scholarly journals Sequential Analysis of Livestock Herding Dog and Sheep Interactions

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Jonathan Early ◽  
Jessica Aalders ◽  
Elizabeth Arnott ◽  
Claire Wade ◽  
Paul McGreevy
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Trial Duration ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Efficient Performance ◽  
Competition Level ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Behavioural Interactions ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Event Based

Livestock herding dogs are crucial contributors to Australian agriculture. However, there is a dearth of empirical studies of the behavioural interactions between dog and livestock during herding. A statistical approach that may reveal cause and effect in such interactions is lag sequential analysis. Using 48 video recordings of livestock herding dogs and sheep in a yard trial competition, event-based (time between behaviours is irrelevant) and time-based (time between behaviours is defined) lag sequential analyses identified several significant behavioural interactions (adjusted residuals greater than 2.58; the maximum likelihood-ratio chi-squared statistic for all eight contingency tables identified all sequences as highly significant (p < 0.001)). These sequences were: The dog ceasing all movement followed by the sheep also ceasing movement; the dog chasing the sheep and a group of sheep escaping the main flock; a single sheep escaping the flock and the dog chasing; sheep initiating movement followed by the dog following; foot-stamping followed by the dog ceasing all movement; and, foot-stamping by the sheep and the dog lip-licking in response. Log linear regression identified significant relationships among undesirable behaviours in sheep and both observed trial duration (p = 0.001) and trial score (p = 0.009). No differences in the herding styles of dogs were identified between sex of dog and frequency of sheep escape behaviours (p = 0.355) nor the sex of dog and competition level (p = 0.116). The identification of trial score as a predictor of efficient performance confirms the benefits of incorporating extant objective measures to assess livestock herding dogs.

Event-based categorical sequential analyses of the medical interview: a review

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Angela Mazzi ◽  
Lidia Del Piccolo ◽  
Christa Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
Sequential Data ◽  
Temporal Position ◽  
Conditional Probability Distribution ◽  
Patient Interaction ◽  
Lag Sequential Analysis ◽  
Hidden Patterns ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Sequential Analyses

SUMMARYWhen the doctor-patient interaction is viewed as a series of utterances, the temporal position of utterances becomes a central information in understanding the nature of interaction. Important concepts are interdependence and serial dependence which account for the fact that two partners influence each other in their talk and that each partner influences him/herself. Lag sequential analysis studies the associations between doctor and patient utterances in a two-way contingency table (lag one sequences) and is used for exploratory purposes. Log-linear modelling, based on multi-way contingency tables, is used as an extension of lag-sequential analysis to study longer sequences.Markov chains test sequences in terms of processes with the aim to find predictive models and require a theory driven approach. Pattern recognition aims to discover regularities in the temporal evolution of the utterance sequences. Theory driven applications analyse manifest patterns in terms of their conditional probability distribution while empirically driven applications are used to detect “hidden” patterns. These different approaches to sequential data can be regarded as complementary tools to describe the doctor patient consultations at various levels of complexity.Declaration of Interest: none.

On the Sidelines: Sex and Racial Segregation in Television Sports Broadcasting

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Thomas Coventry
Keyword(s):  
Racial Segregation ◽  
Linear Analysis ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Social Closure ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The Social ◽  
Competition Level ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Sports Broadcasting ◽  
The Relationship

This study explores sex and racial segregation within television sports broadcasting. It uses logit log-linear analysis to examine the relationship between job classifications within sports broadcasting and such explanatory variables as sex and race. The results show that women are concentrated in competition-level reporting and reporting but are underrepresented as studio analysts and play-by-play announcers. People of color are most likely to be found doing competition-level reporting, followed by studio analysis. They are least likely to work as play-by-play announcers. In addition, people of color are virtually limited to broadcasting baseball, basketball, and football. Although Whites also cover these three sports, they occupy practically all of the jobs covering other sports. The findings regarding sex and race support the social closure perspective that argues that women and people of color would be concentrated in lower positions within an occupation.

scholarly journals Mutual visual signalling between the cleaner shrimp Ancylomenes pedersoni and its client fish

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1881) ◽  
pp. 20180800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor M. Caves ◽  
Patrick A. Green ◽  
Sönke Johnsen
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Mutualistic Interaction ◽  
Dark Colour ◽  
Behavioural Interactions ◽  
Visual Signalling ◽  
Fish Clients ◽  
Cleaner Shrimp

Cleaner shrimp and their reef fish clients are an interspecific mutualistic interaction that is thought to be mediated by signals, and a useful system for studying the dynamics of interspecific signalling. To demonstrate signalling, one must show that purported signals at minimum (a) result in a consistent state change in the receiver and (b) contain reliable information about the sender's intrinsic state or future behaviour. Additionally, signals must be perceptible by receivers. Here, we document fundamental attributes of the signalling system between the cleaner shrimp Ancylomenes pedersoni and its clients. First, we use sequential analysis of in situ behavioural interactions to show that cleaner antenna whipping reliably predicts subsequent cleaning. If shrimp do not signal via antenna whipping, clients triple their likelihood of being cleaned by adopting darker coloration over a matter of seconds, consistent with dark colour change signalling that clients want cleaning. Using experimental manipulations, we found that visual stimuli are sufficient to elicit antenna whipping, and that shrimp are more likely to ‘clean' dark than light visual stimuli. Lastly, we show that antenna whipping and colour change are perceptible when accounting for the intended receiver's visual acuity and spectral sensitivity, which differ markedly between cleaners and clients. Our results show that signalling by both cleaners and clients can initiate and mediate their mutualistic interaction.

Characterizing adaptations of serve indicators in top-level male volleyball among seasons

2020 ◽  
pp. 174795412097892
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Sotiropoulos ◽  
Sotirios Drikos ◽  
Sophia D Papadopoulou ◽  
Karolina Barzouka
Keyword(s):  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Linear Modelling ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Position Type ◽  
Log Linear

The purpose of this study was to analyse selected serve characteristics in top-level male volleyball, with a special focus on detecting adaptations of the serve skill among seasons. The indicators examined were type, position, direction and quality of serve. The sample consisted of 5482 serves from three final phases of different top-level tournaments (Olympic Games 2012, N = 1942, World League 2017, N = 1883, World Championship 2018, N = 1657). The interrelationships between variables were analyzed using chi-squared tests, log-linear modelling and multiple correspondence analysis. The results showed that the interaction of all serve indicators are statistically important, but the combination of the variables’ categories that were more responsible for association alternated across the seasons under study. A 3-way association term was revealed for season 2012 (type/position/direction) and 2018 (type/position/quality), while for season 2017 multiple 2-way interactions were found (type/position, type/direction, position/quality, direction/quality). The direction of the serve to the horizontal axis of the court was correlated to the quality of serve and consequently with the advantage of the serving team, while a more tactical perspective for serve skill is formed over periods in top level male volleyball.

Corpus Statistics for Empirical Translation Studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 541-559
Author(s):  
Michael Oakes
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Visualization Techniques

In recent years a number of authors have made good use of statistical texts in empirical translation studies. These tests are well established in the scientific literature but have only recently been applied to the comparison of original and translated texts for the identification of the characteristics of “translationese.” There has also been interest in the comparison between professional and student translations and between machine and human translation. In this chapter, various statistical tests are examined in the context of real-world empirical studies in translation: analysis of variance and Tukey’s “honestly significant difference” test, the chi-squared test and the G-statistic, and the visualization techniques of hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The chapter finishes with a discussion of the linguistic features chosen or found to characterize the original and translated texts.

scholarly journals Risk and threat assessment for youths at regional labor market (the case of the Sverdlovsk Region)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-75
Author(s):  
Anna N. Tarasova ◽  
Natalia A. Chernykh
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
Informal Employment ◽  
Labor Rights ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Regional Labor Market ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
Regional Labor ◽  
Chi Squared

This article analyzes the main risks and threats that arise in the contemporary labor market among the young people. Given the changes that are taking place under the economical digitalization, globalization processes, as well as due to the increase in the retirement age in Russia, there is a growing need to study the emerging risks. This paper assesses the level of threats to young professionals entering the labor market. The empirical basis of the work includes the data of statistics on labor and employment in Russia and the Sverdlovsk Region, as well as the results of the two empirical studies conducted by the authors in 2018-2019 by means of content analysis of employers’ advertisements and a questionnaire survey of the population. 6,521 vacancy announcements in the Sverdlovsk region were analyzed. 630 people (aged 18-60) were interviewed the sample was quoted by sex and age. The methods of data analysis include frequency distribution analysis, mean analysis, correlation analysis, and Chi-squared difference analysis. The authors have identified the main types of risks on the labor market: they are the problems of employment and the threat of unemployment; employment outside the studied specialty and “leaving” the profession; high differentiation of wages by industry and salary risks; non-compliance with labor legislation and social guarantees; involvement in informal employment. A detailed analysis of these risks is carried out and the threat level is assessed. The authors conclude that the greatest threat in the regional labor market is the mismatch of places of employment of existing qualifications and received specialty. This threat is dangerous not only on its own, leading to the loss of professional skills and competencies, a decrease in overall productivity, etc. Even worse, it increases the likelihood of other risks in the labor market. The employment outside the studied specialty correlates with violation of labor laws, non-compliance with labor rights of employees, and involvement in informal employment.

scholarly journals Student’s Reading of Thematic Maps from Czech School World Atlas – an Eye-tracking Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Marketa Beitlova ◽  
Stanislav Popelka ◽  
Vit Vozenilek
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Thematic Maps ◽  
School Students ◽  
Trial Duration ◽  
Cartographic Visualization ◽  
The One

Abstract. According to the cartographic communication models, the map is intended as a product which helps people to understand the world. Usually, the first systematic cartographic product which pupils and students met in their lives is a school world atlas. In the Czech Republic, these atlases are used in almost every geography lesson. Thus, school atlases should be understandable, well-arranged, intelligible and easy to use by students. However, almost no empirical studies focused on this type of product exist.This presentation summarizes the results of the experiment, where the task was to find some object on the thematic map. The research aimed on two main issues: if the students are able to read thematic maps from school world atlas (Q1) and if the used cartographic visualization methods are properly selected (Q2).For finding answers to these research questions, the eye-tracking study conducted on 30 grammar school students was performed. This study contained ten tasks on the thematic world maps from the Czech school world atlas. Depending on the type of information displayed, visualization method and legend style, the tasks were formulated for each map. Eyemovement data were recorded using low-cost GazePoint eye-tracker with sampling frequency of 60 Hz. The first research question – if students can work with the thematic maps from school world atlas – was analysed using the correctness of answers and Trial Duration – the metric that shows how much time respondents needed to find the answer. For answering the second research question – if the cartographic methods used in the atlas are understandable –qualitative data visualization methods were used.At the beginning of the recorded data analysis, the correctness of answers and trial duration was ïnvestigated. These results helped us to find out, how the students were able to read the maps, if their answers were correct and how much time they needed for task solving. The results showed that generally, the students could read thematic maps (Q1). The most problematic task was the one where students had to estimate the pie-chart value according to the logarithmic scale.In the next step, the behaviour of students while solving each task was qualitatively described and problematic cartographic visualization methods were identified (Q2). For example, in some cases, used symbols were difficult to distinguish. The most serious problems were in the task, where students had to estimate the value of the bar chart. The scale of the legend was designed so that one millimetre of the bar corresponds to 50 million USD of export volume. This cartographic method was hard to understand for the students.The conducted eye-tracking study pointed out to maps where the cartographic methods were misused and caused problems to the students. The results might help the cartographers and map publishers who can modify the maps to be more understandable for the readers.

scholarly journals INTERACTIVE COMPUTER SIMULATION AS A RESPONSE TO CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 579
Author(s):  
Tomasz Prauzner
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Technical Education ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Safety Engineering ◽  
Technological Education ◽  
Theory Of Education ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Practical Implications

The theory of teaching, commonly referred to as didactics, is gaining increasing recognition in the work of a teacher immersed in the present-day reality of education. It appears right to assume that familiarity with the changing world should inspire innovativeness aimed to eliminate unnecessary or inadequate phenomena. For this reason, it is advisable to treat didactics as a theoretical discipline with practical implications for teachers, especially in the process of transforming and perfecting the educational system to make it meet the real social and economic challenges. The paper presents empirical studies conducted in the period 2010-2015 among full-time and weekend students of Safety Engineering at Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Poland. The studies were aimed to test the hypothesis that using deterministic computer simulations in the didactic process fosters learning effectiveness in the field of technological education as compared to traditional methods applied in a laboratory.  The investigation employed extended methodology including verifying detailed hypotheses by means of empirical studies proved to be significant by the c2 (chi-squared) test. It was also situated within the general theory of education, additionally addressing the postulates of constructivist and cognitivist paradigms of learning.

scholarly journals Team Membership Change “Events”: A Review and Reconceptualization

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-251
Author(s):  
Hayley M. Trainer ◽  
Justin M. Jones ◽  
Jacob G. Pendergraft ◽  
Cynthia K. Maupin ◽  
Dorothy R. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Membership Change ◽  
The Past ◽  
Change Events ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Team Functioning ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Change Event

Driven by views of teams as dynamic systems with permeable boundaries, scholars are increasingly seeking to better understand how team membership changes (i.e., team members joining and/or leaving) shape the functioning and performance of organizational teams. However, empirical studies of team membership change appear to be progressing in three largely independent directions as researchers consider: (a) how newcomers impact and are impacted by the teams they join; (b) how teams adapt to member departures; or (c) how teams function under conditions of high membership fluidity, with little theoretical integration or consensus across these three areas. To accelerate an integrative stream of research on team membership change, we advance a conceptual framework which depicts each team membership change as a discrete team-level “event” which shapes team functioning to the extent to which it is “novel,” “disruptive,” and “critical” for the team. We use this framework to guide our review and synthesis of empirical studies of team membership change published over the past 20 years. Our review reveals numerous factors, across conceptual levels of the organization, that determine the strength (i.e., novelty, disruptiveness, criticality) of a team membership change event and, consequently, its impact on team functioning and performance. In closing, we provide propositions for future research that integrate a multilevel, event-based perspective of team membership change and demonstrate how team membership change events may impact organizational systems over time and across levels of observation.

Life after Chi-Squared: An Introduction to Log-Linear Analysis

1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 837-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L Streiner ◽  
Elizabeth Lin
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Linear Analysis ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Log Linear

Chi-squared tests are used to examine the relationships among categorical variables. However, they are difficult to use and interpret when more than 2 variables are involved. In such cases, it is better to use a related statistic, called log-linear analysis. This article is an introduction to log-linear models, illustrating how they can be used to tease apart relationships among several variables in looking at the factors associated with photonumerophobia.

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