scholarly journals Jean-Paul Sartre et l’absurde de l’existence La Nausée et L’Être et le Néant na Jean-Paul Sartre et l’absurde de l’existence ”La Nausée” et ”L’Être et le Néant”

2018 ◽  
pp. 489-501
Author(s):  
Marta Agata Chojnacka
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Philosophical Texts ◽  
Definition Of

The main task of this work is to track down the absurdities of human existence which are described in the Jean-Paul Sartre’s texts. By analyzing the content of a novel Nausea author present the founding of Sartre’s theory of the existentialism that was later developed in the most famous philosophical work of the French philosopher, namely Being and nothingness. The thesis of this work is as follows: Sartre’s philosophical texts contain overall interpretation of existentialism. His literary texts give specific examples of human behavior, relationships, and activities immersed in absurd and illustrate the thesis from Sartre’s philosophical works. This article combines information contained in the philosophical and literary writings. In the first part author presents Sartre’s biography, emphasizing his literary and philosophical interests. Author tries to demonstrate absurdities of notion of existence in Nausea and Being and Nothingness to give an existential definition of the human being.

Embodied Inner Human Being

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 20-57
Author(s):  
Annette Weissenrieder ◽  
Gregor Etzelmüller
Keyword(s):  
Deep Understanding ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Ancient Medicine ◽  
The Core ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Medicine And Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical Texts ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper we take issue with George H. van Kooten’s recent argument that Paul’s concept of inner human being has a background in ancient philosophical treatises as a metaphor of the soul. We argue that its Greco-Roman physiological meaning was decisive in its adoption by Paul and that the split between ancient medicine and philosophy was not essential in antiquity. Ancient medical-philosophical texts did not focus on the core or center of a person but rather sought a deep understanding of his or her inner aspects. These texts sought to understand how it is that we can discover bodily information about this inner person and to what degree the relationship between the inner and outer person can be interpreted. At the same time, however, we are discussing Walter Burkert’s evolutionary understanding of Pauline’s concept of the inner and outer human being. Paul’s definition of the inner human being corresponds to recent anthropological concepts of embodiment insofar as the visible outer human being has an inside which, according to Paul, is not detached from the body, but must be grasped from a physical perspective.

scholarly journals THE CHILD AS AN «ARCHETYPE», «PROTOTYPE» AND «ASSEMBLAGE POINT»

2021 ◽  
pp. 352-360
Author(s):  
Galina M. Ponomareva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Scientific Paradigms ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Status ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Definition Of

A new stage in the development of the humanities is largely connected with the understanding of the consequences of the «anthropological turn», the beginning of which is attributed to the 1960s-70s. Numerous discussions of this period led to the formation of new trends associated with the change of scientific paradigms and the transition to a post-non-classical interpretation of the «human phenomenon». The purpose of this article is to study the possible theoretical and methodological prospects that open up to philosophical anthropology due to the emergence of new explication models and new scientific lexicons. To achieve this goal, we chose the image of the Child, accumulating the most essential features of a person and a human being and interpreted metaphorically, as the starting point of the analysis. The Child is presented as an «anthropological constant» denoting a person’s ability to innovate and operate with imaginary phenomena endowed with the status of real ones. As an «anthropological constant», the Child acquires archetypal features that are significant for understanding the nature and meaning of any human activity and interpreting the processes of patterning human states. The approach developed in the article allows us to make several assumptions. First, the Child should be considered in the context of the drama of human existence, which consists in the infinite variability and fundamental incompleteness of the «human project». In this case, what comes to the fore is not the task of studying the boundaries of the human but the definition of the actual capabilities of a person. Secondly, the image of the Child embodies a state of transience, randomness. This requires a wider use of the method of multiple interpretations and post-phenomenological approaches within the framework of modern philosophical anthropology. Thirdly, the image of the Child embodies an existential conflict, which makes it possible to identify the complex dynamics of human states and describe them contextually.

Creaturehood and Deification as Anchors for an Ethics of Gene Editing

2019 ◽  
pp. 172-183
Author(s):  
Michael Burdett
Keyword(s):  
Gene Editing ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
Religious Scholarship ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers what it means to be human in an era of gene editing technologies, using ideas from philosophical and religious scholarship. I call these ideas “visions of the human being.” These visions are central to understanding the relationship between gene editing and human flourishing because they are “at work” in the definition of human flourishing, and they shape people’s responses to the technologies. Proposed is a postsecular, Christian vision of the human being and flourishing in the context of gene editing as the successful navigation between two elements of human existence: “creaturehood” and “deification.” Both elements are important for developing a robust conception of human flourishing and for allowing us to respond well to the uses of gene editing applications.

What Is Existentialism?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Webber
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Simone De Beauvoir ◽  
The Core ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Definition Of

Articles and books on existentialism generally eschew precise philosophical definition of their subject matter and disagree with one another over which ideas, issues, and thinkers should be classified as existentialist. This loose categorization distorts readings of the texts that are claimed to fall under it. This book argues for a precise conceptualization of existentialism grounded in the definition it was given by Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre when the term was first popularized. Existentialism is therefore defined as the ethical theory that we ought to treat the freedom at the core of human existence as intrinsically valuable and the foundation of all other values. This chapter argues for the need for a clear definition and presents an overview of how the book develops its analysis.

scholarly journals Interrelação filosófico-literária do pensamento de Sartre: bases para uma psicologia fenomenológica do eu

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
Carolina Mendes CAMPOS ◽  
Fernanda ALT ◽  
Ariane P. EWALD
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Phenomenological Theory ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
The Self ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Phenomenological Psychology ◽  
Philosophy And Literature ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Internal Link ◽  
Philosophical Texts

While publishing his first philosophical texts, Jean Paul Sartre also initiates his career as a fictionist.Moving across a multiplicity of discourses, Sartre's thoughts find sound expression on the interfaces between philosophy and literature, forging a communicating neighbo r hood, in Franklin Leopoldo e Silva's terms. As a consequence, a kind of internal link between the philosophical narrative (technical and conceptual) and the literary narrative (aesthetic) allows for a full and rich comprehension of Sartre's writings. It's under the light of this understanding that we set out to explore the short story The childhood of a leader, 1939, one of Sartre's first literary texts, produced while he was working on the possible grounds for a Phenomenological Psychology. The story portrays the life of Lucien Fleurier from his early days as a child through a number of stages and situations in which he tries to redefine his existencial project. This way, Sartre weaves between the lines of his narrative several of the notions comprising that process, which end up settling the grounds for a phenomenological theory of the self, in keeping with his philosophical work entitled The transcendence of the ego. Therefore our work aims at using that literary text to support the study of a phenomenological theory of the self, as outlined by Sartre in both philosophical and literary fronts. Based on the intentionality of the consciousness the philosopher criticizes the formal and substantial notions of the self generally accepted by philosophy and psychology in his days, still persisting to date. Such understandings obliterate the way of being of the human condition, characterized by freedom, expressed by the distress our character Fleurier experiences trying his most to escape his inconsistency of being.

scholarly journals Personalistic Anthropology of Czeslaw Stanislaw Bartnik

2016 ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Richard Gorban
Keyword(s):  
Human Existence ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Individual Person ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Personal Relations ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Church

R. A. Gorban. Personalistic Anthropology of Czeslaw Stanislaw Bartnik. The article suggests the conception of Personalistic anthropology of Czeslaw Stanislaw Bartnik, a modern Catholic philosopher and theologian, one of the founders of the Polish Personalist School. The author reveals that the Polish thinker clarifies the anthropologic theological model based on the principles of Personalism, in which the Person of Christ is the main hypostasis being an individual personality and a communal person, that is the Church. Stanislaw Bartnik believed that anthropology must completely base on Christology, as humanization of a man has to fully actualize itself only in Christ. The theologian works out the definition of a communal personality, in which both an individual person and community gain the same considerable importance, as a human being finds the fullness of its personal dimensions only in a community, where it achieves its fullness. Accentuating mutual interdependence of personalities, he thinks society to be an anthropological environment that molds a personality, enabling it to realize its potential and reach the fullness of human existence, as it would be impossible without personal relations that are established within a community. In his works, written in different years, Stanislaw Bartnik generates the idea that a communal anthropology, which is complemented by a communal anthropology of salvation in the earthly dimension, is constituent of an individual anthropology. That is why it is important to build up a full-fledged anthropology based on Personalism and theology, as the theory and practice of Christian Perstonalist model help actualize the fullness of a man’s perfect personality in all its dimensions and manifestations. In conclusion, anthropology must become a universal science about a man as an individual and community.

scholarly journals Eksistensialisme dalam Pendidikan

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-100
Author(s):  
Lailatu Rohmah
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Opportunities To Learn ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Open Dialogue ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Definition Of

The philosophy of existentialism, is a philosophy with the main thought being "existence precedes the essence" that man exists first, then in life he gives meaning or essence to his life by focusing on individual experiences. Existentialism gives individuals a way of thinking about life, what it means to me, what is true for me. Existentialist epistemology assumes that individuals are responsible for their own knowledge. The main source of knowledge is personal experience. An idealist teacher according to existentialists is a teacher who provides an open dialogue space for students to find their meaning. Students get broad opportunities to learn something that interests them, so they can find their identity. Appropriate learning methods according to existentialists are dialogue, role playing, and other methods that give freedom for students to explore meaning in themselves. Because the main task of education is to stimulate every human being to be aware of the responsibility to create meaning and definition of himself.

Need of Human Rights as a Better Way of Life

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
Tushar Kadian
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Labour Unions ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In

Actually, basic needs postulates securing of the elementary conditions of existence to every human being. Despite of the practical and theoretical importance of the subject the greatest irony is non- availability of any universal preliminary definition of the concept of basic needs. Moreover, this becomes the reason for unpredictability of various political programmes aiming at providing basic needs to the people. The shift is necessary for development of this or any other conception. No labour reforms could be made in history till labours were treated as objects. Its only after they were started being treating as subjects, labour unions were allowed to represent themselves in strategy formulations that labour reforms could become a reality. The present research paper highlights the basic needs of Human Rights in life.

DIRECTIONS FOR PROVISION OF PUBLIC BODIES’ TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN CONDITIONS OF PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY DEVELOPMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 144-154
Author(s):  
Olga Mykhailоvna Ivanitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Participatory Democracy ◽  
Main Task ◽  
The Public ◽  
State Governance ◽  
Legislative Initiative ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Transparency And Accountability

The article is devoted to issues of ensuring transparency and ac- countability of authorities in the conditions of participatory democracy (democ- racy of participation). It is argued that the public should be guaranteed not only the right for access to information but also the prerequisites for expanding its par- ticipation in state governance. These prerequisites include: the adoption of clearly measurable macroeconomic and social goals and the provision of control of the processes of their compliance with the government by citizens of the country; ex- tension of the circle of subjects of legislative initiative due to realization of such rights by citizens and their groups; legislative definition of the forms of citizens’ participation in making publicly significant decisions, design of relevant orders and procedures, in particular participation in local referendum; outlining methods and procedures for taking into account social thought when making socially im- portant decisions. The need to disclose information about resources that are used by authorities to realize the goals is proved as well as key performance indicators that can be monitored by every citizen; the efforts made by governments of coun- tries to achieve these goals. It was noted that transparency in the conditions of representative democracy in its worst forms in a society where ignorance of the thought of society and its individual members is ignored does not in fact fulfill its main task — to establish an effective dialogue between the authorities and so- ciety. There is a distortion of the essence of transparency: instead of being heard, society is being asked to be informed — and passively accept the facts presented as due. In fact, transparency and accountability in this case are not instruments for the achievement of democracy in public administration, but by the form of a tacit agreement between the subjects of power and people, where the latter passes the participation of an “informed observer”.

scholarly journals Embryoid research calls for reassessment of legal regulations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Hengstschläger ◽  
Margit Rosner
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Human Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractIt is known that in countries, in which basic research on human embryos is in fact prohibited by law, working with imported human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can still be permitted. As long as hESCs are not capable of development into a complete human being, it might be the case that they do not fulfill all criteria of the local definition of an embryo. Recent research demonstrates that hESCs can be developed into entities, called embryoids, which increasingly could come closer to actual human embryos in future. By discussing the Austrian situation, we want to highlight that current embryoid research could affect the prevailing opinion on the legal status of work with hESCs and therefore calls for reassessment of the regulations in all countries with comparable definitions of the embryo.

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