Effects of Environmental Stresses (Heat, Salt, Waterlogging) on Grain Yield and Associated Traits of Wheat under Application of Sulfur-Coated Urea

Abiotic stresses, such as heat, salt, waterlogging, and multiple-stress environments have significantly reduced wheat production in recent decades. There is a need to use effective strategies for overcoming crop losses due to these abiotic stresses. Fertilizer-based approaches are readily available and can be managed in all farming communities. This research revealed the effects of sulfur-coated urea (SCU, 130 kg ha−1, release time of 120 days) on wheat crops under heat, salt, waterlogging, and combined-stress climatic conditions. The research was done using a completely randomized design with three replicates. The results revealed that SCU at a rate of 130 kg of N ha−1 showed a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) high SPAD value (55) in the case of waterlogging stress, while it was the lowest (31) in the case of heat stress; the control had a SPAD value of 58. Stress application significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced the leaf area and was the highest in control (1898 cm2), followed by salt stress (1509 cm2), waterlogging (1478 cm2), and heat stress (1298 cm2). A significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lowest crop yield was observed in the case of heat stress (3623.47 kg ha−1) among all stresses, while it was 10,270 kg ha−1 in control and was reduced up to 35% after the application of heat stress. Among all stresses, the salt stress showed the highest crop yield of 5473.16 kg ha−1. A significant correlation was observed among growth rate, spike length, yield, and physiological constraints with N content in the soil. The SCU fertilizer was the least effective against heat stress but could tolerate salt stress in wheat plants. The findings suggested the feasibility of adding SCU as an alternative to normal urea to alleviate salt stresses and improve wheat crop growth and yield traits. For heat stress tolerance, the applicability of SCU with a longer release period of ~180 days is recommended as a future prospect for study.

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Influence of Vermicompost as the Source of Nitrogen in Various Combinations with Chemical Fertiliser on Winter Wheat Productivity

ASM Science Journal ◽

10.32802/asmscj.2021.667 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Sruti Karmakar ◽

Deepak Kashyap

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Land ◽

Arid Zone ◽

Block Design ◽

Winter Season ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Plant Laboratory ◽

Semi Arid ◽

Chemical Fertiliser

There is rarely any study that deals with the application of vermicompost in combination with chemical fertiliser to study the growth and yield variables of wheat crop in the typical agro-climatic conditions of saline sandy agricultural land of tropical semi-arid climatic condition with vast fluctuations of temperature between summer and winter seasons. Hence, the current study has been planned with a broader objective of utilising the organic resources by preparing vermicompost and applying it as the partial substitute of chemical fertiliser to cultivate wheat in an eco-friendly manner in saline sandy agricultural land of the tropical semi-arid zone. For achieving the intended goal, an experiment was conducted in the field of ‘Soil-Water-Plant Laboratory’, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Ropar, Punjab, India during the winter season (rabi) of 2018-19. In this experiment, Randomised Block Design (RBD) was followed, and four treatments were used, including T1: 100% RD using chemical fertilisers, T2: 50% RD using chemical fertilisers + 50% of nitrogen through vermicompost, T3:75% RD using chemical fertilisers + 25% of nitrogen through vermicompost and T4: control (without any additional nutrients). Each treatment was replicated nine times. Plot size was 4m × 6m, and row to row spacing was 0.2 m. Following statistical analysis, it was found that treatment T2 (50% RD using chemical fertilisers + 50% of nitrogen through vermicompost) showed the best results, which were reflected in different parameters such as number of effective tillers per plant, ear length, number of grains per ear, and test weight, grain yield and straw yield of the wheat crop in comparison to other treatments. In this case, an almost equal amount of nitrogen supply from both organic and inorganic sources is responsible for getting the best results.

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OXS2 is Required for Salt Tolerance Mainly through Associating with Salt Inducible Genes, CA1 and Araport11, in Arabidopsis

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-56456-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ying Jing ◽

Lin Shi ◽

Xin Li ◽

Han Zheng ◽

Jianwei Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Abiotic Stresses ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Functional Screening ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Promoter Regions ◽

Inducible Genes ◽

Chip Analysis

AbstractSalt stress is one of the abiotic stresses affecting crop growth and yield. The functional screening and mechanism investigation of the genes in response to salt stress are essential for the development of salt-tolerant crops. Here, we found that OXIDATIVE STRESS 2 (OXS2) was a salinity-induced gene, and the mutant oxs2-1 was hypersensitive to salt stress during seed germination and root elongation processes. In the absence of stress, OXS2 was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm; when the plants were treated with salt, OXS2 entered the nuclear. Further RNA-seq analysis and qPCR identification showed that, in the presence of salt stress, a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were activated, which contain BOXS2 motifs previously identified as the binding element for AtOXS2. Further ChIP analysis revealed that, under salt stress, OXS2 associated with CA1 and Araport11 directly through binding the BOXS2 containing fragments in the promoter regions. In conclusion, our results indicate that OXS2 is required for salt tolerance in Arabidopsis mainly through associating with the downstream CA1 and Araport11 directly.

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The effect of heat stress on quinoa (cv. Titicaca) under controlled climatic conditions

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859620000556 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 158 (4) ◽

pp. 255-261

Author(s):

Jorge Alvar-Beltrán ◽

Leonardo Verdi ◽

Anna Dalla Marta ◽

Abdalla Dao ◽

Roberto Vivoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Abiotic Stresses ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Heavy Precipitation ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

African Region

AbstractQuinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is capable of adapting to multiple environments and tolerating abiotic stresses including saline, drought and frost stress conditions. However, the introduction of quinoa into new environments has disclosed adaptation challenges. The principle factor affecting crop pollination is heat stress at flowering, which leads to sterile plants. To investigate the effect of high temperatures during the sensitive phenological phases, flowering and seed germination, a Danish-bred cultivar (cv. Titicaca) was grown in climatic chambers. Selection of the cv. Titicaca was based on the fact that it is the most extensively used cultivar in the Sahel and Middle East and North African region. The results of this research demonstrated that temperatures exceeding 38 °C hindered seed germination and pollination, and therefore, seed yield at harvest. At 38 °C, seed yield losses were 30%, whilst seed germination percentage declined below 50%. In addition, the results of the present research were compared with field observations from Burkina Faso in order to determine the spatiotemporal suitability of this crop with respect to temperature stress. Although many other abiotic stresses need to be considered when defining crop calendars (e.g. heavy precipitation in July and August), this research proposes the following growing periods to avoid heat-stress conditions at flowering: Sahel (July–September and November–February), Soudano–Sahel (June–February) and Soudanian zone (all year round).

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Accentuating the Role of Nitrogen to Phosphorus Ratio on the Growth and Yield of Wheat Crop

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13042253 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 2253

Author(s):

Maria Mussarat ◽

Muhammad Shair ◽

Dost Muhammad ◽

Ishaq Ahmad Mian ◽

Shadman Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

N Uptake ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

P Deficiency ◽

Spad Value ◽

Biological Yield ◽

The Impact

Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major yield limiting factor across the globe and their proper management plays a vital role in optimizing crop yield. This field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of soil and plant nitrogen N and P ratio on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in alkaline calcareous soil. The study consisted of various levels of nitrogen (0, 40, 80, and 160 kg ha−1 as urea) and phosphorus (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg P2O5 ha−1 as diammonium phosphate), and was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement having three replications. The result showed that the addition of 160 kg N ha−1 significantly improved biological yield (10,052 kg ha−1), grain weight (3120 kg ha−1), chlorophyll content at tillering stage soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value (35.38), N uptake in straw (33.42 kg ha−1), and K uptake in straw (192 kg ha−1) compared to other N levels. In case of P, 90 kg P2O5 ha−1 had resulted maximum biological yield (9852 kg ha−1), grain yield (3663 kg ha−1), chlorophyll content at tillering stage (SPAD value 34.36), P (6.68 mg kg−1) and K (171 kg ha−1) uptake in straw. The sole use of N and P have positively influenced the biological and grain yield but their interaction didn’t response to biological yield. The present study reveals that SPAD value (chlorophyll meter) is the better choice for determining plant N and P concentrations to estimate the yield potential.

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Role and Functional Differences of HKT1-Type Transporters in Plants under Salt Stress

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20051059 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 1059 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Akhtar Ali ◽

Albino Maggio ◽

Ray Bressan ◽

Dae-Jin Yun

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Species ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Soil Salinity ◽

Abiotic Stresses ◽

High Salinity ◽

Major Threat ◽

Functional Differences ◽

Shed Light

Abiotic stresses generally cause a series of morphological, biochemical and molecular changes that unfavorably affect plant growth and productivity. Among these stresses, soil salinity is a major threat that can seriously impair crop yield. To cope with the effects of high salinity on plants, it is important to understand the mechanisms that plants use to deal with it, including those activated in response to disturbed Na+ and K+ homeostasis at cellular and molecular levels. HKT1-type transporters are key determinants of Na+ and K+ homeostasis under salt stress and they contribute to reduce Na+-specific toxicity in plants. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the function of HKT1-type transporters and their importance in different plant species under salt stress. Comparison between HKT1 homologs in different plant species will shed light on different approaches plants may use to cope with salinity.

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Enhancing crop yield by using Rubisco activase to improve photosynthesis under elevated temperatures

Stress Biology ◽

10.1007/s44154-021-00002-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Inosha Wijewardene ◽

Guoxin Shen ◽

Hong Zhang

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Active Form ◽

Critical Factor ◽

Rubisco Activase ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

World Population

AbstractWith the rapid growth of world population, it is essential to increase agricultural productivity to feed the growing population. Over the past decades, many methods have been used to increase crop yields. Despite the success in boosting the crop yield through these methods, global food production still needs to be increased to be on par with the increasing population and its dynamic consumption patterns. Additionally, given the prevailing environmental conditions pertaining to the global temperature increase, heat stress will likely be a critical factor that negatively affects plant biomass and crop yield. One of the key elements hindering photosynthesis and plant productivity under heat stress is the thermo-sensitivity of the Rubisco activase (RCA), a molecular chaperone that converts Rubisco back to active form after it becomes inactive. It would be an attractive and practical strategy to maintain photosynthetic activity under elevated temperatures by enhancing the thermo-stability of RCA. In this context, this review discusses the need to improve the thermo-tolerance of RCA under current climatic conditions and to further study RCA structure and regulation, and its limitations at elevated temperatures. This review summarizes successful results and provides a perspective on RCA research and its implication in improving crop yield under elevated temperature conditions in the future.

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Impact of Coating of Urea with Bacillus-Augmented Zinc Oxide on Wheat Grown under Salinity Stress

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9101375 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1375

Author(s):

Noor Ul Ain ◽

Muhammad Naveed ◽

Azhar Hussain ◽

Muhammad Zahid Mumtaz ◽

Munazza Rafique ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Zinc Oxide ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Principal Component ◽

Bacillus Sp ◽

Spad Value ◽

Coated Urea ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Salt Affected Soils ◽

Zno Powder

Zinc (Zn) availability is limited in salt-affected soils due to high soil pH and calcium concentrations causing Zn fixation. The application of synthetic Zn fertilizer is usually discouraged due to the high cost and low Zn use efficiency. However, salt-tolerant Zn-solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) are capable of solubilizing fixed fractions of Zn and improving fertilizer use efficiency. In the current study, a product was formulated by coating urea with bioaugmented zinc oxide (ZnO) to improve wheat productivity under a saline environment. The promising ZSB strain Bacillus sp. AZ6 was used for bioaugmentation on ZnO powder and termed as Bacillus sp. AZ6-augmented ZnO (BAZ). The experiment was conducted in pots by applying urea granules after coating with BAZ, to evaluate its effects on wheat physiology, antioxidant activity, and productivity under saline (100 mM NaCl) and non-saline (0 mM NaCl) conditions. The results revealed that the application of BAZ-coated urea alleviated salt stress through improving the seed germination, plant height, root length, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, number of tillers and grains, spike length, spike weight, 1000-grain weight, antioxidant activity (APX, GPX, GST, GR, CAT, and SOD), and NPK contents in the straw and grains of the wheat plants. Moreover, it also enhanced the Zn contents in the shoots and grains of wheat by up to 29.1 and 16.5%, respectively, over absolute control, under saline conditions. The relationships and variation among all the studied morpho-physio and biochemical attributes of wheat were also studied by principal component (PC) and correlation analysis. Hence, the application of such potential products may enhance nutrient availability and Zn uptake in wheat under salt stress. Therefore, the current study suggests the application of BAZ-coated urea for enhancing wheat’s physiology, antioxidant system, nutrient efficiency, and productivity effectively and economically.

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Alleviating heat stress during early-season establishment of containerized strawberry transplants

Journal of Berry Research ◽

10.3233/jbr-210702 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-22

Author(s):

Prosanta K. Dash ◽

Carlene A. Chase ◽

Shinsuke Agehara ◽

Lincoln Zotarelli

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Chemical Methods ◽

Early Season ◽

Plant Vigor ◽

Stress Prevention ◽

Main Plot ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Plot Design

BACKGROUND: Earlier planting under subtropical climatic conditions has been proposed as a means of increasing strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) profitability but exposes transplants to heat stress. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, physical and chemical methods of ameliorating heat stress on the establishment, growth, and yield of containerized strawberry transplants were evaluated. METHODS: We used a split-plot design with white-on-black (white) mulch and black mulch as main plot treatments; and a factorial arrangement of transplant type and stress-prevention application was randomly assigned to the subplots. ‘Florida Radiance’ Jiffy plug and tray plug transplants were treated either with s-abscisic acid or with kaolin. RESULTS: White mulch resulted in greater plant vigor and vegetative growth than black mulch. Kaolin plus white mulch provided protection against heat stress as indicated by increased photosynthesis rates. At 4 weeks after transplanting, plant vigor and shoot growth were higher and flowering occurred earlier with Jiffy plug transplants than with tray plug transplants. Early marketable yields were higher with white mulch than with black mulch in three of the four site years. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of white mulch, Jiffy plug transplants, and kaolin application appears to have the best potential for alleviating heat stress during early-season strawberry establishment under subtropical conditions.

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Respons varietas-varietas gandum terhadap pemupukan silika organik di dataran medium

Kultivasi ◽

10.24198/kultivasi.v19i2.26746 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Fiky Yulianto Wicaksono ◽

Amelia Ratnasari ◽

Rasyiqa Hasna Shabira ◽

Rhezaleta Eka Sutrisna ◽

Ruminta Ruminta

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Harvest Index ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Panicle Length ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Area Index ◽

Main Plot ◽

Single Effect ◽

Plot Design

AbstrakPenanaman gandum dari dataran medium sampai ke rendah memiliki kendala, salah satunya yaitu cekaman suhu tinggi. Pemupukan silika merupakan usaha yang dapat dilakukan agar tanaman gandum tahan terhadap cekaman suhu tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh interaksi antara dosis pupuk silika yang terbuat dari abu ketel pabrik gula dan varietas gandum terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil gandum pada dataran medium yang lebih panas dibandingkan dengan dataran tinggi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari 2018 – April 2018 di kebun percobaan Ciparanje Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, pada ketinggian750 mdi atas permukaan laut. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Petak Terbagi dengan petak utama adalah varietas dan anak petak adalah dosis pupuk silika. Faktor varietas terdiri dari 3 taraf, yaitu varietas Dewata, Selayar, dan GURI-6; sementara faktor dosis pupuk silika terdiri dari 6 taraf, yaitu 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, dan 300 kg/ha. Semua perlakuan diulang sebanyak 2 kali. Pengamatan dilakukan pada komponen pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman gandum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh interaksi antara varietas dan dosis pupuk silika terhadap persentase biji bernas dan kadar gluten. Pengaruh mandiri dosis pupuk silika taraf 100 kg/ha memberikan Indeks Luas Daun dan Indeks Panen lebih tinggi dengan nilai masing-masing 3,44 dan 0,38. Pengaruh mandiri varietas GURI-6 memberikan hasil paling baik pada karakter tinggi tanaman dan panjang malai, sebesar 70,44 cm dan 6,26 cm.Kata kunci : pupuk silika, cekaman, gandum AbstractWheat cultivation in medium or lowland can suffer heat stress. Silica fertilization is an effort to decrease heat stress on wheat crop. This study aims to find the interaction between silica fertilizer doses made from sugar mill ash and wheat varieties on growth and yield of wheat. The experiment was conducted on January 2018 until April 2018 in Ciparanje experimental field, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, at an altitude of 750 m above sea level. The Experiment used Split Plot Design which used wheat varieties as main plot and silica fertilizer doses as subplot. Main plot consisted of 3 levels of variety, there were Dewata, Selayar, and GURI-6; while subplot consisted of 6 levels of silica fertilizer dose, there were 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 kg/ha. All treatments were replicated twice. Observations were made on the components of growth and yield of wheat crop. The results showed interaction effect between varieties and silica fertilizer dosages on the percentage of filling grain and gluten content. The single effect of silica fertilizer level of 100 kg/ha gave a higher Leaf Area Index and Harvest Index values, were 3.44 and 0.38. GURI-6 variety gave the best results on plant height and panicle length, were 70,44 cm and 6,26 cm.Keywords: silica, stress, wheat

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Viral infections of winter wheat and soybean and their influence on crop yield under climate change conditions

Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Series Biology ◽

10.17721/1728_2748.2018.75.11-21 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 11-21

Author(s):

L. Mishchenko ◽

A. Dunich ◽

A. Budzanivska ◽

I. Mishchenko

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Molecular Genetic ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Transgenic Soybean ◽

Cp Gene ◽

Soybean Plants

Climate changes affect the level of damage from plant diseases, because the environment has a significant impact not only on plants, but also on pathogens and their vectors. Therefore, studying of the viruses, crop yield and productivity, agroclimatic changes should be in the complex. The aim of the study was to investigate the viruses affecting winter wheat and soybean plants, their yield in conditions of infection with viruses and changes in the climatic conditions of the Poltava region. Methods: biometric; crop and its structure; DAS-ELISA, RNA extraction from plant material, RT-PCR, sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, statistical methods. Results. It is established that Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is the most widespread and harmful for wheat crop and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) – for soybean. For the first time in Ukraine, the yield of winter wheat and soybean plants under conditions of virus damage and changes of climatic conditions in the Poltava region was studied. Correlation between the HTC (the hydrothermal coefficient of Selyaninov), the damage caused by viral diseases and the productivity of winter wheat and soybean plants is revealed. It is shown that transgenic soybean Grimo is affected with SMV, which reduce grain yield twice. The molecular genetic properties of the SMV isolate GRP-17 were studied and it is determined that it has a common origin with Iranian, American, Chinese isolates and isolate from Ukraine. It has been determined that, the amino acid substitutions in CP gene of GRP-17 are unique compared to sequences of all SMV isolates taken for the analysis. Conclusions. Analysis of the meteorological data in the agrocenosis was carried out and it was established that the yield of wheat and soybean crops is closely related to the ratio of precipitation and air temperature (HTC). From these parameters also depended the frequency of WSMV and SMV detection, because they have a direct impact on insects – vectors of the viruses. The changes in the molecular genetic level in CP gene of GRP-17 can be involved in the it's harmfulness and ability to infect transgenic soybean plants.

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