Circle the Cardiac Remodeling With circRNAs

Cardiac remodeling occurs after the heart is exposed to stress, which is manifested by pathological processes such as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis, dendritic cells activation and cytokine secretion, proliferation and activation of fibroblasts, and finally leads to heart failure. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are recently recognized as a specific type of non-coding RNAs that are expressed in different species, in different stages of development, and in different pathological conditions. Growing evidences have implicated that circRNAs play important regulatory roles in the pathogenesis of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the biological origin, characteristics, functional classification of circRNAs and their regulatory functions in cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, and exosomes in the pathogenesis of cardiac remodeling.

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Dual Effects of Non-Coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in Cancer Stem Cell Biology

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21186658 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (18) ◽

pp. 6658 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Athina A. Kyriazi ◽

Efstathios Papiris ◽

Konstantinos Kitsos Kalyvianakis ◽

George Sakellaris ◽

Stavroula Baritaki

Keyword(s):

Cell Biology ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Stem Cell Biology ◽

Disease Treatment ◽

The Past ◽

Therapeutic Value ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Regulatory Functions

The identification of cancer stem cells (CSCs) as initiators of carcinogenesis has revolutionized the era of cancer research and our perception for the disease treatment options. Additional CSC features, including self-renewal and migratory and invasive capabilities, have further justified these cells as putative diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets. Given the CSC plasticity, the identification of CSC-related biomarkers has been a serious burden in CSC characterization and therapeutic targeting. Over the past decades, a compelling amount of evidence has demonstrated critical regulatory functions of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) on the exclusive features of CSCs. We now know that ncRNAs may interfere with signaling pathways, vital for CSC phenotype maintenance, such as Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog. Here, we discuss the multifaceted contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), as representative ncRNA classes, in sustaining the CSC-like traits, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms of their action in various CSC types. We further discuss the use of CSC-related ncRNAs as putative biomarkers of high diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value.

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Potential Clinical Applications of Exosomal Circular RNAs: More than Diagnosis

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences ◽

10.3389/fmolb.2021.769832 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Kearabetsoe Matseliso Molibeli ◽

Rong Hu ◽

Yuze Liu ◽

Dehui Xiong ◽

Lijun Tang

Keyword(s):

Rna Binding ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Cell Communication ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Control Gene Expression ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Regulatory Functions

Exosomes are small vesicles derived from cells used as cell-to-cell communication goods in numerous diseases including tumorigenesis, neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases and other diseases. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are an innovative constituent of non-coding endogenous RNAs generated through backsplicing, catalyzed by RNA polymerase Ⅱ. These non-coding RNAs have been suggested to control gene expression through miRNA sponging, RNA-binding protein regulation and translational capabilities. Genome-wide RNA sequence analyses observed that circRNAs were stably improved in exosomes in association to parental cells. Little attention has been dedicated to exosomal circRNAs (exo-circRNAs). However, research has demonstrated that exo-circRNAs may have important regulatory functions because of their stability in cells and within exosomes. If well understood, the precise roles and mechanisms of exo-circRNAs might surge the impending clinical applications of these molecules as markers in the identification, prediction and treatment of various diseases. In this review, we outline recent findings regarding exo-circRNAs which includes their functions and highlights their potential applications and therapeutic targets in human diseases.

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Functional Roles of Non-coding RNAs in the Interaction Between Host and Influenza A Virus

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.742984 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Nelam Sajjad ◽

Song Wang ◽

Ping Liu ◽

Ji-Long Chen ◽

Xiaojuan Chi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Host Responses ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Functional Roles ◽

The Past ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Host Virus Interactions ◽

Virus Interactions ◽

Regulatory Functions

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are extensively expressed in various cells and tissues, and studies have shown that ncRNAs play significant roles in cell regulation. However, in the past few decades, the knowledge of ncRNAs has been increased dramatically due to their transcriptional ability and multiple regulatory functions. Typically, regulatory ncRNAs include long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), miRNAs, piRNAs, Y RNAs, vault RNAs, and circular RNAs (circRNAs), etc. Previous studies have revealed that various ncRNAs are involved in the host responses to virus infection and play critical roles in the regulation of host-virus interactions. In this review, we discuss the conceptual framework and biological regulations of ncRNAs to elucidate their functions in response to viral infection, especially influenza A virus (IAV) infection. In addition, we summarize the ncRNAs that are associated with innate immunity and involvement of interferons and their stimulated genes (ISGs) during IAV infection.

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PIRCh-seq: functional classification of non-coding RNAs associated with distinct histone modifications

Genome Biology ◽

10.1186/s13059-019-1880-3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jingwen Fang ◽

Qing Ma ◽

Ci Chu ◽

Beibei Huang ◽

Lingjie Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Histone Modifications ◽

Cell Types ◽

Functional Classification ◽

Chromatin Interactions ◽

Specific Manner ◽

Comprehensive Survey ◽

Allele Specific ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Nascent Transcripts

AbstractWe develop PIRCh-seq, a method which enables a comprehensive survey of chromatin-associated RNAs in a histone modification-specific manner. We identify hundreds of chromatin-associated RNAs in several cell types with substantially less contamination by nascent transcripts. Non-coding RNAs are found enriched on chromatin and are classified into functional groups based on the patterns of their association with specific histone modifications. We find single-stranded RNA bases are more chromatin-associated, and we discover hundreds of allele-specific RNA-chromatin interactions. These results provide a unique resource to globally study the functions of chromatin-associated lncRNAs and elucidate the basic mechanisms of chromatin-RNA interactions.

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Exploring the Regulatory Role of Circular RNAs in Neurodegenerative Disorders

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20215477 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (21) ◽

pp. 5477 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Eleonora D’Ambra ◽

Davide Capauto ◽

Mariangela Morlando

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Neuronal Development ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Exact Function ◽

Modulation Of Gene Expression ◽

Development And Aging ◽

And Function ◽

Regulatory Functions

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a distinctive class of regulatory non-coding RNAs characterised by the presence of covalently closed ends. They are evolutionary conserved molecules, and although detected in different tissues, circRNAs resulted specifically enriched in the nervous system. Recent studies have shown that circRNAs are dynamically modulated during neuronal development and aging, that circRNAs are enriched at synaptic levels and resulted modulated after synaptic plasticity induction. This has suggested that circRNAs might play an important role in neuronal specification and activity. Despite the exact function of circRNAs is still poorly understood, emerging evidence indicates that circRNAs have important regulatory functions that might extensively contribute to the dynamic modulation of gene expression that supports neuronal pathways. More interestingly, deregulation of circRNAs expression has been linked with various pathological conditions. In this review, we describe current advances in the field of circRNA biogenesis and function in the nervous system both in physiological and in pathological conditions, and we specifically lay out their association with neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunity to exploit circRNAs for innovative therapeutic approaches and, due to their high stability, to use circRNAs as suitable biomarkers for diagnosis and disease progression.

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The emerging roles of exosomal circRNAs in diseases

Clinical & Translational Oncology ◽

10.1007/s12094-020-02485-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

X. Guo ◽

W. Tan ◽

C. Wang

Keyword(s):

Potential Role ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

The Body ◽

Phospholipid Bilayer ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Regulatory Functions

Abstract Exosomes, the nanoscale phospholipid bilayer vesicles, enriched in selected proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, which they participated in a variety of biological processes in the body, including physiology and pathology. CircRNAs (circular RNAs) are a class of single-stranded closed molecules with tissue development specific expression patterns that have crucial regulatory functions in various diseases. Non-coding RNAs (such as microRNAs and long non‑coding RNAs) in exosomes have also been shown to play an important regulatory role in humans. However, little research has focused on exosomal circRNAs. Recently, CircRNAs have been identified to be enriched and stably expressed in exosomes. In this review, we summarize the biogenesis and biological functions of exosomes and circRNA, and further revealed the potential role of exosome-derived circRNA in different diseases. Besides, we propose its use as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic punctuation for diseases, especially in cancer.

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CircRNAs: Insights into Gastric Cancer

Gastrointestinal Tumors ◽

10.1159/000517303 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Sanjana Rajgopal ◽

Sherine Joanna Fredrick ◽

Venkatachalam Deepa Parvathi

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

Research Question ◽

Diagnostic Procedures ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Disease Biomarkers ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Multistep Process ◽

Alternative Approaches ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Insight Into

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is recorded as the fifth most common cancer globally. The classic resemblance of early symptoms of chronic gastritis including nausea, dysphagia, and dyspepsia with GC is the current challenge limiting the early diagnosis of GC. The current diagnostic procedures of GC are limited due to their invasive nature. This directs the research question toward alternative approaches, specifically at the molecular level. Recent advances in molecular regulation of cancer suggest the prominence of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the multistep process of tumourigenesis. Summary: CircRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs, abundant in eukaryotes, with key roles in regulating genes and miRNAs as well as the alteration of processes involved in pathological conditions. Research studies have demonstrated the participation of circRNAs in the initiation and progression of tumours. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the potential of circRNAs as disease biomarkers for the early detection and treatment of GC. Key Messages: This study is an amalgamation of the implications and future prospects of circRNAs for the detection and potential treatment of GC.

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The Role of Non-coding RNAs in the Pathogenesis of Glial Tumors

Acta Naturae ◽

10.32607/actanaturae.11270 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 38-51

Author(s):

Tatyana F. Kovalenko ◽

Tatyana D. Larionova ◽

Nadezhda V. Antipova ◽

Michail I. Shakhparonov ◽

Marat S. Pavlyukov

Keyword(s):

Signaling Pathways ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Specific Proteins ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

The Many ◽

The Impact

Among the many malignant neoplasms, glioblastoma (GBM) leads to one of the worst prognosis for patients and has an almost 100% recurrence rate. The only chemotherapeutic drug that is widely used for treating glioblastoma is temozolomide, a DNA alkylating agent. Its impact, however, is only minor; it increases patients survival just by 12 to 14 months. Multiple highly selective compounds that affect specific proteins and have performed well in other types of cancer have proved ineffective against glioblastoma. Hence, there is an urgent need for novel methods that could help achieve the long-awaited progress in glioblastoma treatment. One of the potentially promising approaches is the targeting of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). These molecules are characterized by extremely high multifunctionality and often act as integrators by coordinating multiple key signaling pathways within the cell. Thus, the impact on ncRNAs has the potential to lead to a broader and stronger impact on cells, as opposed to the more focused action of inhibitors targeting specific proteins. In this review, we summarize the functions of long noncoding RNAs, circular RNAs, as well as microRNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs, small nuclear and small nucleolar RNAs. We provide a classification of these transcripts and describe their role in various signaling pathways and physiological processes. We also provide examples of oncogenic and tumor suppressor ncRNAs belonging to each of these classes in the context of their involvement in the pathogenesis of gliomas and glioblastomas. In conclusion, we considered the potential use of ncRNAs as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of glioblastoma.

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Exosomal Non-coding RNAs-Mediated Crosstalk in the Tumor Microenvironment

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology ◽

10.3389/fcell.2021.646864 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Qi Chen ◽

Yuefeng Li ◽

Yueqin Liu ◽

Wenlin Xu ◽

Xiaolan Zhu

Keyword(s):

Tumor Microenvironment ◽

Tumor Cells ◽

Stromal Cells ◽

Early Stage ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Tumor Cell Growth ◽

Different Types ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Regulatory Functions

Exosomes are secreted by different types of cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) and participate in multiple biological processes of tumors. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) enveloped in exosomes and released to the TME are shown to be involved in tumorigenesis and development, as well as act as important intracellular communication mediators. However, the understanding on the exact regulatory functions and substrates of exosomal RNA is still at an early stage. In this review, we provided an overview on recent studies on exosomes mediating the modulation of both tumor cells and immune cells, then summarized the exosomal ncRNAs [such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs)] secreted by tumor cells and stromal cells that exhibited potential capabilities to regulate tumor cell growth, progression, metastasis, drug resistance, and immune response. Our review may hopefully inspire a deeper understanding on the ncRNAs’ function as useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and as novel targets therapy for cancer.

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