scholarly journals Developmental Understanding of Death and Grief Among Children During COVID-19 Pandemic: Application of Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisha Sanober Chachar ◽  
Sana Younus ◽  
Wamiq Ali

COVID-19 Pandemic has influenced death-related attitudes and understanding during the childhood development leading to a life-long impact. Factors like pandemic-related movement restrictions, school closures, and parents' stay-at-home have exposed children to the phenomenon of grief and death. In that case, children anticipate adverse outcomes and fear while they struggle with unanswered questions. Children may not have coping skills needed to manage their grief in constructive ways to identify, normalize, and express their responses to the loss in their lives. Naming and validating these responses as distinctive aspects of grief process and providing safe space to express their feelings are essential components of a child's coping with loss and grief. This is crucial to consider, as different children react to and are influenced by their environments differently. This article aims to explore the developmental understanding of the process of death and grief by applying the conceptual framework of Bronfenbrenner's theory. Understanding mutual interaction between a child and various ecological systems determines how children perceive death and process grief can facilitate effective communication that has significant implications.

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Goldberg

Contributing factors such as fear of fear, stress, and dependency needs were discussed, and it was suggested that several diagnostic groups should be compared to determine which factors might be specific to agoraphobia. A two-factor theory and preparedness hypothesis were evaluated, and it was concluded that cognitive processes must be considered for a fuller understanding of the onset of agoraphobia. It was argued that the effectiveness of exposure in vivo is based on three essential components, viz., development of self-confidence, acceptance of anxiety, and acquisition of coping skills.


Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 413
Author(s):  
Shanshan Wang ◽  
Christopher A. Maxwell ◽  
Neha M. Akella

Pediatric leukemias are the most prevalent cancers affecting children in developed societies, with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) being the most common subtype. As diet is a likely modulator of many diseases, this review focuses on the potential for diet to influence the incidence and progression of childhood ALL. In particular, the potential effect of diets on genome stability and immunity during the prenatal and postnatal stages of early childhood development are discussed. Maternal diet plays an integral role in shaping the bodily composition of the newborn, and thus may influence fetal genome stability and immune system development. Indeed, higher birth weights of newborns are associated with increased risk of ALL, which suggests in-utero biology may shape the evolution of preleukemic clones. Postnatally, the ingestion of maternal breastmilk both nourishes the infant, and provides essential components that strengthen and educate the developing immune system. Consistently, breast-feeding associates with decreased risk of ALL development. For children already suffering from ALL, certain dietary regimens have been proposed. These regimens, which have been validated in both animals and humans, alter the internal hormonal environment. Thus, hormonal regulation by diet may shape childhood metabolism and immunity in a manner that is detrimental to the evolution or expansion of preleukemic and leukemic ALL clones.


2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giang HTN ◽  
Eldeen Ghorab MM ◽  
Ghozy S ◽  
Salman S ◽  
NT Long ◽  
...  

Introduction: Scholarship applicants often receive different advice on what should be included in their Curriculum Vitae (CV). This study aims to investigate what the essential components of a CV being prepared for scholarships are, how to present them, and what their level of impact is. Materials and Methods: The authors sent an online structured questionnaire to 7512 corresponding authors of recent published papers in Scopus; 124 completed questionnaires were returned. Recommended elements for a CV were chosen according to the Delphi consensus technique with a threshold of 50%. Results: This survey revealed that headings, bullet points and careful error checking were essential parts of the layout. For the content of the CV, besides publications, education and training background, research experience and research interest were also necessary. Moreover, almost all respondents ranked publications as the most important qualification of an academic scholarship candidate. Publications also came first as the most impressive factor, followed by awards and honours. The number of publications, quality of journal, impact factor and total citation should be presented in publication section. The importance of publications in getting academic scholarships is significantly emphasized in this recent study. Conclusions: Having research experience and papers in peer review journals, are highly recommended for students seeking academic scholarships.


2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Yu Bi

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] In this study, we identified patterns of risk factors across developmental contexts during the third year of life using latent profile analysis (LPA). We then examined whether these risk patterns differentially predicted child depression during middle childhood as well as the socioeconomic characters of each identified class. Participants included 688 families. The mean age for the mother participants was 23.4 (SD= 5.8). Over 60% of the sample had household incomes below the poverty line. The racial/ethnic characteristics were 33.5% Pacific Islander, 28% Asian, 12% Caucasian, and 26.5% unknown. The data was collected by the Hawaii's Healthy Start Program (HSP; Duggan et al., 2004). The following variables are included to describe the early environment: infant temperament, child externalizing problems, home educational resources, parent-child attachment, exposure to spouse violence, maternal depression, parenting stress, and insufficient community resources. Research results supported a five-class (i.e. adverse home environment class, low risk class, distressed parents and adverse community class, struggling children and violent spouse class and high risk class) solution. Children's depression scores varied significantly across classes. Results also indicated distinguished demographic factors associated with each class. The results offer important findings to establish a sophisticated model for capturing risk factors across the various ecological systems targeting specific developmental periods. Such findings could guide future prevention efforts by identifying children most at risk for adverse outcomes.


2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Griffith

Very young children grieve in bereavement and in other experiences of loss. They can begin to normalize what is happening around them if they are given truthful information and support. Expressive arts help teach coping skills for loss early in life and build resiliency as children grow. This article focuses on working with three- to five-year-olds who have experienced loss and grief because of death.


AMBIO ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Tzoulas ◽  
Juanjo Galan ◽  
Stephen Venn ◽  
Matthew Dennis ◽  
Bas Pedroli ◽  
...  

AbstractThis article provides a perspective on nature-based solutions. First, the argument is developed that nature-based solutions integrate social and ecological systems. Then, theoretical considerations relating to relational values, multifunctionality, transdisciplinarity, and polycentric governance are briefly outlined. Finally, a conceptual model of the social–ecological system of nature-based solutions is synthesised and presented. This conceptual model comprehensively defines the social and ecological external and internal systems that make up nature-based solutions, and identifies theoretical considerations that need to be addressed at different stages of their planning and implementation The model bridges the normative gaps of existing nature-based solution frameworks and could be used for consistent, comprehensive, and transferable comparisons internationally. The theoretical considerations addressed in this article inform practitioners, policymakers, and researchers about the essential components of nature-based solutions. The conceptual model can facilitate the identification of social and ecological interconnections within nature-based solutions and the range of stakeholders and disciplines involved.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (B) ◽  
pp. 1333-1341
Author(s):  
Sri Sunarti ◽  
Nurria Indriyaningrum ◽  
Caesarius Wahono ◽  
Djoko Soeatmadji ◽  
Achmad Rudijanto ◽  
...  

Background: Frailty has become a major health problem among Indonesian elders. Immunosenescence specifically inflammaging are essential components in the development of frailty. Early screening and timely tailored intervention may effectively prevent or delay the adverse outcomes in elders. This study measured the CD4/CD8 ratio from the immunosenescence pathway and plasma IL-6 levels as inflammatory markers from the inflammaging pathway and observed the correlations between robust and frail elders groups Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey. Using multistage random sampling, we enrolled 64 participants across Malang city, divided into frail and robust groups. We analyzed the plasma IL-6 levels and CD4/CD8 ratio using an independent t-test and the Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Significant differences between frail and robust elders were found in age and education level, with the frail participants being older than the robust (p=0.001) and lower educational level (p<0.001). However, plasma IL-6 levels (p=0.936) and the CD4/CD8 ratio (p=0.468) were not statistically different between the groups. Conclusion: Plasma level of IL-6 was found to increase similarly in both groups, while CD4/CD8 ratio was normal and not statistically different between the robust and frail group in elders.


Author(s):  
Татьяна Николаевна Ворожцова ◽  
Дмитрий Вячеславович Пестерев ◽  
Владимир Русланович Кузьмин

В статье рассматриваются возможности применения семантического моделирования, включающего, в частности, онтологическое и когнитивное моделирование для поддержки совместных исследований энергетических и социо-экологических систем. Работа посвящена использованию онтологического инжиниринга для структурирования знаний предметных областей и когнитивного моделирования в исследованиях влияния функционирования энергетических объектов на природную среду и человека. Онтологическое моделирование используется для выявления, описания и согласования базовых понятий предметных областей исследований и позволяет систематизировать и наглядно представить взаимосвязи между элементами природной среды, объектами энергетики и их характеристиками, факторами воздействия и методами их расчета. Когнитивное моделирование используется для выявления структуры причинно-следственных связей между факторами, влияющими на устойчивость системы. The article discusses the possibilities of applying semantic modeling, including, in particular, ontological and cognitive modeling to support joint research of energy and socio-ecological systems. The work is devoted to the use of ontological engineering for structuring knowledge of subject areas and cognitive modeling in studies of the impact of the functioning of energy facilities on the natural environment and humans. Ontological modeling is used to identify, describe and coordinate the basic concepts of subject areas of research and allows you to systematize and visualize the relationship between elements of the natural environment, energy facilities and their characteristics, impact factors and methods of their calculation. Cognitive modeling is used to identify the structure of causal relationships between factors affecting the stability of the system.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nic Spaull ◽  
Servaas Van der Berg

Background: When the new coronavirus rapidly spread across the globe, the impact of the virus on children was still unclear, and closing schools seemed the responsible thing to do. But much has been learnt since about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the effects of lockdown and school closures, both in South Africa and internationally.Aim: It shows that the mortality risk of the virus is extremely small for children, even when assuming an extremely pessimistic scenario for total COVID-19 deaths.Setting: We review the evidence at a national level in South Africa using nationally-representative datasets.Methods: This article offers evidence drawn from nationally representative household surveys, school surveys and administrative datasets, as well as research reports.Results: International evidence predominantly shows that children are not important transmitters of this virus, which is different from the case for influenza, for example. We show that there are considerable costs to the lockdown for children. These relate to foregone leaning opportunities, mental health, nutrition and physical health.Conclusion: We show that re-opening the economy whilst keeping schools closed results in many unintended consequences, including that children are at higher risk of being left home alone. Considering all of this, we propose that all children should return to schools, crèches and early childhood development (ECD)centres without any further delay.


2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-115
Author(s):  
Md Shahidur Rahman

Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse outcomes such as physical disability, poor quality of life and death. With the onset of advancing age, muscle tissue is gradually lost, resulting in diminished mass and strength, a condition referred to as sarcopenia. The sequelae of sarcopenia often contribute to frailty, decreased independence, and subsequently increased health care costs. This review article will introduce potential mechanisms that may contribute to sarcopenia, although no one mechanism has yet, and may not completely, define this process. Despite sarcopenia is an inevitable process of life, prevention and treatments are absolutely needed in order to improve the quality of life and quality adjusted life years. Adequate nutrition and structured exercises are essential components of treatment and prevention. However, even those individuals who maintain their fitness through exercise do not appear to be immune to sarcopenia. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2015; Vol. 31 (2): 110-115


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