For the good of the empire, or the relief of the poor? Motivations for British Government Provision of Famine Relief in Scotland, 1783–4

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Cullen
Keyword(s):  
British Government ◽  
Famine Relief ◽  
Government Response ◽  
The North ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sufficient Food Supply ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Government Provision ◽  
Sufficient Food

The failure of the grain and potato harvests across much of Britain in 1782 led to the enactment of traditional famine-relief measures across the country to secure sufficient food supply for the population. It has been well established by historians that the British government also allocated £10,000 worth of grain to the north of Scotland to provide additional support. What has been less thoroughly investigated is why. This article examines the motivations behind the government's break with traditional famine-relief policies by exploring the nature and impact of the crisis in the north of Scotland in greater detail. By comparing government intervention in major Scottish subsistence crises both before and after 1782–4, the government's actions in 1783 can be seen as marking a significant change in attitude towards the most vulnerable sections of the population during subsistence crises, and the inhabitants of the north of Scotland in particular. Consequently, a new policy of state-sponsored famine relief was established that shaped government response to subsequent Highland subsistence crises until the 1840s.

The Craig-Collins pacts of 1922: two attempted reforms of the Northern Ireland government

1990 ◽  
Vol 27 (106) ◽  
pp. 145-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hopkinson
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
British Government ◽  
The South ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Treaty Negotiations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Shipyard Workers

The six months following the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 saw an appalling level of violence in Belfast and on the border, which threatened the stability of the newly formed Northern Ireland government. Official figures for the period between 6 December 1921 and 31 May 1922 listed seventy-three protestants and 147 catholics killed in Belfast and eight protestants and twenty-two catholics killed in the six counties outside Belfast. In that period two wide-ranging agreements aimed to reform the northern government and security system: they became known, somewhat inaccurately, as the Craig-Collins pacts, of 21 January and 30 March 1922. This article discusses the motivation behind the pacts and the reasons for their failure in a wide context, by giving equal weight to the attitudes of the British government and to opinion on both sides of the Irish border.The Northern Ireland government was established in 1920–21. It was unrecognised by the dáil government in the south and by much of the northern catholic minority. The province developed against a background of violence and upheaval, including the expulsion of catholic shipyard workers from their work in the summer of 1920; the dáil retaliated by boycotting Belfast goods. The period also saw increasing I.R.A. activity in the north during the latter stages of the Anglo-Irish war, and the five-month truce that followed it. Though the northern government was not a party to the treaty negotiations, only reluctantly accepting the granting of dominion status to the south, the months before and after the settlement greatly increased tensions in the north-east.

War stimulus: The Japanese threat and rebirth of the North America Pacific Coast shipbuilding industry, 1937-1946

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-411
Author(s):  
Chris Madsen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pearl Harbor ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Strategic Procurement

Henry Eccles, in classic studies on logistics, describes the dynamics of strategic procurement in the supply chain stretching from home countries to military theatres of operations. Naval authorities and industrialists concerned with Japanese aggression before and after Pearl Harbor looked towards developing shipbuilding capacity on North America’s Pacific Coast. The region turned into a volume producer of merchant vessels, warships and auxiliaries destined for service in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Shipbuilding involved four broad categories of companies in the United States and Canada that enabled the tremendous production effort.

“Mother’s Health and Well-Being Matters: Is a Mediated Social Cohesion Public Health Intervention Feasible?”

2021 ◽  
pp. 089011712110553
Author(s):  
Cheryl Jones ◽  
Marley Gibbons ◽  
Kate Magsamen-Conrad ◽  
Kathleen T. Ulanday ◽  
Jessica Watterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Washington Heights ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
The Impact

Purpose To test the feasibility of introducing ‘Free Time for Wellness’ (FT4W) an intervention to increase healthy behaviours and reduce the risk of cancer. Design Feasibility study; Setting: Washington Heights, New York, USA is a low socioeconomic status area. Subjects Mothers aged 18 and above with children under 12 years of age and living in Washington Heights were recruited. Intervention FT4W, a community-based intervention delivered through a neighbourhood-based app, offering weekly dance and yoga classes, food pantry visits and group playdates. Childcare professionals cared for participants' children during wellness activities. Measures A bespoke before and after survey was designed and tested for its ability to collect relevant data to assess the impact of FT4W. Outcomes included recruitment rates, participation, attrition, acceptability, and success of the community champion. Analysis Comparisons of proportions and means Results Twenty-one mothers participated in the study of which 90% attended ≥ 1 FT4W activity; 65% ≥ 2; 52% ≥ 3. The survey was completed by a 100% of participants indicating it was easy to understand and not too burdensome. All measures detected change in constructs from baseline to follow-up. Availability of childcare was the most commonly (66%) reported reason participants were able to engage in the offered wellness activities. Conclusion Conducting a larger-scale trial to assess the impact of FT4W is feasible considering 4 major lessons. (1) Recruitment, retention, and acceptability rates were high; however, moms need additional support to increase participation in wellness activities and improve tech literacy. (2) Research measures were sensitive enough to detect change, but the timing of assessments needs to be considered. (3) Participants greatly valued access to professional childcare. (4) The Community Champion is a necessary, but difficult role to fill that requires careful consideration by the Institutional Review Board (IRB).

Periodicals as a Factor of Strengthening Soviet Power During the Transition Period (by the Materials of the North Caucasian Press)

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
George A. Zaseev
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The North ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Ideological Struggle ◽  
The Press ◽  
School Issues ◽  
Revolutionary Period

The article examines the processes of the formation of mass periodicals in the North Caucasus in the first years of the existence of Soviet power. Its relevance is due to the poor study of the Soviet press of the 1920s, especially its development in the national regions of the state. It is shown that the functions of the Soviet press at the first stages of its existence were reduced to the ideological struggle against counter-revolution and party opposition. At the same time, the newspapers covered topics relevant to early Soviet everyday life: peasant and school issues, the life of auls, food appropriation, food tax, etc. The purpose of the article is to examine the process of development of the Bolshevik policy in the field of mass media in the post-revolutionary period. It is emphasized that for a number of regions of the North Caucasus, the appearance of their own periodicals is associated with the arrival of the Soviet regime, which is pursuing a protectionist policy in relation to the press. It was within the framework of this policy that a number of local publications were published in the languages of the peoples of the North Caucasus, for example, the Ossetian «Rastdzinad». The list of newspapers published in the region during the period under study is presented, among which, in terms of the duration of the issue, the thematic content, one can single out such newspapers as «Krasnaya Kabarda», «Kommunist», «Sovetskaya Autonomnaya Chechnya», and «Gorskaya Pravda». Special attention is paid to the substantive analysis of the «Kommunist» newspaper for 1920, which made it possible to identify the most relevant plots and topics related to the coverage of the events of the Civil War, as well as the processes taking place within the framework of the emerging new economic policy and nation-building. In the conclusion, it is concluded that the important role played by both the Soviet periodicals and the press of the national regions in the ideological support of the activities of the organs of Soviet power.

The Recent Cypraeidae of Northern New Zealand from the Kermadec Islands to the Poor Knights Islands, Southwest Pacific Ocean (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Cypraeidae)

The Festivus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-54
Author(s):  
John Daughenbaugh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Species Distributions ◽  
East Side ◽  
Tropical Eastern Pacific ◽  
The North ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Coastal Shelf

For researchers, isolated regions at the periphery of species’ distributions hold a peculiar fascination. The causes of their remoteness vary based on: distance (e.g. the Tropical Eastern Pacific), distance and countervailing currents (e.g. the Marquesas), location in a present day gyre (e.g. the Pitcairn Group) or the absence of present day means of veliger transport (e.g. the Vema Seamount). (Daughenbaugh & Beals 2013; Daughenbaugh 2015a & b, 2017). The northern New Zealand Region from the Kermadec Islands (Kermadecs) to the coastal and shelf areas in the northernmost part of New Zealand’s North Island (Northland), including the Poor Knights Islands (PKI), constitute the distributional boundaries for a number of Cypraeidae species. The boundaries are the result of the absence of coastal shelves along the east side of the Kermadec Ridge (Ridge) and precipitous drops to abyssal depths along Northland’s east coast continental shelf. Tropical waters, with their potential to transport Cypraeidae larvae, flow eastward from southern Queensland, Australia, entrained in the Tasman Front which terminates when reaching North Cape, the northernmost tip of Northland. There, the North Cape Eddy captures most of this flow while the remainder, the East Auckland Current (EAUC), flows intermittently southward along the eastern coastal, shelf and offshore areas of Northland into waters incapable of supporting Cypraeidae populations.

scholarly journals Mass mortality of Northern Map Turtles (Graptemys geographica)

2015 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Catrysse ◽  
Emily Slavik ◽  
Jonathan Choquette ◽  
Ashley E. Leifso ◽  
Christina M. Davy
Keyword(s):  
Lake Erie ◽  
Mass Mortality ◽  
Species At Risk ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
North Shore ◽  
The North ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Map Turtles ◽  
Graptemys Geographica

We report a mass mortality of Northern Map Turtles (Graptemys geographica [LeSueur, 1817]) on the north shore of Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada. Thirty-five dead adult females were recovered from a nesting area over a period of four weeks. Predation and boat strikes were both excluded as potential cause of death, but the actual cause could not be determined because of the poor condition of the carcasses. Other possible explanations for the mortality include poisoning, drowning, and infection with an unidentified pathogen. Mass mortality in long-lived species, such as turtles, can have long-term effects on population growth and is a cause for concern in a species at risk.

scholarly journals Analysis of mortality from diarrheic diseases in under-five children in Brazilian cities with more than 150,000 inhabitants

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1093-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juraci Vieira Sergio ◽  
Antônio Carlos Ponce de Leon
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The North ◽  
Indicator Variables ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
Annual Mortality ◽  
Children Under 5

This study analyzes mortality from infectious diarrheic diseases in children under 5 years of age in Brazilian municipalities with more than 150,000 inhabitants, excluding State capitals. The annual mortality rates by municipality from 1990 to 2000 were analyzed using a multilevel model, with years as first level units nested in municipalities as second level units. The dependent variable was the yearly mortality rate by municipality, on the log scale. Polynomial time trends and indicator variables to account for differences in geographic regions were used in the modeling. Time trends were centered on 1995, so they could be modeled differently before and after 1995. From 1990 to 1995 there was a sharp decrease in mortality rates by diarrheic diseases in most Brazilian municipalities, while from 1995 to 2000 the decrease was more heterogeneous. In 1995 the North and Northeast of Brazil had higher mortality rates than the Southeast, and the differences were statistically significant. Most importantly, the study concludes that there was an important difference in the pattern of mortality rate decreases over time, comparing the country's five geographic regions.

Health status and lifestyle of the Oraon tea garden labourers of Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subrata K. Roy ◽  
Tanaya Kundu Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Physical Health Status ◽  
Health Lifestyles ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Tea Garden ◽  
Sufficient Food

This chapter looks at the health and lifestyle factors among tea garden labourers in West Bengal. Tea garden labourers enjoy access to some free facilities like education for children, medical facilities, piped drinking water, housing, and subsidised food. Yet they still suffer from several health problems. This might be due to insufficient or inadequately maintained facilities, poor lifestyles, or a mixture thereof. The chapter then focuses on the work environment, lifestyles, and physical health status of Oraon tea garden labourers of Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal. The results reveal that around 60 per cent of the labourers are underweight, despite reporting that they were getting sufficient food to eat. Poor hygienic practices may explain these results. Anaemia was also high for both sexes. Ultimately, the overall health condition of the labourers may be explained by the poor health lifestyles that they have adopted in response to their work environment.

scholarly journals Promotion of Early and Exclusive Breastfeeding in Neonatal Care Units in Rural Rwanda: a Quasi-experimental Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saidath Gato ◽  
Francois Biziyaremye ◽  
Catherine M. Kirk ◽  
Chiquita Palha De Sousa ◽  
Alain Mukuralinda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
Neonatal Care ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Evidenced Based ◽  
Additional Support

Abstract Background: Early initiation of breastfeeding after birth and ongoing exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months improves child survival, nutrition and health outcomes. However, only 42% of newborns worldwide are breastfed within the first hour of life. Small and sick newborns are at greater risk of not receiving breastmilk and often require additional support for feeding. This study compares breastfeeding practices in Rwandan neonatal care units (NCUs) before and after the implementation of a package of interventions aimed to improve breastfeeding, aligned with the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative for small and sick newborns.Methods: A pre-post quasi experimental study was conducted at two District hospital NCUs in rural Rwanda from October 2017–December 2017 (pre-intervention) and September 2018–March 2019 (post-intervention). Only newborns admitted before their second day of life (DOL) were included. Data was extracted from patient charts for clinical and demographic characteristics, feeding throughout admission, and patient outcomes. Bivariate analyses were conducted using Fisher’s exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding at discharge following a backwards stepwise procedure.Results: Pre-intervention, 255 newborns were admitted in the NCUs and 793 were admitted in the post-intervention period. The percentage of infants who were exclusively breastfed on their day of birth, or day-of-life zero (DOL0) increased from 5.4% to 35.9% (p<0.001). For newborns discharged alive, the proportion exclusively breastfeeding increased from 69.6% to 87.0% (p<0.001). The mortality rate for all admitted newborns decreased from 16.1% to 10.5% (p<0.019). Factors associated with greater odds of exclusive breastfeeding at discharge included post-intervention time point (Odds Ratio (OR): 4.91, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.99-12.11, p<0.001), and admission for infection (OR 2.99, 95%CI 1.13-7.93, p=0.027). Home deliveries (OR 0.15, 95%CI 0.05-0.47, p=0.001), preterm delivery (OR 0.36, 95%CI 0.15-0.87, p=0.0260 and delayed first breastmilk feed (OR=0.04 for DOL3 vs. DOL0, 95%CI 0.01, 0.35, p=0.004) reduced odds of exclusive breastfeeding at discharge. Conclusion: Expansion and adoption of evidenced-based guidelines, using innovative approaches, aimed at the unique needs of small and sick newborns should be expanded and adapted in similar settings to improve outcomes for these infants.

scholarly journals Strategi dan Model Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Miskin di Sumatera Utara

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Yanhar Jamaluddin ◽  
Fitriani Fitriani ◽  
Safrida Safrida ◽  
Warjio Warjio
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Effective Model ◽  
Change Model ◽  
The North ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Government ◽  
Physical Weakness

This article was prepared on the background where the poor in North Sumatera are powerless and have no ability to place their position and role in government and development, whileefforts to empower the poor have not been optimally carried out by the North Sumatera Provincial government. This article was prepared to discuss ways to make the poor in North Sumatera powerless, and outline strategies and models to empower the poor in North Sumatera. The poor are powerless and the risk poses a factor of poverty, physical weakness, isolation, improvement, and powerlessness, the poor are not managed and tend to be left by the government, and are not liked by the community. The strategy for empowering the poor in North Sumatera can be carried out through the Need for Strengthening program, Strengthening Human Resources, Strengthening Institutions, Strengthening Access to Communication and Information, Strengthening Networks - Partnerships, and Strengthening Participation. While the effective model of Poor Community Empowerment in North Sumatera is an Advantage and Change Model (ACM)

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