scholarly journals Arginine Increases Tolerance to Nitrogen Deficiency in Malus hupehensis via Alterations in Photosynthetic Capacity and Amino Acids Metabolism

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Chen ◽  
Yanpeng Wang ◽  
Zhijun Zhang ◽  
Xiaomin Liu ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Malus Hupehensis ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Phenolic Substances ◽  
N Deficiency ◽  
N Use

Arginine plays an important role in the nitrogen (N) cycle because it has the highest ratio of N to carbon among amino acids. In recent years, there has been increased research interest in improving the N use of plants, reducing the use of N fertilizer, and enhancing the tolerance of plants to N deficiency. Here, the function of arginine in the growth of apple (Malus hupehensis) under N deficiency was explored. The application of 100 μmol L–1 arginine was effective for alleviating N-deficiency stress. Exogenous arginine promoted the absorption and use of N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) under low N stress. The net photosynthetic rate, maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, and chlorophyll content were higher in treated plants than in control plants. Exogenous arginine affected the content of many metabolites, and the content of many amino acids with important functions was significantly increased, such as glutamate and ornithine, which play an important role in the urea cycle. Half of the metabolites were annotated to specialized metabolic pathways, including the synthesis of phenolic substances, flavonoids, and other substances with antioxidant activity. Our results indicate that arginine promotes the plant photosynthetic capacity and alters amino acid metabolism and some antioxidants including phenolic substances and flavonoids to improve the tolerance of apple to N deficiency, possibly through the improvement of arginine content, and the absorption of mineral.

Understanding the physiological responses to low nitrogen and molecular screening of selected rice genotypes for TOND1 gene

2019 ◽  
pp. 185-192
Author(s):  
Sujata SB ◽  
Nirakar SNP ◽  
Bishal B Batta ◽  
Ranjit K Nagireddy ◽  
S Sabarinathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Water System ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Land Race ◽  
Rice Genotypes ◽  
N Deficiency ◽  
N Use

Nitrogen (N) plays a major role in the growth and development of a plant. Extensive application of N fertilizers results in low N use efficiency (NUE) generated by N loss due to denitrification byammonia volatilization, surface runoff, and leaching in the soil-flood water system. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for the development of rice varieties with high NUE, which may improve the yield and decrease the N application which is harmful to the environment. In the present study, variability and correlation of morpho-physiological traits among the rice genotypes under low N in hydroponic solution was carried out for further genotyping with Tolerance of Nitrogen Deficiency 1 TOND1 gene markers. The root parameters and traits associated with shoot growth observed from 30 days old rice seedlings under low N condition suggested that shoot length was positively associated with leaf and root number followed by root length. The genetic diversity was estimated among the 36 selected genotypes with TOND1 gene primers. A total of 14 alleles were identified with an average number of alleles of 2.33 per locus. Allele frequency ranged from 0.62 to 0.86 with an average of 0.76. Genetic Diversity index ranged from 0.23 to 0.46 with an average of 0.35. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 0.1429 with an average of 0.056. The PIC values ranged between 0.61 and 0.77 with an average of 0.69. The unweighted neighbour-joining dendrogram grouped the 36 genotypes into 3clusters, wherein the local land race IC517708 clustered with known N deficiency tolerant Tequing. Therefore, the identified N deficiency tolerant genotype may be used as donor in developing N use efficient cultivar.

scholarly journals Growth and Physiological Response to Nitrogen Deficiency and Re-supply in Leaf-vegetable Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam)

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 754-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Wei ◽  
Aijun Zhang ◽  
Hongmin Li ◽  
Zhonghou Tang ◽  
Xiaoguang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Vine Growth ◽  
N Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Vegetable

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient limiting plant growth and quality of leaf-vegetable sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of N deficiency and re-supply on growth, physiology, and amino acids in sweetpotato. Two leaf-vegetable sweetpotato cultivars, Pushu 53 and Tainong 71, were subjected to three treatments in hydro-culture: 1) N sufficiency, 2) N deficiency, and 3) N deficiency and subsequently with N re-supply. Compared with N sufficiency, N deficiency caused a decrease in vine growth, carotenoid and chlorophyll content (Chlt), root viability, photosynthesis, and nitrate reductase (NR) activity in both cultivars, but to a great extent in Tainong 71. Whereas N deficiency increased root growth and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in both cultivars, and the increase in ‘Tainong 71’ was more obvious. Re-supply of N recovered the vine growth, root viability, Chlt, photosynthesis, NR, and GS activity, to a greater extent for ‘Pushu 53’ than for ‘Tainong 71’. N deficiency significantly decreased essential amino acids, including lysine, phenylalanince, isoleucine, tryptophane, leucine, and valine contents and nonessential amino acids, consisting of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, argnine, and proline content in both cultivars. These results indicated that the light leaf color leafy sweetpotato ‘Tainong 71’ is sensitive to the N availability and the dark green leaf color ‘Pushu 53’ is more tolerant to low N, which appear to reflect the differential response of two cultivars to their different adaptability to N availability.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Short-Term Metabolic Profiling in Radish Sprouts (Raphanus sativus L.) in Response to Nitrogen Deficiency

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-A Baek ◽  
Kyung-Hoan Im ◽  
Sang Un Park ◽  
Sung-Dug Oh ◽  
Jaehyuk Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolic Profiling ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Radish Sprouts ◽  
N Deficiency

Nitrogen (N) is a macronutrient important for the survival of plants. To investigate the effects of N deficiency, a time-course metabolic profiling of radish sprouts was performed. A total of 81 metabolites—including organic acids, inorganic acid, amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, amines, amide, sugar phosphates, policosanols, tocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and glucosinolates—were characterized. Principal component analysis and heat map showed distinction between samples grown under different N conditions, as well as with time. Using PathVisio, metabolic shift in biosynthetic pathways was visualized using the metabolite data obtained for 7 days. The amino acids associated with glucosinolates accumulated as an immediate response against –N condition. The synthesis of pigments and glucosinolates was decreased, but monosaccharides and γ-tocopherol were increased as antioxidants in radish sprouts grown in –N condition. These results indicate that in radish sprouts, response to N deficiency occurred quickly and dynamically. Thus, this metabolic phenotype reveals that radish responds quickly to N deficiency by increasing the content of soluble sugars and γ-tocopherol, which acts as a defense mechanism after the germination of radish seeds.

Nitrogen deficiency maintains the yield and improves the antioxidant activity of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan Li ◽  
Hong Jiang ◽  
Yanan Qin ◽  
Huizhuan Yan ◽  
Xiumei Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Coreopsis Tinctoria ◽  
Coenzyme A Ligase ◽  
Bioactive Substance ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Deficiency ◽  
N Use ◽  
Flavonoid Accumulation

Abstract Nitrogen (N) deficiency levels were investigated for their potential to maintain the yield and improve antioxidant activity of Coreopsis tinctoria. Inflorescences and leaves at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 d after flowering were frozen at −80 °C and plant growth, antioxidant activity, bioactive substance, enzyme activity and gene expression were evaluated. N deficiency maintained the total number of flowers, promoted phenol and flavonoid accumulation and enhanced antioxidant activity. Moreover, N deficiency stimulated activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (4CL) and induced CtPAL, CtC4H and Ct4CL gene expression. The data also suggest that N deficiency-induced phenolic and flavonoid accumulation occurs due to the activation of biosynthetic pathways in C. tinctoria. We characterize the unique features of C. tinctoria under N deficiency conditions and provide valuable information for the cultivation of high-N use efficiency varieties with low input and high output.

Synthesis and Breakdown of the Universal Precursors to Biological Metabolism Promoted by Ferrous Iron

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila B. Muchowska ◽  
Sreejith Jayasree VARMA ◽  
Joseph Moran
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Ferrous Iron ◽  
Reaction Network ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Chemical Reaction Network ◽  
Metabolic Precursors ◽  
Tca Cycle Intermediates

How core biological metabolism initiated and why it uses the intermediates, reactions and pathways that it does remains unclear. Life builds its molecules from CO<sub>2 </sub>and breaks them down to CO<sub>2 </sub>again through the intermediacy of just five metabolites that act as the hubs of biochemistry. Here, we describe a purely chemical reaction network promoted by Fe<sup>2+ </sup>in which aqueous pyruvate and glyoxylate, two products of abiotic CO<sub>2 </sub>reduction, build up nine of the eleven TCA cycle intermediates, including all five universal metabolic precursors. The intermediates simultaneously break down to CO<sub>2 </sub>in a life-like regime resembling biological anabolism and catabolism. Introduction of hydroxylamine and Fe<sup>0 </sup>produces four biological amino acids. The network significantly overlaps the TCA/rTCA and glyoxylate cycles and may represent a prebiotic precursor to these core metabolic pathways.

Promotion of stipe elongation in isolated Flammulina velutipes fruit bodies by carbohydrates, natural extracts, and amino acids

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans E. Gruen ◽  
Sheue-heng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Flammulina Velutipes ◽  
Ammonium Tartrate ◽  
Acid Growth ◽  
Natural Extracts ◽  
Stipe Elongation ◽  
Other Substances

Isolated Flammulina velutipes fruit bodies were cultured under sterile conditions with the cut base immersed in water or solutions. Stipe elongation on water was only 6% of normal for fruit bodies isolated at 1.1–2.0 cm length, 19% at 5.1–6.0 cm, and the same as for fruit bodies attached to mycelium at 9.1–10.0 cm. Fruit bodies not immersed in water grew less in a saturated atmosphere than those in water. The mycelium must supply other substances than water for normal elongation during about two-thirds of the growth period, and only water thereafter. Isolated fruit bodies fed with filtered glucose, trehalose, sucrose, or mannitol grew better than on water. Maltose and fructose increased elongation only slightly, and sorbose had no effect. Potato extract, yeast extract, and casein hydrolysate gave no or very little growth promotion, but addition of glucose strongly increased growth on the natural extracts compared to glucose alone. Of 21 amino acids added separately to glucose, only asparagine, hydroxyproline, arginine, and to a lesser extent glutamine, stimulated growth of isolated fruit bodies. Growth was not promoted by pure asparagine, glutamine, and serine, or by thiamin or indoleacetic acid. Growth was inhibited by urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium tartrate with or without glucose.Growth promoting substances were most effective in young fruit bodies and except for glucose the promotion disappeared in fruit bodies isolated at 6.1–7.0 cm length, which corresponds to the end of the period of rapid elongation. Apical portions of fruit bodies with caps grew better on glucose than whole fruit bodies. Growth of decapitated isolated stipes was not promoted by nutrients.

scholarly journals Integrative Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis Reveals an Alternative Molecular Network of Glutamine Synthetase 2 Corresponding to Nitrogen Deficiency in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7674
Author(s):  
Ting Liang ◽  
Zhengqing Yuan ◽  
Lu Fu ◽  
Menghan Zhu ◽  
Xiaoyun Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
N Assimilation ◽  
N Deficiency

Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. The root system architecture is a highly regulated morphological system, which is sensitive to the availability of nutrients, such as N. Phenotypic characterization of roots from LY9348 (a rice variety with high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)) treated with 0.725 mM NH4NO3 (1/4N) was remarkable, especially primary root (PR) elongation, which was the highest. A comprehensive analysis was performed for transcriptome and proteome profiling of LY9348 roots between 1/4N and 2.9 mM NH4NO3 (1N) treatments. The results indicated 3908 differential expression genes (DEGs; 2569 upregulated and 1339 downregulated) and 411 differential abundance proteins (DAPs; 192 upregulated and 219 downregulated). Among all DAPs in the proteome, glutamine synthetase (GS2), a chloroplastic ammonium assimilation protein, was the most upregulated protein identified. The unexpected concentration of GS2 from the shoot to the root in the 1/4N treatment indicated that the presence of an alternative pathway of N assimilation regulated by GS2 in LY9348 corresponded to the low N signal, which was supported by GS enzyme activity and glutamine/glutamate (Gln/Glu) contents analysis. In addition, N transporters (NRT2.1, NRT2.2, NRT2.3, NRT2.4, NAR2.1, AMT1.3, AMT1.2, and putative AMT3.3) and N assimilators (NR2, GS1;1, GS1;2, GS1;3, NADH-GOGAT2, and AS2) were significantly induced during the long-term N-deficiency response at the transcription level (14 days). Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis demonstrated that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism were significantly modulated by N deficiency. Notably, many transcription factors and plant hormones were found to participate in root morphological adaptation. In conclusion, our study provides valuable information to further understand the response of rice roots to N-deficiency stress.

scholarly journals Phytochemical and Psychotropic Research of Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.) Modified Dry Extracts

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Oleh Koshovyi ◽  
Ain Raal ◽  
Igor Kireyev ◽  
Nadiya Tryshchuk ◽  
Tetiana Ilina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Pharmacological Activity ◽  
Ellagic Acid ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acids ◽  
Psychotropic Activity ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phenolic Substances ◽  
Leonurus Cardiaca

The prospect of creating a new medicine with psychotropic activity is shown as a result of studying the chemical composition and pharmacological activity of modified dry extracts of motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.) tincture. The most promising substances were the dry extracts, modified by adding small amounts of arginine, valine, phenylalanine, glycine, lysine, and alanine. A total of 15 main phenolic substances were found in the extracts, and eight of them were identified. There were also 10 hydroxycinnamic acids in these extracts, three of which were identified (chlorogenic, caffeic, and rosmarinic acids). The dominant hydroxycinnamic acids were chlorogenic and caffeic acids. Among flavonoids, catechin, hyperoside, and rutin were identified. It should be noted that the extracts had a significant content of ellagic acid. On the basis of the results of the phytochemical analysis of the extracts, it can be concluded that the composition of phenolic compounds does not differ significantly, and the main differences are related to amino acids, which obviously have an impact on the overall pharmacological effect. The results obtained indicate the presence of anxiolytic activity in the motherwort extracts studied in complex with amino acids. The extracts with glycine, valine, and arginine were more effective in reducing anxiety in animals.

scholarly journals Formaldehyde and De/Methylation in Age-Related Cognitive Impairment

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 913
Author(s):  
Ting Li ◽  
Yan Wei ◽  
Meihua Qu ◽  
Lixian Mou ◽  
Junye Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Epigenetic Alterations ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarker ◽  
Reactive Substance ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Formaldehyde (FA) is a highly reactive substance that is ubiquitous in the environment and is usually considered as a pollutant. In the human body, FA is a product of various metabolic pathways and participates in one-carbon cycle, which provides carbon for the synthesis and modification of bio-compounds, such as DNA, RNA, and amino acids. Endogenous FA plays a role in epigenetic regulation, especially in the methylation and demethylation of DNA, histones, and RNA. Recently, epigenetic alterations associated with FA dysmetabolism have been considered as one of the important features in age-related cognitive impairment (ARCI), suggesting the potential of using FA as a diagnostic biomarker of ARCI. Notably, FA plays multifaceted roles, and, at certain concentrations, it promotes cell proliferation, enhances memory formation, and elongates life span, effects that could also be involved in the aetiology of ARCI. Further investigation of and the regulation of the epigenetics landscape may provide new insights about the aetiology of ARCI and provide novel therapeutic targets.

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