Combined Effects of Sulfamethoxazole and Erythromycin on a Freshwater Microalga, Raphidocelis subcapitata: Toxicity and Oxidative Stress

This study investigated the environmental effects of two familiar emerging contaminants, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and erythromycin (ERY), and their mixture (10:1 w/w) using a green microalga, R. subcapitata. The cell density, pigment content, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were analyzed. The calculated EC50 values of SMX, ERY, and their mixture after 96 h were 0.49, 0.044, and 0.06 mg/L, respectively. High concentrations of antibiotics lead to a decrease in chlorophyll a and total carotenoid content, affecting the ability to photosynthesize ROS scavenging capacity. This may be a factor leading to the inhibition of algal growth. When R. subcapitata was exposed to SMX and the mixture, SOD and CAT increased to resist oxidative damage, while the activities of GSH and GST decreased, suggesting that this algae’s antioxidant system was unbalanced due to oxidative stress. R. subcapitata reduced the ERY-induced ROS by increasing the activities of SOD, GSH, and GST. The difference in the contents of nonenzymatic antioxidants and enzyme antioxidants in R. subcapitata indicated the antioxidant mechanisms to SMX and ERY were not identical. This study provides insights into the oxidative stress process in R. subcapitata under different antibiotics.

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Effect of exogenous stress factors on the biosynthesis of carotenoids and lipids by Rhodotorula yeast strains in media containing agro-industrial waste

World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s11274-019-2732-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (10) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Anna M. Kot ◽

Stanisław Błażejak ◽

Marek Kieliszek ◽

Iwona Gientka ◽

Joanna Bryś ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Low Temperature ◽

White Light ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Light Irradiation ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Total Carotenoid Content ◽

Exogenous Stress

Abstract In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of exogenous stress factors (sodium chloride as osmotic stressor, hydrogen peroxide as an inducer of oxidative stress, white light irradiation, and low temperature) on the biosynthesis of carotenoids and lipids by red yeast (Rhodotorula glutinis, R. mucilaginosa, and R. gracilis) during cultivation in media containing potato wastewater and glycerol. According to our results, the yeast were able to grow and biosynthesize lipids and carotenoids in the presence of the applied stress factors. Low temperature caused an increase in the biosynthesis of intracellular lipids and carotenoids. R. gracilis synthesized lipids (21.1 g/100 gd.w.) and carotenoids (360.4 µg/gd.w.) in greater quantities than that of other strains. Under these conditions, there was also an increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic and linolenic acids. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (30.4%) was synthesized by the R. gracilis yeast after cultivation at 20°C. Their quantity was 2.5-fold greater than that of the biomass grown in control conditions. The contribution of individual carotenoid fractions depended both on the yeast strain and the culture conditions. Induction of osmotic stress and low temperature intensified the biosynthesis of β-carotene (up to 73.9% of the total carotenoid content). In oxidative stress conditions, yeast synthesized torulene (up to 82.2%) more efficiently than under other conditions, whereas white light irradiation increased the production of torularhodin (up to 20.0%).

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Effects of Nanoplastics on the Dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae Hulburt from the Perspectives of Algal Growth, Oxidative Stress and Hemolysin Production

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11102471 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2471

Author(s):

Su-Chun Wang ◽

Fei-Fei Liu ◽

Tian-Yuan Huang ◽

Jin-Lin Fan ◽

Zhi-Yin Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Algal Growth ◽

Deep Understanding ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Toxin Production ◽

Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽

Amphidinium Carterae ◽

Mda Content ◽

High Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

High Concentrations

Recently, the effects of nanoplastics (NPs) on aquatic organisms have attracted much attention; however, research on the toxicity of NPs to microalgae has been insufficient. In the present study, the effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (nano-PS, 50 nm) on growth inhibition, chlorophyll content, oxidative stress, and algal toxin production of the marine toxigenic dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae Hulburt were investigated. Chlorophyll synthesis was promoted by nano-PS on day 2 but was inhibited on day 4; high concentrations of nano-PS (≥50 mg/L) significantly inhibited the growth of A. carterae. Moreover, despite the combined effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), high reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were still induced by nano-PS (≥50 mg/L), indicating severe lipid peroxidation. In addition, the contents of extracellular and intracellular hemolytic toxins in nano-PS groups were significantly higher than those in control groups on days 2 and 8, except that those of extracellular hemolytic toxins in the 100 mg/L nano-PS group decreased on day 8 because of severe adsorption of hemolytic toxins to the nano-PS. Hence, the effects of nano-PS on A. carterae are closely linked to nano-PS concentration and surface properties and exposure time. These findings provide a deep understanding of the complex effects of NPs on toxigenic microalgae and present valuable data for assessing their environmental risks.

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Azadirachta indicaAttenuates Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Oxidative Stress

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/647131 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Ahmed E. Abdel Moneim ◽

Mohamed S. Othman ◽

Ahmed M. Aref

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Renal Tissue ◽

No Production ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Caspase 9 ◽

Neem Extract ◽

Nonenzymatic Antioxidants ◽

And Oxidative Stress

We investigated the effects of methanolic leaves extract ofAzadirachta indica(MLEN, 500 mg/kg bwt) on cisplatin- (CP-) induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. CP (5 mg/kg bwt) was injected intraperitoneally and MLEN was given by gastric gavage for 5 days before or after CP injection. After 5 days of CP injection, CP-induced injury of the renal tissue was evidenced (i) as histopathological damage of the renal tissue, (ii) as increases in serum uric acid, urea, and creatinine, (iii) as increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), (iv) as decreases in the level of glutathione and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase, and (v) as increase in the expression of nuclear factor kappa B and apoptosis in kidney tissues. However, the oral administration of MLEN to CP-intoxicated rats for 5 days brought back MDA, NO production, and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants to near normalcy. Moreover, the histological observations evidenced that neem extract effectively rescues the kidney from CP-mediated oxidative damage. Furthermore, PCR results for caspase-3 and caspase-9 and Bax genes showed downregulation in MLEN treated groups. Therefore,Azadirachta indicacan be considered a potential candidate for protection of nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin.

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Removal of Estradiol, Diclofenac, and Triclosan by Naturally Occurring Microalgal Consortium Obtained from Wastewater

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13147690 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 7690

Author(s):

Farhat Bano ◽

Anushree Malik ◽

Shaikh Z. Ahammad

Keyword(s):

Emerging Contaminants ◽

Algal Growth ◽

Chemical Oxidation ◽

Effective Concentration ◽

Growth Media ◽

Pharmaceutical Drugs ◽

Safe Alternative ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Environmentally Safe ◽

High Concentrations

The occurrence of emerging contaminants like pharmaceutical drugs and personal care products in aquatic systems is now being identified as a potential risk to human health. Since conventional wastewater treatment systems are unable to remove them sufficiently, high concentrations of some of the commonly used drugs are reported to be occurring in many effluents. Microalgae-based systems have been investigated in recent years as an environmentally safe alternative to chemical oxidation methods for elimination of these emerging contaminants. Therefore, a process utilizing the microalgal consortium was assessed for its potential to tolerate environmentally high concentrations of pharmaceutical drugs and also to simultaneously remove the synthetic hormone estradiol, anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac, and antibacterial agent triclosan. The effective concentration with 50% mortality for the consortium was determined for each contaminant as 16, 8, and 8 mg L−1 for estradiol, diclofenac, and triclosan, respectively. These three drugs were then spiked separately in algal growth media at effective concentration with 50% mortality, and the microalgal growth in presence of these drugs and the drug removal was monitored in shake-flask setup. The study shows substantial removal of estradiol 91.73% ± 0.0175, diclofenac 74.68% ± 0.0092, and triclosan 78.47% ± 0.015 by the microalgal consortium during their growth phase. Further, it was observed that degradation of the drugs by microalgae was the prominent removal mechanism and not adsorption. Estradiol and diclofenac did not show any immediate negative impacts on the microalgal growth as seen from the biomass and chlorophyll content measurements. However, triclosan proved detrimental to the microalgal growth as the consortium did not survive beyond 5 days after spiking. Promising results for emerging contaminants removal was obtained, and a treatment system can be designed to remove different drugs from wastewater by using the naturally occurring microalgal consortium.

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Assessment of Plasma Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Metabolic Parameters of Dairy Heifers: Relationship with Success at First Service

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:2021.0007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 78 (2) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Sofiane BOUDJELLABA ◽

Habiba SAADI ◽

Mohamed ZAOUANI ◽

Lynda AINOUZ ◽

Amira Fatma HANI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽

Dairy Heifers ◽

Stress Biomarkers ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship

First insemination success is considered as good indicator of heifer fertility to ensure renewal of dairy herds. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between first insemination success and biomarkers of oxidative stress (OS). A total of 25 heifers were divided into two groups according to their success at first insemination: group FS+ (heifers that were pregnant at first service, n = 14) and group FS- (heifers that were not pregnant at first service, n = 11). The serum of these two groups were analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric Oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as oxidative stress biomarkers and biochemical parameters. Heifers in the group FS+ showed no significant difference in all OS parameters compared to heifers in the group FS-. The OS parameters showed almost similar values in both groups except for GST and CAT where the difference was at the limit of significance. The plasma concentration of OS biomarkers assessed in our study were not related to first service success in heifers. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of oxidative status in the reproductive performance of heifers.

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Quercetin Mediated Salt Tolerance in Tomato through the Enhancement of Plant Antioxidant Defense and Glyoxalase Systems

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants8080247 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 247 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Parvin ◽

Hasanuzzaman ◽

Bhuyan ◽

Mohsin ◽

Fujita

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Transferase Activity ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽

Ros Scavenging ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽

Relative Water ◽

Mda Content ◽

Ionic Toxicity

Quercetin (Qu) is a strong antioxidant among the phenolic compounds having physiological and biochemical roles in plants. Hence, we have studied the Qu evolved protection against salinity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Salinity caused ionic toxicity by increasing Na+ content in seedlings along with nutritional starvation of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. While osmotic stress was detected by higher free proline (Pro) content and lower leaf relative water content (LRWC) in salt-stressed seedlings. Salt toxicity also induced higher H2O2 generation, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity as a sign of oxidative stress. Tomato seedlings suffered from methylglyoxal (MG) toxicity, degradation of chlorophyll, along with lower biomass accumulation and growth due to salt exposure. However, Qu application under salinity resulted in lower Na+/K+ due to reduced Na+ content, higher LRWC, increased Pro, and reduction of H2O2 and MDA content, and LOX activity, which indicated alleviation of ionic, osmotic, and oxidative stress respectively. Quercetin caused oxidative stress, lessening through the strengthening of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. In addition, Qu increased glutathione S-transferase activity in salt-invaded seedlings, which might be stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging along with higher GSH content. As a result, toxic MG was detoxified in Qu supplemented salt-stressed seedlings by increasing both Gly I and Gly II activities. Moreover, Qu insisted on better plant growth and photosynthetic pigments synthesis in saline or without saline media. Therefore, exogenous applied Qu may become an important actor to minimize salt-induced toxicity in crops.

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Expression of a Chromoplast-Specific Lycopene β-Cyclase Gene (CYC-B) Is Implicated in Carotenoid Accumulation and Coloration in the Loquat

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom9120874 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 874 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Min Hong ◽

Zhuo-Heng Chi ◽

Yong-Qing Wang ◽

Yue-Ming Tang ◽

Qun-Xian Deng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Metabolic Pathway ◽

Negative Control ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽

Carotenoid Accumulation ◽

Homologous Genes ◽

Total Carotenoid Content ◽

The Difference ◽

Β Carotene

Carotenoids are the principal pigments in the loquat. Although the metabolic pathway of plant carotenoids has been extensively investigated, few studies have been explored the regulatory mechanisms of loquat carotenoids because knowledge of the loquat genome is incomplete. The chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase gene (CYC-B) could catalyze cyclization of lycopene to β-carotene. In this study, the differential accumulation patterns of loquat with different colors were analyzed and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was utilized in order to verify CYC-B gene function. Using a cloning strategy of homologous genes, a CYC-B gene orthologue was successfully identified from the loquat. At a later stage of maturation, CYC-B gene expression and carotenoids concentrations in the ‘Dawuxing’ variety were higher than in ‘Chuannong 1-5-9′, possibly leading to the difference in pulp coloration of loquat. Interference of CYC-B gene expression in the loquat demonstrated clear visual changes. The green color in negative control fruits became yellow, while TRV2-CYC-B silenced fruits remained green. CYC-B gene expression and total carotenoid content in the pulp decreased by 32.5% and 44.1%, respectively. Furthermore, multiple key genes in the carotenoid metabolic pathway synergistically responded to downregulation of CYC-B gene expression. In summary, we provide direct evidences that CYC-B gene is involved in carotenoid accumulation and coloration in the loquat.

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Effect of Water Supply on Spectral Traits and Their Relationship with the Productivity of Sweet Corns

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9020063 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 63 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Eszter Nemeskéri ◽

Krisztina Molnár ◽

Csaba Rácz ◽

Attila Dobos ◽

Lajos Helyes

Keyword(s):

Sweet Corn ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Carotene Content ◽

Area Index ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Total Carotenoid Content ◽

Dry Conditions ◽

The Difference ◽

The Individual

Three super-sweet corn hybrids (Zea mays L. convar. saccharata) with different ripening characteristics were grown in three water supplies (regularly irrigated, deficit-irrigated, and unirrigated) to examine the spectral reflectance at leaf and canopy levels, leaf area index (LAI) during the stage of development and their relationship with the yield and nutritional quality. Under unirrigated conditions, the plant’s height, diameter, and weight of ears per plants, as well as total carotenoid content of kernels, decreased, SPAD values of leaves, normalized vegetation differential index (NDVI) and LAI were low. The difference in SPAD and LAI was higher between the hybrids during the silking than the tasseling period under water deficiency. Under unirrigated dry conditions, no correlation was found between SPAD, NDVI, and yield. Using deficit irrigation, SPAD measured during tasseling correlated closely with the individual husked ear and the final yields as well as the sugar and carotene contents of kernels. Under this condition, NDVI did not correlate with the yield, but LAI was correlated with the yield and its carotene content. Under deficit irrigated conditions, the 46 to 49 range of SPAD measured during tasseling predicted 23.5 to 26.7 t ha−1 depending on the hybrid, but this range predicted a yield lower by 6.4 to 10.1% during silking.

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Biochemical Indicators of Oxidative Stress in Fish from Polluted Littoral Areas

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f93-280 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 50 (12) ◽

pp. 2568-2573 ◽

Cited By ~ 138

Author(s):

A. Rodríguez-Ariza ◽

J. Peinado ◽

C. Pueyo ◽

J. López-Barea

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Redox Status ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Pollution Levels ◽

Cadiz Bay ◽

Membrane Bound ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Cytochrome P 450

Several biochemical parameters have been analyzed in the livers offish from south Atlantic Spanish littoral areas exhibiting different pollution levels. Mugil sp. (grey mullet) from the Huelva Estuary contained higher concentrations of metals, such as Fe and Cu, than those from a reference area (Cádiz Bay). Similarly, sediments from Huelva showed high concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides. The contaminated animals were subjected to oxidative stress, as indicated by their oxidized glutathione redox status, but showed low malondialdehyde and lipohydroperoxide levels. A battery of antioxidant enzymes increased simultaneously in contaminated fishes, including glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glucose-6-P dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase. These data suggest that contaminated fish were well protected from oxidative stress. Highly significant increases were also observed in cytochrome P-450-associated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, and soluble and membrane-bound glutathione-S-transferase, in response to the high levels of organic xenobiotics. We propose that antioxidant enzymes and glutathione-S-transferase might be useful tools for the biomonitoring of environmental pollution.

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