas T2DM is treated with metformin as drug’s primary choice for reducing blood glucose levels. Diabetes melitus merupakan penyakit kelainan metabolisme yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia. Secara umum, diabetes diklasifikasikan menjadi: diabetes melitus tipe 1 (DMT1), diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2), gestasional, dan diabetes spesifik lain. Penyebab diabetes adalah kelainan genetik dan lingkungan. Gejala umum diabetes antara lain: polidipsia, polifagia, glikosuria, poliuria, dehidrasi, kelelahan, penurunan berat badan, daya penglihatan berkurang, kram, konstipasi, dan infeksi candida. Pemeriksaaan untuk diagnosis diabetes meliputi: pemeriksaan glukosa plasma saat puasa, pemeriksaan glukosa plasma setelah 2 jam pemberian glukosa oral 75 g, pemeriksaan hemoglobin terglikasi (HbA1C), dan pemeriksaan glukosa darah acak. Pencegahan DMT1 masih sulit karena terbatasnya pengetahuan proses metabolisme, genetik, dan imunologi pada perkembangan DMT1. DMT2 dicegah dengan intervensi gaya hidup dan intervensi medis. Insulin merupakan satu-satunya obat untuk DMT1, sedangkan DMT2 diobati dengan metformin sebagai pilihan utama dan non obat untuk menurunkan kadar glukosa dalam darah.

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Prevention of Postprandial Hyperglycemia by Ophthalmic Nanoparticles Based on Protamine Zinc Insulin in the Rabbit

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13030375 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 375

Author(s):

Saori Deguchi ◽

Fumihiko Ogata ◽

Takumi Isaka ◽

Hiroko Otake ◽

Yosuke Nakazawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Polyacrylic Acid ◽

Rabbit Model ◽

Postprandial Hyperglycemia ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Protamine Zinc Insulin ◽

Bead Mill

Postprandial hyperglycemia, a so-called blood glucose spike, is associated with enhanced risks of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. In this study, we attempted to design nanoparticles (NPs) of protamine zinc insulin (PZI) by the bead mill method, and prepare ophthalmic formulations based on the PZI-NPs with (nPZI/P) or without polyacrylic acid (nPZI). In addition, we investigated whether the instillation of the newly developed nPZI and nPZI/P can prevent postprandial hyperglycemia in a rabbit model involving the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The particle size of PZI was decreased by the bead mill to a range for both nPZI and nPZI/P of 80–550 nm with no observable aggregation for 6 d. Neither nPZI nor nPZI/P caused any noticeable corneal toxicity. The plasma INS levels in rabbits instilled with nPZI were significantly higher than in rabbits instilled with INS suspensions (commercially available formulations, CA-INS), and the plasma INS levels were further enhanced with the amount of polyacrylic acid in the nPZI/P. In addition, the rapid rise in plasma glucose levels in OGTT-treated rabbits was prevented by a single instillation of nPZI/P, which was significantly more effective at attenuating postprandial hyperglycemia (blood glucose spike) in comparison with nPZI. In conclusion, we designed nPZI/P, and show that a single instillation before OGTT attenuates the rapid enhancement of plasma glucose levels. These findings suggest a better management strategy for the postprandial blood glucose spike, which is an important target of DM therapy.

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Degradation of Incretins and Modulation of Blood Glucose Levels by Periodontopathic Bacterial Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00277-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 85 (9) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yuko Ohara-Nemoto ◽

Manami Nakasato ◽

Yu Shimoyama ◽

Tomomi T. Baba ◽

Takeshi Kobayakawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Dipeptidyl Peptidase ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Content Type ◽

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Molecular Events

ABSTRACT Severe periodontitis is known to aggravate diabetes mellitus, though molecular events related to that link have not been fully elucidated. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen of periodontitis, expresses dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), which is involved in regulation of blood glucose levels by cleaving incretins in humans. We examined the enzymatic characteristics of DPP4 from P. gingivalis as well as two other periodontopathic bacteria, Tannerella forsythia and Prevotella intermedia, and determined whether it is capable of regulating blood glucose levels. Cell-associated DPP4 activity was found in those microorganisms, which was effectively suppressed by inhibitors of human DPP4, and molecules sized 73 kDa in P. gingivalis, and 71 kDa in T. forsythia and P. intermedia were immunologically detected. The k cat/Km values of recombinant DPP4s ranged from 721 ± 55 to 1,283 ± 23 μM−1s−1 toward Gly-Pro-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide (MCA), while those were much lower for His-Ala-MCA. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis showed His/Tyr-Ala dipeptide release from the N termini of incretins, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, respectively, with the action of microbial DPP4. Moreover, intravenous injection of DPP4 into mice decreased plasma active GLP-1 and insulin levels, accompanied by a substantial elevation in blood glucose over the control after oral glucose administration. These results are the first to show that periodontopathic bacterial DPP4 is capable of modulating blood glucose levels the same as mammalian DPP4; thus, the incidence of periodontopathic bacteremia may exacerbate diabetes mellitus via molecular events of bacterial DPP4 activities.

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PENGARUH JUS LIDAH BUAYA TERHADAP KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH PUASA DAN 2 JAM PP(Post Prandial) PADA PENDERITA DIABETES MELITUS

Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Saintika ◽

10.30633/jkms.v10i1.311 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 77

Author(s):

Febria Syafyu Sari ◽

Ridhyalla Afnuhazi

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Aloe Vera ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Paired T Test ◽

Diabetes Melitus

ABSTRAK Diabetes Melitus merupakan penyakit yang paling menonjol yang disebabkan oleh gagalnya pengaturan gula darah. Lidah buaya berkhasiat untuk menurunkan kadar gula dalam darah bagi penderita diabetes dan dapat mengontrol tekanan darah. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh jus lidah buaya (AloeBarbadensis Miller) terhadap penurunan glukosa darah puasa GDP) dan 2 Jam PP (Post Prendial) pada penderita DM (Diabetes Melitus). Desain penelitian merupakan Quasi Eksperimental dengan pendekatan one group pretest – postest design. Sampel terbagi menjadi 14 responden. Data dianalisis dengan paired t-test. Hasil menunjukan rata-rata penurunan glukosa darah puasa pada intervensi (28,42 gr/dl) dan glukosa darah 2 jam pp pada intervensi (40,57 gr/dl). Untuk analisis bivariat terdapat perbedaan antara glukosa puasa dan 2 jam pp dengan glukosa darah puasa GDP) dan 2 Jam PP (Post Prendial) pada penderita DM (Diabetes Melitus). Kesimpulan didapatkanlidah buaya dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian jus lidah buaya dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif keperawatan non farmakologi dalam penyakit diabetes melitus. Kata Kunci : Lidah Buaya ; Diabetes Mellitus THE EFFECT OF VEGETABLE VOCATIONAL JUICE ON FAST BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS AND 2 HOURS OF PP (Post Prandial) IN DIABETES MELLITUS ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus is the most prominent disease caused by the failure of blood sugar regulation. Aloe vera is efficacious can to reduce blood sugar levels for diabetics and can control blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Aloe Barbadensis Miller on the reduction of fasting blood glucose GDP and 2 hours of PP (post prendial) in patients with diabetes mellitus. The research design is Experimental Quasi with one group pretest - postest design approach. The sample is divided into 14 respondents. Data were analyzed by paired t-test. The results showed an average decrease in fasting blood glucose at intervention (28.42 gr / dl) and 2 hours pp blood glucose at intervention (40.57 gr / dl). For bivariate analysis there was a difference between fasting glucose and 2 hours pp with fasting blood glucose GDP) and 2 hours PP (Post Prendial) in patients with diabetes mellitus. The conclusion is that aloe vera can reduce blood glucose levels. Based on the results of research on aloe vera juice can be an alternative non-pharmacological nursing in diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Aloe Vera ; Diabetes Mellitus

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Factors Associated with Adherence to Blood Glucose Test among Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Prof. Dr. W. Z. Johannes Hospital, Kupang

10.26911/theijmed.2016.01.01.02 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 01 (01) ◽

pp. 12-19

Author(s):

Dessy Nelciani Timuneno ◽

◽

Deviarbi Sakke Tira ◽

Imelda F. E Manurung ◽

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Blood Glucose Test ◽

Glucose Test

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Glucose levels during gestational diabetes pregnancy and the risk of developing postpartum diabetes or prediabetes

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-021-04352-w ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chadakarn Phaloprakarn ◽

Siriwan Tangjitgamol

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Blood glucose levels during pregnancy may reflect the severity of insulin secretory defects and/or insulin resistance during gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancy. We hypothesized that suboptimal glycemic control in women with GDM could increase the risk of postpartum type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or prediabetes. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of plasma glucose levels throughout GDM pregnancy on the risk of postpartum T2DM or prediabetes. Methods The medical records of 706 women with GDM who underwent a postpartum 75-g, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test at our institution between January 2011 and December 2018 were reviewed. These women were classified into 2 groups according to glycemic control during pregnancy: ≤ 1 occasion of either fasting glucose ≥ 95 mg/dL or 2-hour postprandial glucose ≥ 120 mg/dL was defined as optimal glycemic control or else was classified as suboptimal glycemic control. Rates of postpartum T2DM and prediabetes were compared between women with optimal (n = 505) and suboptimal (n = 201) glycemic control. Results The rates of postpartum T2DM and prediabetes were significantly higher in the suboptimal glycemic control group than in the optimal glycemic control group: 22.4% vs. 3.0%, P < 0.001 for T2DM and 45.3% vs. 23.5%, P < 0.001 for prediabetes. In a multivariate analysis, suboptimal glucose control during pregnancy was an independent risk factor for developing either postpartum T2DM or prediabetes. The adjusted odds ratios were 8.4 (95% confidence interval, 3.5–20.3) for T2DM and 3.9 (95% confidence interval, 2.5–6.1) for prediabetes. Conclusion Our findings suggest that blood glucose levels during GDM pregnancy have an impact on the risk of postpartum T2DM and prediabetes.

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Impact of sleep duration during pregnancy on the risk of gestational diabetes in the Japan environmental and Children’s study (JECS)

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-019-2632-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mai Myoga ◽

◽

Mayumi Tsuji ◽

Rie Tanaka ◽

Eiji Shibata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Reference Group ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Random Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels

Abstract Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has serious effects on both mother and child. Like Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, it is increasing in prevalence world-wide. In addition to obesity, sleep duration has been named an important risk factor. Using a large cohort study, including data from 48,787 participants of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS), we examined the association between sleep duration and both random blood glucose levels and GDM rates during pregnancy. Methods Random blood glucose levels were measured during pregnancy. GDM diagnosis was based on the results of 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Additional anthropometric data was collected from questionnaires for statistical analysis. Results Compared to mothers averaging 7 to < 10 h sleep (reference group), women receiving < 5 h or ≥ 10 h sleep exhibited significantly elevated random blood glucose levels. This was associated with an elevated risk for positive GDM screening (< 5 h sleep: OR 1.17 (0.96–1.44) p = 0.126; ≥10 h sleep: OR 1.13 (1.03–1.25) p = 0.006). Calculating the risk for GDM, women sleeping < 5 h or ≥ 10 h exhibited elevated risks of 1.31-fold and 1.21 respectively. However, this trend was not found to be significant. Conclusions Sleep is a critical factor in glucose metabolism, with both abnormally long and short sleep duration increasing random blood glucose levels in pregnant women. Moreover, the risk for positive GDM screening increases significantly with elevated sleep, ≥10 h per night. These findings are promising because they support the idea that sleep duration is a modifiable risk factor, and can be focused upon to improve health and pregnancy outcome.

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Perkembangan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 dari Prediabetes di Bogor, Jawa Barat

Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pelayanan Kesehatan ◽

10.22435/jpppk.v2i1.53 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 59-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eva Sulistiowati ◽

Marice Sihombing

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Diabetes Melitus

Abstrak Prediabetes merupakan kondisi gula darah puasa 100-125mg/dL (Impaired Fasting Glucose/IFG) atau kadar gula darah 2 jam setelah pembebanan 75 g glukosa 140-199 mg/dL (Impaired Glucose Tolerance/IGT). Prediabetes meningkatkan risiko terjadinya Diabetes Mellitus tipe 2 (DM tipe 2). Tujuan analisis ini untuk mengetahui terjadinya DM Tipe 2 pada responden dengan prediabetes dalam follow-up 2 tahun. Prospektif studi dalam 2 tahun pada 3344 responden Studi Kohor Faktor Risiko PTM non-DM tipe 2. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik (BB, TB, lingkar perut, tekanan darah), dan laboratorium (GDP, GDPP, Kolesterol total, HDL, LDL, Trigliserida). Kadar glukosa darah untuk DM Tipe 2 dan prediabetes mengacu pada kriteria ADA 2011. Analisis deskriptif tentang karakteristik, life tabel perkembangan DM Tipe 2 dari prediabetes. Prediabetes yang terjadi sebesar 24,6% (IFG 2,3%; IGT 19,2% dan mix IFG/IGT 2,8%) dan 13,4% mengalami DM tipe 2 dalam kurun waktu 2 tahun. Progresivitas terjadinya DM dari IFG, IGT dan mix TGTmasing-masing 6,21; 6,12 dan 14,6 per 100 orang per tahun. Faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi terjadinya DM tipe 2 antara lain: umur (40-54 tahun RR=1,97; CI 95%:1,02-3,82), 55-65 tahun (RR=2,74; CI 95%: 1,34-5,58), obesitas sentral (RR=4,42; CI 95%: 2,36-8,29), hipertensi (RR= 1,99; CI 95%: 1,29-3,06) dan hipertrigliserida (RR=1,83; CI 95%: 1,18-2,83). Proporsi prediabetes dan terjadinya DM tipe 2 di Bogor Tengah dalam pengamatan 2 tahun, meningkat dengan bertambahnya umur dan dipengaruhi oleh obesitas sentral, hipertensi, hipertrigliserida. Pengendalian faktor risiko dan pemeriksaan gula darah secara rutin dapat mencegah terjadinya DM tipe 2. Perlu ditunjang dengan posbindu PTM aktif di masyarakat, lingkungan kerja maupun sekolah. Kata kunci: Prediabetes, Diabetes Melitus tipe 2 (DM tipe 2), Bogor Tengah Abstract Prediabetes is a condition that fasting plasma glucose 100-125 mg/dL (Impaired Fasting Glucose/IFG) or blood glucose 2 hours after loading 75 g glucose 140-199 mg/dL (Impaired Glucose Tolerance/IGT). Prediabetes increases the risk of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). This analysis is to determine the progression rate to T2DM in prediabetes respondents during 2 years follow up. This is an two years prospective study in 3344 respondents Cohort Study of Risk Factors NCD without T2DM. The data collected included interviews, physical examination (body weight, height, abdominal circumference, blood pressure), and laboratory (fasting plasma glucose/FPG, plasma glucose 2 hours after loading 75 g glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides). Blood glucose levels for DM and prediabetes refers to ADA criteria 2011. Data analisized by descriptive about characteristics, life table of T2DM development from prediabetes. Prediabetes occurred at 24.6% (IFG 2.3%, IGT 19.2% and mix IFG / IGT 2.8%) and 13.4% experienced type 2 diabetes within 2 years. The progression of DM from IFG, IGT and mix TGT is 6.21; 6.12 and 14,6 per 100 person per year respectively. The risk factors of T2DM are age (40-54 years old (RR=1,97; CI 95%:1,02-3,82), 55-65 years old (RR=2,74; CI 95%:1,34-5,58), central obesity (RR=4,42; CI 95%:2,36-8,29), hypertension (RR=1,99; CI 95%:1,29-3,06) and hypertriglyceride (RR=1,83; CI 95%:1,18-2,83). The proportion of prediabetes and progression T2DM in Central Bogor at 2 years follow up is quite high, increasing with age and influenced by central obesity, hypertension and hypertriglyceride. Controlling risk factors and checking blood glucose regularly can prevent T2DM. Need to be supported by posbindu PTM active in the community, work environment and school. Keywords: Prediabetes, type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Central Bogor

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Gambaran Kadar Glukosa Darah Sewaktu Pada Penderita Hipertensi di Puskesmas II Mendoyo

Jurnal Analis Kesehatan ◽

10.26630/jak.v10i2.2956 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

I Gusti Agung Dewi Sarihati ◽

Putu Dita Pratiwi ◽

I Gusti Agung Ayu Putu Swastini

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Data Collection ◽

Quantitative Method ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Average Blood Glucose ◽

Diabetes Melitus

Description of Blood Glucose Levels in Hypertension Patients in Mendoyo Public Health Center Abstract Hypertension is a degenerative disease that still affects many people in Bali Province. Hypertension occurs due to many factors where it can start from genetics and lifestyle. Hypertension can lead to insulin resistance which is the main cause of increased blood glucose, so that people who suffer from hypertension have the risk of suffering from diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study is to describe the current blood glucose levels in patients with hypertension at Puskesmas II Mendoyo. Method this research uses descriptive quantitative method involving 30 respondents through purposive sampling technique. The research was conducted in March - April 2021. Data collection was carried out by filling out questionnaires and examining blood glukose level with POCT EasyTouch GCU. The results showed that (13.3%) patients with hypertension had blood glucose levels in the non-DM category, (80%) with the uncertain DM category, and (6.7%) in the DM category. The average blood glucose level is 120.7 mg/dl with the lowest level is 84 mg/dl and the highest level up to 273 mg/dl. In conclusion, most patients with hypertension have blood glucose levels during the uncertain DM category.Keywords: blood glucose levels; hypertension; diabetes melitus

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DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2: FAKTOR RISIKO, DIAGNOSIS, DAN TATALAKSANA

Ganesha Medicine ◽

10.23887/gm.v1i2.40006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 114

Author(s):

Kadek Resa Widiasari ◽

I Made Kusuma Wijaya ◽

Putu Adi Suputra

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Literature Review ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Pharmacological Therapy ◽

Common Finding ◽

Pancreatic Cell ◽

Diabetes Melitus

AbstrakDiabetes melitus menggambarkan sekelompok penyakit metabolik yang temuan umumnya adalah kadar glukosa darah yang meningkat. Pada usia 20-79 tahun, terdapat 463 juta atau setara 9,3% orang di dunia menderita diabetes pada tahun 2019. Diabetes melitus tipe 2 ditandai dengan defisiensi insulin relatif yang disebabkan oleh disfungsi sel pankreas dan resistensi insulin. Faktor risiko penyebabnya dibagi menjadi dua yaitu faktor risiko yang dapat dimodifikasi dan tidak dapat dimodifikasi. Gejala klasik diabetes seperti poliuria, polidipsia, polifagia dan penurunan berat badan yang tidak dapat dijelaskan sebabnya. Empat tes diagnostik untuk diabetes yaitu pengukuran glukosa plasma puasa, glukosa plasma 2 jam setelah TTGO 75 g, HbA1c, dan glukosa darah acak dengan adanya tanda dan gejala klasik diabetes. Tatalaksana dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu farmakologi dan non farmakologi. Tatalaksana non farmakologis terdiri atas edukasi, nutrisi medis, dan latihan fisik. Terapi farmakologis terdiri atas obat oral dan bentuk suntikan dalam bentu obat anti hiperglikemik dan insulin. Terapi farmakologi dan non farmakologi ini berjalan beriringan. Penulisan artikel ini menggunakan metode literature review dan diharapkan dapat dijadikan acuan kedepan dalam melakukan tindakan pencegahan dan pengobatan pasien diabetes melitus sehingga prevalensi berkurang dan komplikasi dapat dihindari. AbstractDiabetes mellitus describes a group of metabolic diseases whose common finding is elevated blood glucose levels. At the age of 20-79 years, there were 463 million or 9.3% of people in the world suffer from diabetes in 2019. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by relative insulin deficiency caused by pancreatic cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. The risk factors that cause it are divided into two, namely modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. The classic symptoms of diabetes include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and unexplained weight loss. The four diagnostic tests for diabetes are measurement of fasting plasma glucose, plasma glucose 2 hours after OGTT 75 g, HbA1c, and randomized blood glucose in the presence of classic signs and symptoms of diabetes. Treatment is divided into two, namely pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Non-pharmacological management consists of education, medical nutrition, and physical exercise. Pharmacological therapy consists of oral drugs and injections in the form of anti-hyperglycemic drugs and insulin. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy goes hand in hand. The writing of this article uses the literature review method and is expected to be used as a future reference in carrying out prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus patients so that prevalence is reduced and complications can be avoided.

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Pemberian Pijat Refleksi Pada Penderita Diabetes Melitus Tipe Ii Dengan Masalah Keperawatan Ketidak Stabilan Kadar Gula Darah Di Tiyuh Dayaasri Tumijajar Tulang Bawang Barat

JURNAL KREATIVITAS PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT (PKM) ◽

10.33024/jkpm.v4i1.2793 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 26-30

Author(s):

Widia Afira ◽

Prima Dian Furqoni ◽

Rahma Elliya ◽

Usastiawaty Cik Ayu Saadiah Isnainy ◽

Eka Yudha Crisanto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

International Diabetes Federation ◽

Rest Period ◽

The Body ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

The World ◽

Reduce Blood Glucose ◽

Diabetes Melitus

ABSTRAK Menurut International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (2015), saat ini Indonesia merupakan negara dengan urutan ke-7 jumlah penderita diabetes terbanyak di dunia yaitu sebanyak 10,0 juta jiwa, dan pada tahun 2020 diperkirakan penderita diabetes di Indonesia akan naik ke nomor enam terbanyak di dunia dengan jumlah penderita 16,2 juta jiwa, dan dilaporkan bahwa kota-kota besar seperti Jakarta, Surabaya, sudah hampir 10 % penduduknya menderita diabetes. Diabetes merupakan penyakit kronis yang serius dan terjadi baik saat pankreas tidak menghasilkan cukup insulin (hormon yang mengatur glukosa darah) maupun jika tubuh tidak dapat menggunakan insulin yang dihasilkan secara efektif. pengobatan bisa dilakukan secara non farmakologi, diantaranya dengan menggunakan terapi pijat refleksi. Tujuan setelah penyuluhan dan demonstrasi, diharapkan pemberian pijat refleksi dapat untuk menurunkan glukosa darah. Adapun kegiatan yang dilakukan berupa penyuluhan menggunakan leaflet dan demonstrasi terapi pijat refleksi. Terdapat penurunan gula darah pada klien diabetes melitus setelah pemberian terapi pijat refleksi selama 3 hari di Tiyuh Dayaasri Tumijajar Tulang bawang barat. Dari evaluasi hari terakhir pemeriksaan kadar glukosa darah terjadi penurunan yaitu antara sebelum diberikan terapi dan sesudah diberikan terapi, diperoleh data pada nilai glukosa darah sebelum diberikan asuhan keperawatan yaitu hari pertama GDS: 215 mg/dl, setelah diberikan intervensi pijat refleksi selama kurun waktu 3 hari dan di beri waktu istirahat selama 4 hari tetapi tetap dalam pengontrolan pola makan, untuk memberikan efek rileks kemudian di cek gula darah kembali di hari ke 7 (tujuh), dari hasil pemeriksaan didapatkan yaitu GDS: 189 mg/dl. Saran agar dapat menerapkan terapi pijat refleksi kepada penderita diabetes melitus dan sebagai pengobatan alternatif untuk menjaga kestabilan glukosa darah, untuk mengurangi efek samping penggunaan obat jangka panjang. Dengan demikian, pemberian pijat refleksi pada klien diabetes melitus sangat efektif dalam menurunkan gula darah.Kata kunci : Diabetes Melitus, Gula Darah, Terapi Pijat Refleksi ABSTRACT According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (2015), Indonesia is currently the 7th largest number of diabetics in the world with 10.0 million people, and 2020 estimated that diabetics at Indonesia will rise to number 6th in the world with 16.2 million sufferers, and it is reported that big cities like Jakarta, Surabaya, already almost 10% the population suffer of diabetes. Diabetes is a serious chronic disease and occurs both when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (a hormone that regulates blood glucose) or if the body cannot use insulin produced effectively. treatment can be non-pharmacologically, including by reflexology therapy. The purpose after counseling and demonstration, is expected to provide reflexology to reduce blood glucose. The activities carried out in the form of counseling used leaflets and demonstration of reflexology therapy. There is a decrease in blood sugar in diabetes mellitus clients after giving reflexology therapy for 3 days at Tiyuh Dayaasri Tumijajar West Tulang Bawang. From evaluation of the last day,examination of blood glucose levels there was a decrease between before being given therapy and after being given therapy, obtained data on blood glucose values before being given nursing care that is the first day of GDS: 215 mg / dl, after being given a reflexology intervention for a period of 3 days and given a rest period of 4 days but still in control of eating patterns, to provide a relaxing effect then checked for blood sugar again on day 7 (seven), from the examination results obtained namely GDS: 189 mg / dl. Suggestions for adjust reflexology therapy to people with diabetes mellitus and alternative treatment to maintain blood glucose stability, to reduce the side effects of long-term drug use. Thus, giving reflexology to diabetes mellitus's client is very effective of lowering blood sugar. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Blood Sugar, Reflexology Therapy

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