scholarly journals The Ameliorative Effects of Isorhynchophylline on Morphine Dependence Are Mediated Through the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhu Chen ◽  
Chen Zhijie ◽  
Zhou Yuting ◽  
Li Chan ◽  
Xiao Shilin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphine Dependence ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Bv2 Cells ◽  
Morphine Addiction ◽  
The Brain

Morphine abuse is a global public health problem. Increasing evidence has shown that gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important role in several central nervous system diseases. However, whether there is an association between gut microbiota and morphine dependence remains unclear. In this study, the effects of isorhynchophylline on morphine dependence were evaluated based on the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). The results showed that isorhynchophylline could reverse the changes in alpha and beta diversity, composition, and richness of the intestinal flora occurring in morphine-dependent zebrafish, as well as the morphine-induced changes in the expression of MGBA-related genes in BV2 cells and the brain and intestine of zebrafish. Based on the results, we then used antibiotics to evaluate whether disrupting the gut microbiota would affect morphine addiction in zebrafish. The results showed that the antibiotic-induced intestinal floral imbalance changed the behavior of morphine-dependent zebrafish, the characteristics of the zebrafish intestinal flora, and the expression of MGBA-related genes in the zebrafish brain and intestine. Importantly, we also show that, following antibiotic administration, the ameliorative effects of isorhynchophylline on morphine addiction were lost. Together, our results indicate that the gut microbiota interacts with the brain, and dysbiosis of the intestinal flora may affect the efficacy of isorhynchophylline in the body. Our findings provide a novel framework for understanding the mechanisms of morphine addiction through the MGBA and may provide new therapeutic strategies for the use of Chinese medicines in the prevention of drug addiction.

scholarly journals Future perspectives in addressing the global issue of vitamin D deficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Mendes ◽  
K. Charlton ◽  
S. Thakur ◽  
H. Ribeiro ◽  
S. A. Lanham-New
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Wide Range

Vitamin D is a fundamentally critical nutrient that the human body requires to function properly. It plays an important role in musculoskeletal health due to its involvement in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus. Having a low level of vitamin D in the body may be detrimental for a wide range of health outcomes, including risk of osteoporotic and stress fractures, risk of CVD and some cancers, and lowering of the capability of the immune system. Vitamin D is an unusual nutrient; it is not a vitamin, in the true sense of the word but a pro-hormone. The main source of vitamin D is UV exposure, not dietary intake. Interestingly, there are two forms of vitamin D, vitamin D2 and vitamin D3, both of which are metabolised into 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in the liver, the biomarker of vitamin D status. Vitamin D deficiency is a global public health problem, especially amongst older people and ethnic minority groups. The newest publication from the UK Government's Public Health England Department recommends that vitamin D intake should be 10 μg daily and this recommendation compares well (albeit lower) with other guidelines such as the Institute of Medicine recommendation of 15 μg for those aged 1–70 years and 20 μg for those 70 years or over. Few countries, however, have a specific vitamin D policy to prevent deficiency in populations. Finland leads the way, demonstrating impressive results in reducing population-level vitamin D deficiency through mandatory food fortification programmes. Collaboration between academia, government and industry, including countries from varying latitudes, is essential to identify long-term solutions to the global issue of vitamin D deficiency. This paper provides a narrative review of the evidence related to the role of vitamin D deficiency in health outcomes, outlines controversies regarding setting levels of adequacy, identifies the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency across the globe, and identifies population-level strategies adopted by countries to prevent vitamin D deficiency.

Air pollution and your brain: what do you need to know right now

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 329-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas ◽  
Ana Calderón-Garcidueñas ◽  
Ricardo Torres-Jardón ◽  
José Avila-Ramírez ◽  
Randy J. Kulesza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
The Brain

Research links air pollution mostly to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. The effects of air pollution on the central nervous system (CNS) are not broadly recognized. Urban outdoor pollution is a global public health problem particularly severe in megacities and in underdeveloped countries, but large and small cities in the United States and the United Kingom are not spared. Fine and ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM) defined by aerodynamic diameter (<2.5-μm fine particles, PM2.5, and <100-nm UFPM) pose a special interest for the brain effects given the capability of very small particles to reach the brain. In adults, ambient pollution is associated to stroke and depression, whereas the emerging picture in children show significant systemic inflammation, immunodysregulation at systemic, intratechal and brain levels, neuroinflammation and brain oxidative stress, along with the main hallmarks of Alzheimer and Parkinson’s diseases: hyperphosphorilated tau, amyloid plaques and misfoldedα-synuclein. Animal models exposed to particulate matter components show markers of both neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Epidemiological, cognitive, behavioral and mechanistic studies into the association between air pollution exposures and the development of CNS damage particularly in children are of pressing importance for public health and quality of life. Primary health providers have to include a complete prenatal and postnatal environmental and occupational history to indoor and outdoor toxic hazards and measures should be taken to prevent or reduce further exposures.

scholarly journals A Hydatid Cyst of the Thyroid Gland

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
İ Çapoğlu ◽  
N Ünüvar ◽  
F Erdogan ◽  
O Yilmaz ◽  
M Çaydere
Keyword(s):  
Hydatid Cyst ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Subtotal Thyroidectomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Multinodular Goitre ◽  
Hydatid Cysts ◽  
Significant Public Health Problem ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Cystic Hydatidosis ◽  
The Brain

Echinococcosis, although eradicated in many countries, is still widespread in communities in which agriculture is dominant, and cystic hydatidosis is a significant public health problem in regions where echinococcosis is endemic. Hydatid cysts may be found in almost any part of the body, but most often in the liver and lungs. Other organs affected occasionally include the brain, muscle, kidney, bone, heart and pancreas. This report documents a rare case with a cystic nodule in the thyroid detected by ultrasonography. The patient was a 40-year-old woman with an euthyroid multinodular goitre. Ultrasonography revealed a cystic nodule, and the ultrasonic appearance of the cyst liquid showed multiple echoes, suggesting that the nodule could be a hydatid cyst. Bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy was performed. Postoperative examination of the nodule showed it to be a solitary primary thyroid hydatid cyst.

scholarly journals Interplay of Good Bacteria and Central Nervous System: Cognitive Aspects and Mechanistic Considerations

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Salami
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Common Clinical Problem

The human gastrointestinal tract hosts trillions of microorganisms that is called “gut microbiota.” The gut microbiota is involved in a wide variety of physiological features and functions of the body. Thus, it is not surprising that any damage to the gut microbiota is associated with disorders in different body systems. Probiotics, defined as living microorganisms with health benefits for the host, can support or restore the composition of the gut microbiota. Numerous investigations have proved a relationship between the gut microbiota with normal brain function as well as many brain diseases, in which cognitive dysfunction is a common clinical problem. On the other hand, increasing evidence suggests that the existence of a healthy gut microbiota is crucial for normal cognitive processing. In this regard, interplay of the gut microbiota and cognition has been under focus of recent researches. In the present paper, I review findings of the studies considering beneficial effects of either gut microbiota or probiotic bacteria on the brain cognitive function in the healthy and disease statuses.

Obesity and Body Composition in Man and Woman: Associated Diseases and the New Role of Gut Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ennio Avolio ◽  
Paola Gualtieri ◽  
Lorenzo Romano ◽  
Claudio Pecorella ◽  
Simona Ferraro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heart Attacks ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Pubmed Database

Background: Obesity is now recognized as a worldwide health issue and has reached epidemic proportions, affecting both developed and developing countries. The World Obesity Federation stated that “Obesity is a chronic relapsing disease process”: as a result, obesity has been recognized internationally as a chronic disease. : The primary cause of the metabolic syndrome and increase of the cardiovascular risk have been identified in "sick fat", a condition then defined as adiposopathy. Heart attacks, strokes and renal failures are pathologies that have mid-risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes, which in turn are caused by obesity, whose primary risk factor is represented by the diet. The aim of the present review is to consider the importance of body composition, together with chronic inflammation and a new gut microbiota data that may turn out to be crucial elements of some target treatment of human obesity. Methods: In this review, we performed research using PubMed database reviewing the evidence in the literature of evidence information regarding the link between obesity and body composition in the development of metabolic disease via inflammation markers and in particular, the new role exerted by gut microbiota. Results: Several papers were evaluated searching for differences in fat mass and disease risk. We also identified the same papers dealing with differences in body composition and metabolic syndrome. Our attention focuses also on a new frontier of gut microbiota composition in the body weight decrease and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion: To the saving of lean mass, for the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases, also considering the relationship with obesity, it is necessary to reduce the inflammatory state, acting on the gut-microbiota and on the intestinal permeability. To improve the health of the intestinal flora, we propose a 4P medicine and treatment with probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and polyphenols.

scholarly journals The gut microbiota confers the glucose-and lipid-lowering effect of Laurolitsine in db/db mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui-qi Wang ◽  
Fang Zhang ◽  
Ya-nan Yang ◽  
Yin-feng Tan ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Active Components

Abstract Background Modulations on gut microbiota by traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and their active components are emerging as potential therapeutic agents on diabetes. Litsea glutinosa is a TCM used in clinic to treat diabetes with alkaloids as the active constituents, and the Laurolitsine is the richest one. Purpose Based on that, this study was designed to identify the potential capability of Laurolitsine on alleviating Type 2 diabetes and the changes of the composition of intestinal flora related to this disease. Methods In present study, Laurolitsine was administered to diabetic mice (db/db) by daily oral gavage at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. The body weight, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT), lipid metabolism of serum and liver and liver function were measured to assess the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of Laurolitsine. The liver pathological changes were observed by HE staining. Meanwhile, the effects of Laurolitsine on the changes of the composition of gut microbiota in mice were investigated via metagenomic analysis. Results Experimental results show that different doses of Laurolitsine have varying degrees of hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Among them, the treatment effect of 200mg·Kg-1 is the most obvious. In addition, Laurolitsine changes the structure of intestinal microflora significantly at various taxonomical levels in the diabetic db/db mice. Conclusions These results demonstrate that Laurolitsine may regulate glucose and lipid metabolism and improve diabetes through modulating intestinal microflora of Parabacteroides and Mucispirillum, which may be acknowledged as the iconic bacteria of diabetes.

scholarly journals Poisoning and its Management in Healthcare Facilities in Lagos State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arinola Joda ◽  
Oluwaseun Ajetunmobi ◽  
Olubusola Olugbake
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Study Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Poison Control ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Lagos State

Background: Poisons are chemical substances that produce harmful effects on the body. About 0.3 million people die annually from poisoning. Poisons are produced by animals, plants, microorganisms, and food contamination. Poisoning is a global public health problem, especially in children and teenagers and healthcare providers ought to provide protocols for its management. Objectives: The main aim of this study was to document the mode, knowledge of antidotes, and management of poisoning by healthcare providers in selected community pharmacies and hospitals in Lagos state. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study data were collected using questionnaires administered to 112 providers in selected community pharmacies and hospitals in Lagos state. The obtained data were collated and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results were presented as frequency tables and charts. Results: A response rate of 85.7% was achieved. The most common mode of poisoning was accidental (89% and 68% among pharmacists and physicians, respectively) and the highest incidence was among children 0-5 years old (41.5% and 48.3% among pharmacists and physicians, respectively). Management was mainly via gastric decontamination with activated charcoal in pharmacies and supportive care in the hospitals. Knowledge and availability of antidotes and management of poisoning were poor. Conclusion: Management of poisoning was generally inadequate and the prominence of a poison control center was recognized. The establishment of poison control centers in healthcare facilities and the organization of updated lectures for healthcare providers will go a long way to improving poisoning management in the state.

scholarly journals PO 18146 - The efficacy of a diabetic educational program and predictors of compliance of patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2)

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (Supl 1) ◽  
pp. S31
Author(s):  
Kelly Cristina Stéfani ◽  
Aldo Barbachan Rodrigues ◽  
Vinicius Quadros Borges ◽  
Gabriel Ferraz Ferreira ◽  
Leonardo Vinícius De Matos Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Educational Program ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Specific Protocol ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a global public health problem. The concept of detection and management of diabetes mellitus in primary care centers is widely practiced in Brazil by the general practitioner. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of our educational program for diabetics for patients with diabetes mellitus and to determine the predictors of compliance. Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was performed in a quaternary hospital where patients with diabetes were referred to the outpatient clinic of the diabetic foot group so that they were part of a multidisciplinary group (medical orthopedists specialists in foot and ankle, medical endocrinologists, physiotherapist and nurse) with a specific protocol for guidelines for foot care. Specialist orthopedic doctors of the foot and ankle completed the protocol and performed the specific physical examination. Results: Of the 578 diabetic patients, the mean age was 67 years, 69% were female, 53% used insulin to control the disease and the disease duration was 14 years. Obesity was diagnosed by calculation of the body mass index (BMI), and 85% patients were overweight. Evaluation of protective sensibility showed that 68% were significantly decreased, with sensation from the 4.0 g monofilament. One hundred and twenty seven patients required surgery resulting from clinical complications of the disease: 64 ulcers (Wagner classification 57% ulcers had a degree 1 Wagner classification, 63% affected forefoots), 54 Charcot arthropathies (52% Eichenholz in phase 3, 61% located in the mid-foot), and 9 cases of osteomyelitis. Fifty-three patients had one or more prior amputations at the time of their first appointment, mostly of the toes (66%). Conclusion: The costs related to the disease increased greatly with the appearance of complications, especially if there was a need for hospitalization and surgical treatment. The prevention of injuries with adequate glycemic control and the provision of protective shoes is essential.  

scholarly journals Injury pattern and outcome of road traffic accidents victims attending major referral institutions of the Kashmir valley

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 958
Author(s):  
Manzoor Ahmad Bhat ◽  
Qazi Mohammad Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Injury Pattern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Kashmir Valley

Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) have emerged as a major global public health problem of this century. WHO global burden of disease study, shows it as the 10th leading cause of death in South-East Asia. In India, according to WHO, road traffic accident is the 6th leading cause of death. The present study aims to assess the magnitude and injury pattern of RTA victims attending three major referral institution of the Kashmir valley.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted for a period of one year in three major referral institutions of Kashmir valley. Burden of RTA victims was studied from hospital records. For studying detailed injury patterns, the accident victims fulfilling the inclusion criteria and admitted in the wards of these hospitals formed the main study group.Results: RTAs constituted 3% of the total admissions. Most (82.7%) of the studied victims were males. Most (40.3%) of the RTA victims were pedestrians. Head on collision was the most common type of accident (62.9%). 97.6% victims were grievously hurt and head (59.9%) was the most affected part of the body. 88.3% of RTA victims survived while 11.7% died.Conclusions: Young males are the predominant victims of RTAs and head on collision (63%) remains the commonest type of accident. Almost all (97.6%) RTA victims were grievously hurt with 60% having head injuries followed by lower limbs 59.4% and upper limbs 26.8% injuries and 47% victims had multiple injuries.

scholarly journals One Health, Fermented Foods and Gut Microbiota

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Bell ◽  
Jorge Ferrão ◽  
Lígia Pimentel ◽  
Manuela Pintado ◽  
Tito Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
One Health ◽  
Brain Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Being There

The microbioma is presently one of the hottest areas of scientific and medical research and exerts a marked influence on the host during homeostasis and disease. Fermented foods arise in the human relationship to the microbial environment. Further to the traditionally recognized effects of fermented foods and beverages on the digestive health and well-being there is now strong evidence on their general health benefits, namely the significance on the gut microbiota and brain functionality. We highlight the possibilities in this field, how little is still known, and call for a convergence of interdisciplinary research fields of One Health microbe-nutrition with fermented foods and gut-brain research. A consequence of civilisation, changes in present-day society in diets with more sugar, fat and salt, habits and lifestyle, contributes to the likelihood of an inflammatory microbiome, particularly the global epidemics of obesity and mental health. Although two recent papers claim that probiotics perturb rather than aid in microbiota recovery back to baseline after antibiotic administration in humans, consuming fermented foods has shown to reduce inflammation so improve gut health and the proper function of the body’s immune system.

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