scholarly journals Compared to Australian Cultivars, European Summer Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Overreacts When Moderate Heat Stress Is Applied at the Pollen Development Stage

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Begcy ◽  
Anna Weigert ◽  
Andrew Egesa ◽  
Thomas Dresselhaus
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Type A ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
The Impact

Heat stress frequently imposes a strong negative impact on vegetative and reproductive development of plants leading to severe yield losses. Wheat, a major temperate crop, is more prone to suffer from increased temperatures than most other major crops. With heat waves becoming more intense and frequent, as a consequence of global warming, a decrease in wheat yield is highly expected. Here, we examined the impact of a short-term (48 h) heat stress on wheat imposed during reproduction at the pollen mitosis stage both, at the physiological and molecular level. We analyzed two sets of summer wheat germplasms from Australia (Kukri, Drysdale, Gladius, and RAC875) and Europe (Epos, Cornetto, Granny, and Chamsin). Heat stress strongly affected gas exchange parameters leading to reduced photosynthetic and transpiration rates in the European cultivars. These effects were less pronounced in Australian cultivars. Pollen viability was also reduced in all European cultivars. At the transcriptional level, the largest group of heat shock factor genes (type A HSFs), which trigger molecular responses as a result of environmental stimuli, showed small variations in gene expression levels in Australian wheat cultivars. In contrast, HSFs in European cultivars, including Epos and Granny, were strongly downregulated and partly even silenced, while the high-yielding variety Chamsin displayed a strong upregulation of type A HSFs. In conclusion, Australian cultivars are well adapted to moderate heat stress compared to European summer wheat. The latter strongly react after heat stress application by downregulating photosynthesis and transpiration rates as well as differentially regulating HSFs gene expression pattern.

scholarly journals Lack of Obvious Influence of PLLA Nanofibers on the Gene Expression of BMP-2 and VEGF during Growth and Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus D. Schofer ◽  
S. Fuchs-Winkelmann ◽  
C. Wack ◽  
M. Rudisile ◽  
R. Dersch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fracture Repair ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ◽  
Vegf Gene ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Artificial Graft ◽  
The Impact

Growth factors like bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) play an important role in bone remodeling and fracture repair. Therefore, with respect to tissue engineering, an artificial graft should have no negative impact on the expression of these factors. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze the impact of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofibers on VEGF and BMP-2 gene expression during the time course of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) differentiation towards osteoblasts. PLLA matrices were seeded with hMSCs and cultivated over a period of 22 days under growth and osteoinductive conditions, and analyzed during the course of culture, with respect to gene expression of VEGF and BMP-2. Furthermore, BMP-2–enwoven PLLA nanofibers were used in order to elucidate whether initial down-regulation of growth factor expression could be compensated. Although there was a great interpatient variability with respect to the expression of VEGF and BMP-2, PLLA nanofibers tend to result in a down-regulation in BMP-2 expression during the early phase of cultivation. This effect was diminished in the case of VEGF gene expression. The initial down-regulation was overcome when BMP-2 was directly incorporated into the PLLA nanofibers by electrospinning. Furthermore, the incorporation of BMP-2 into the PLLA nanofibers resulted in an increase in VEGF gene expression. Summarized, the results indicate that the PLLA nanofibers have little effect on growth factor production. An enhancement in gene expression of BMP-2 and VEGF can be achieved by an incorporation of BMP-2 into the PLLA nanofibers.

The impact of extreme climatic events on pasture-based dairy systems: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chang-Fung-Martel ◽  
M. T. Harrison ◽  
R. Rawnsley ◽  
A. P. Smith ◽  
H. Meinke
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Extreme Climatic Events ◽  
Dairy Systems ◽  
The Impact

Extreme climatic events such as heat waves, extreme rainfall and prolonged dry periods are a significant challenge to the productivity and profitability of dairy systems. Despite projections of more frequent extreme events, increasing temperatures and reduced precipitation, studies on the impact of these extreme climatic events on pasture-based dairy systems remain uncommon. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has estimated Australia to be one of the most negatively impacted regions with additional studies estimating Australian production losses of around 16% in the agricultural sector and 9–19% between the present and 2050 in the south-eastern dairy regions of Australia due to climate change. Here we review the literature on the impact of climate change on pasture-based dairy systems with particular focus on extreme climatic events. We provide an insight into current methods for assessing and quantifying heat stress highlighting the impacts on pastures and animals including the associated potential productivity losses and conclude by outlining potential adaptation strategies for improving the resilience of the whole-farm systems to climate change. Adapting milking routines, calving systems and the introduction of heat stress tolerant dairy cow breeds are some proposed strategies. Changes in pasture production would also include alternative pasture species better adapted to climate extremes such as heat waves and prolonged periods of water deficit. In order to develop effective adaptation strategies we also need to focus on issues such as water availability, animal health and associated energy costs.

scholarly journals Splenic Gene Expression Signatures in Slow-Growing Chickens Stimulated in Ovo with Galactooligosaccharides and Challenged with Heat

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elzbieta Pietrzak ◽  
Aleksandra Dunislawska ◽  
Maria Siwek ◽  
Marco Zampiga ◽  
Federico Sirri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Stress Related Genes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Resistance To Heat

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) that are delivered in ovo improve intestinal microbiota composition and mitigate the negative effects of heat stress in broiler chickens. Hubbard hybrids are slow-growing chickens with a high resistance to heat. In this paper, we determined the impact of GOS delivered in ovo on slow-growing chickens that are challenged with heat. The experiment was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. On day 12 of incubation, GOS (3.5 mg/egg) was delivered into the egg (n = 300). Controls (C) were mock-injected with physiological saline (n = 300). After hatching, the GOS and C groups were split into thermal groups: thermoneutral (TN) and heat stress (HS). HS (30 °C) lasted for 14 days (days 36–50 post-hatching). The spleen (n = 8) was sampled after acute (8.5 h) and chronic (14 days) HS. The gene expression of immune-related (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, and IL-17) and stress-related genes (HSP25, HSP90AA1, BAG3, CAT, and SOD) was detected with RT-qPCR. Chronic HS up-regulated the expression of the genes: IL-10, IL-12p40, SOD (p < 0.05), and CAT (p < 0.01). GOS delivered in ovo down-regulated IL-4 (acute p < 0.001; chronic p < 0.01), IL-12p40, CAT and SOD (chronic p < 0.05). The obtained results suggest that slow-growing hybrids are resistant to acute heat and tolerant to chronic heat, which can be supported with in ovo GOS administration.

Heat Sensing and Lipid Reprograming as a Signaling Switch for Heat Stress Responses in Wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1399-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Abdelrahman ◽  
Takayoshi Ishii ◽  
Magdi El-Sayed ◽  
Lam-Son Phan Tran
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Calcium Influx ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Temperature is an essential physical factor that affects the plant life cycle. Almost all plant species have evolved a robust signal transduction system that enables them to sense changes in the surrounding temperature, relay this message and accordingly adjust their metabolism and cellular functions to avoid heat stress-related damage. Wheat (Triticum aestivum), being a cool-season crop, is very sensitive to heat stress. Any increase in the ambient temperature, especially at the reproductive and grain-filling stages, can cause a drastic loss in wheat yield. Heat stress causes lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress, resulting in the damage of thylakoid membranes and the disruption of their function, which ultimately decreases photosynthesis and crop yield. The cell membrane/plasma membrane plays prominent roles as an interface system that perceives and translates the changes in environmental signals into intracellular responses. Thus, membrane lipid composition is a critical factor in heat stress tolerance or susceptibility in wheat. In this review, we elucidate the possible involvement of calcium influx as an early heat stress-responsive mechanism in wheat plants. In addition, the physiological implications underlying the changes in lipid metabolism under high-temperature stress in wheat and other plant species will be discussed. In-depth knowledge about wheat lipid reprograming can help develop heat-tolerant wheat varieties and provide approaches to solve the impact of global climate change.

scholarly journals Placental Expression of Bile Acid Transporters in Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10434
Author(s):  
Edgar Ontsouka ◽  
Alessandra Epstein ◽  
Sampada Kallol ◽  
Jonas Zaugg ◽  
Marc Baumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Intrahepatic Cholestasis ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Maternal Body Mass Index ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Intrahepatic Cholestasis Of Pregnancy ◽  
Related Condition ◽  
Cholestasis Of Pregnancy

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a pregnancy-related condition characterized by increased maternal circulating bile acids (BAs) having adverse fetal effects. We investigated whether the human placenta expresses specific regulation patterns to prevent fetal exposition to harmful amounts of BAs during ICP. Using real-time quantitative PCR, we screened placentae from healthy pregnancies (n = 12) and corresponding trophoblast cells (n = 3) for the expression of 21 solute carriers and ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins, all acknowledged as BA- and/or cholestasis-related genes. The placental gene expression pattern was compared between healthy women and ICP patients (n = 12 each). Placental SLCO3A1 (OATP3A1) gene expression was significantly altered in ICP compared with controls. The other 20 genes, including SLC10A2 (ASBT) and EPHX1 (EPOX, mEH) reported for the first time in trophoblasts, were comparably abundant in healthy and ICP placentae. ABCG5 was undetectable in all placentae. Placental SLC10A2 (ASBT), SLCO4A1 (OATP4A1), and ABCC2 mRNA levels were positively correlated with BA concentrations in ICP. Placental SLC10A2 (ASBT) mRNA was also correlated with maternal body mass index. We conclude that at the transcriptional level only a limited response of BA transport systems is found under ICP conditions. However, the extent of the transcriptional response may also depend on the severity of the ICP condition and the magnitude by which the maternal BA levels are increased.

scholarly journals Sperm and seminal plasma RNAs: what roles do they play beyond fertilization?

Reproduction ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 158 (4) ◽  
pp. R113-R123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meritxell Jodar
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Preimplantation Embryo ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Preimplantation Embryo Development ◽  
The Impact

The paternal contribution to the new individual is not just limited to half the diploid genome. Recent findings have shown that sperm delivers to the oocyte several components, including a complex population of RNAs, which may influence early embryo development and the long-term phenotype of the offspring. Although the majority of sperm RNAs may only represent spermatogenic leftovers with no further function, the male gamete provides a specific set of RNAs to the oocyte that is able to modulate gene expression in the preimplantation embryo. Those sperm transcripts include coding and non-coding RNAs that might either be translated by the oocyte machinery or directly regulate embryo gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. Interestingly, some sperm RNAs seem to be acquired during post-testicular maturation through active communication between sperm and epididymal and seminal exosomes released by the epididymis and the male accessory sex glands, respectively. Exosomes contained in the seminal plasma seem to not only interact with the spermatozoa but also with cells from the female reproductive tract, modulating their gene expression and influencing female immune response triggered by the semen. This review also considers the findings that indicate the role of semen RNAs in preimplantation embryo development and offspring phenotypes. In this regard, different studies supporting the hypothesis of paternal epigenetic inheritance of altered metabolic phenotypes associated with environmental exposures are discussed. Lastly, potential mechanisms that could explain the impact of semen RNAs to both early embryogenesis and paternal epigenetic inheritance are suggested.

scholarly journals Understanding host-microbiota interactions in the commercial piglet around weaning

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Saladrigas-García ◽  
M. D’Angelo ◽  
H. L. Ko ◽  
P. Nolis ◽  
Y. Ramayo-Caldas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Weaning Stress ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWeaning is a critical period in the life of pigs with repercussions on their health and welfare and on the economy of the swine industry. This study aimed to assess the effect of the commercial early weaning on gut microbiota, intestinal gene expression and serum metabolomic response via an integrated-omic approach combining 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the OpenArray gene expression technology and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Fourteen piglets from different litters were sampled for blood, jejunum tissue and caecal content two days before (− 2d), and three days after (+ 3d) weaning. A clearly differential ordination of caecal microbiota was observed. Higher abundances of Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Dorea and Lachnospira genera in weaned piglets compared to prior to weaning showed the quick microbial changes of the piglets’ gut microbiota. Downregulation of OCLN, CLDN4, MUC2, MUC13, SLC15A1 and SLC13A1 genes, also evidenced the negative impact of weaning on gut barrier and digestive functions. Metabolomic approach pinpointed significant decreases in choline, LDL, triglycerides, fatty acids, alanine and isoleucine and increases in 3-hydroxybutyrate after weaning. Moreover, the correlation between microbiota and metabolome datasets revealed the existence of metabolic clusters interrelated to different bacterial clusters. Our results demonstrate the impact of weaning stress on the piglet and give insights regarding the associations between gut microbiota and the animal gene activity and metabolic response.

Effect of heat stress on HSP70 gene expression pattern in different vital organs of Malabari goats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Afsal ◽  
M. Bagath ◽  
V. Sejian ◽  
G. Krishnan ◽  
V. Beena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Hsp70 Gene

PSIX-25 Feed and water deprivation at weaning and subsequent heat stress impacts serum and ileal markers of gastrointestinal integrity in nursery pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 496-497
Author(s):  
Nathan L Horn ◽  
Adrienne Woodward ◽  
Kola Ajuwon ◽  
Layi Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Social and environmental stressors impact nursery pig performance and may be linked to gastrointestinal dysfunction. The current experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of feed and water deprivation on serum stress markers and ileal mucosal gene expression in nursery pigs. Mixed-sex pigs were allotted on the basis of IBW (7.0 kg ± 0.89) in a RCBD with treatments in a split-plot arrangement and consisting of the whole-plot factor of with or without a 24-h feed and water deprivation at weaning and the sub-plot factor of with or without a cyclic 3-d heat stress starting 27 d post-weaning. On 1, 27, and 30 d post-weaning one pig from each pen was selected, blood was collected for measurement of serum cortisol, corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), and endotoxins, and an ileal mucosal scraping was taken and gene expression of claudin 1 (CL-1), occludin (OC), and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) were measured by RT PCR. There was an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in serum CRF and endotoxins and a tendency for an increase (P = 0.09) in serum cortisol due to the deprivation 1 d post-weaning. Further, there was a tendency for an increase (P &lt; 0.10) in serum endotoxins and CRF due to the deprivation at 27 and 30 d post-weaning, respectively. Gene expression of CL-1 tended to increase (P = 0.10), and OC decreased (P = 0.05) due to the deprivation 1 d post-weaning. Expression of the OC gene decreased (P &lt; 0.05) due to the deprivation 27 d post-weaning and OC and ZO-1 gene expression tended to decrease (P = 0.07) due to the heat stress 30 d post-weaning. These results show that post-weaning stress events alter serum stress markers and impact intestinal barrier function.

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