Moisture-Induced Pattern of Gases and Physicochemical Indices in Corn Straw and Cow Manure Composting

This study investigated the altering effect of moisture on the emission pattern of gases and the evolutionary dynamics of physicochemical indices in corn straw and cow manure composting. Exploring this effect was reasonable to unravel the use of moisture as a cheap alternative to control gaseous emissions and improve the final properties of compost. The nutrient dynamics of the compost showed 21.6% losses in total organic carbon content, with a 33.3% increase in total nitrogen content at the end of composting. All the gases (CH4, CO2, N2O and NH3) yielded a common emission pattern despite the differences in moisture content. Except for CH4, the peak and stable emission periods of all the gases were observed on the 5th day (thermophilic phase) and after the 27th day (late mesophilic phase) of composting, respectively. Emission reductions of 89%, 91%, 95% and 100% were recorded for CH4, CO2, N2O and NH3, respectively, during the late mesophilic phase of composting. From the study, the 65% moisture content was efficient in reducing the loss rate of the gasses and nutrient contents of the compost. This study would enable farmers to channel organic residues generated into compost while minimizing pollution and nutrient losses associated with the composting process.

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Testing Study on the Influence Factors to the Straw Pellet Fuel Broken Strength

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.786 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 448-453 ◽

pp. 786-790

Author(s):

Wei Gao ◽

Rong Fei Zhao ◽

Qing Yu Liu ◽

Xu Wei Bai

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Optimal Parameter ◽

Influence Factors ◽

Raw Material ◽

Single Factor ◽

Quadratic Regression ◽

Corn Straw ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Optimization Parameter ◽

Single Factor Experiment

This paper take link mold pellet pelletizer to carry on the pellet fuel manufacture experiment with corn straw stalk. The influence of moisture content, material size and fermentation time impact on broken strength is studied by single factor experiment. Through quadratic regression orthogonal rotating combination experiment, establish mathematics equation of the factors and the straw pellet fuel broken strength and analyze the important degree of each experimental factor impact on the granulation rate. Through the optimized computation, definite optimization parameter of the highest broken strength is that raw material moisture content is 20%, fermentation time is 4h and particle size is 2.5mm. The result of verifying experiment indicat that the optimal parameter combination and the predict data measured were consistent.

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Co-composting of food waste and swine manure augmenting biochar and salts: Nutrient dynamics, gaseous emissions and microbial activity

Bioresource Technology ◽

10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126300 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 126300

Author(s):

Balasubramani Ravindran ◽

Mukesh Kumar Awasthi ◽

Natchimuthu Karmegam ◽

Soon Woong Chang ◽

Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Activity ◽

Food Waste ◽

Nutrient Dynamics ◽

Swine Manure ◽

Gaseous Emissions

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Ammonia and other microclimatic conditions at an Australian pre-export sheep assembly depot

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an12229 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 580

Author(s):

Mathew K. Pines ◽

Tracy Muller ◽

Clive J. C. Phillips

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Hydrogen Sulfide ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Gaseous Emissions ◽

Housing Systems ◽

Health And Wellbeing ◽

Ammonia Accumulation ◽

Animal Excreta ◽

Microclimatic Conditions ◽

Positive Correlations

Noxious gases produced at hazardous concentrations in animal housing systems may affect the health and wellbeing of both animals and workers. In order to determine if the gaseous emissions from a pre-export assembly depot for sheep constituted a risk, atmospheric ammonia was measured in eight sheep buildings at an Australian assembly depot. Additionally, meteorological variables and distance from excreta were measured to determine their influence on ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide concentrations. Repeat measurements were made at 12 sites in each building on 4 separate days, and four buildings were mapped using longitudinal and latitudinal transects. Concentrations of ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide were all below the recommended safety thresholds for humans and livestock. There were positive correlations between ammonia and the following variables: ambient temperature and moisture content, and negative correlations with distance from animal excreta. Understanding these relationships will help to understand the reasons for ammonia accumulation in such buildings.

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Pengaruh Medium Tumbuh Pada Pertumbuhan Biomassa Wolffia schleidenii Miq dan Kandungan Nutrisi Sebagai Bahan Pakan ternak

AVES Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan ◽

10.35457/aves.v13i2.949 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Adiguna Sasama Wahyu Utama ◽

Anang Widigdyo

Keyword(s):

Liquid Ammonia ◽

Spring Water ◽

Crude Fiber ◽

Control Medium ◽

Biomass Growth ◽

Cow Manure ◽

Nutrient Contents ◽

Synthetic Fertilizer ◽

The Media ◽

Goat Manure

This research aims to study the best medium for growing W. schleidenii and their nutrient contents. Different media were used to optimize the growth of W. schleidenii. Those used media were consisted of cow manure fertilizer with concentration of 5 g/l, 2.5 g/l, 1 g/l, goat manure fertilizer of 5 g/l, 2.5 g/l, 1 g/l, synthetic fertilizer of 100%, 75%, 50%, liquid ammonia wastes of 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 25 ppm and the water from poluted river. Spring water is used as a control medium. The parameters were biomass growth and the containt of nutrients. The results showed that the best growth of W. schleidenii occurred in the media of cow manure fertilizer of 2.5 gr/l. The plant could not grow well in the synthetic fertilizer and liquid ammonia wastes. It was found the nutrient contents of W. schleidenii were 74,26% of protein, 12,36% of carbohydrates, 1,54% of lipid, and 11,84% of crude fiber. Thus it is possible to consider this plant as resource of protein for feeding.

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Viability of Trichoderma harzianum Grown on Different Carrier Formulation

KnE Life Sciences ◽

10.18502/kls.v2i6.1024 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

pp. 95

Author(s):

Purwanto Unsoed ◽

YuyunYuwariah AS ◽

Sumadi Sumadi ◽

Tualar Simarmata

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Trichoderma Harzianum ◽

Laboratory Testing ◽

Growth Promotion ◽

Peat Soil ◽

Cow Manure ◽

Population Count ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Carrier Materials ◽

Completely Randomized Design

The suitable carrier composition is needed to ensure the effectiveness of Trichoderma harzianum as inoculant of biocontrol, plant growth promotion and decomposer fungus. The research aimed to investigate formulation of carrier to enhance of Trichoderma harzianum viability was conducted from January till June 2015 in Laboratory. Testing of the compotition of carrier materials on viability of Trichoderma harzianum using a completely randomized design consisting of 9 treatment compotitions of peat soil, cow manure, biocharcoal and nutrient. The observed variables were the population of Trichoderma harzianum (cfu/g) on a regular basis i.e2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks after production, pH and moisture content (%) of media. The result showed that the different carrier formulations resulted number of spore varried, from 1.33 x 105cfu/g to 7.98 x 106cfu/g. The best formulation of Trichoderma harzianum was peat soil 40% + cow manure 40% + biocharcoal 10% + nutrient 10% with the maximum population count achieved 7.98 x 106cfu/g after 24 weeks of storage. Keywords: Trichoderma harzianum, carrier formulation, viability, biocharcoal, nutrient..

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Nitrogen-Bearing Emissions From Burning Corn Straw in a Fixed-Bed Reactor: Effects of Fuel Moisture, Torrefaction, and Air Flowrate

Journal of Energy Resources Technology ◽

10.1115/1.4042564 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 141 (8) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Emad Rokni ◽

Yu Liu ◽

Xiaohan Ren ◽

Yiannis A. Levendis

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Hydrogen Cyanide ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Environmental Pollutants ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Fuel Moisture ◽

Corn Straw ◽

Renewable Biomass ◽

Torrefied Biomass

Combustion-generated emissions of acid gases, such as nitrogen-bearing species, constitute environmental pollutants and some are subjected to environmental regulations. Assessment of such emissions is important to decide what systems need to be put in place for their control. This applies to both conventional fossil fuels and for alternative environmentally friendlier fuels, such as renewable biomass. This research investigated the emissions of nitrogen-bearing gases, which evolve from combustion of biomass (corn straw) in a fixed bed furnace, as a function of specific air flowrate (m˙air) through the bed and of moisture content of the fuel. The effect of torrefaction of corn straw on the combustion-generated nitrogen bearing emissions was also examined. The predominant nitrogen-bearing species in the combustion effluents were hydrogen cyanide (HCN), nitrogen oxide (NO), and ammonia (NH3). Increasing m˙air through the bed, to enhance the combustion rate, increased the emissions of HCN, NO, and NH3. As the m˙air through the bed increased by a factor of 5, the amounts of HCN, NO, and NH3 gases increased by factors of 3–4. As the moisture content of the biomass was reduced by drying, the combustion-generated emissions of NO increased mildly, whereas those of both NH3 and HCN decreased. Furthermore, the combustion-generated emissions of NO and NH3 from torrefied biomass were found to be higher than those from raw biomass. In contrast, the combustion-generated emissions of HCN from torrefied biomass were found to be lower than those generated from raw biomass.

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Understanding Effects of OAE 2 in the Marginal-marine Environment: A Multi-proxy approach from Bagh Beds, Western India

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-964 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bikash Ranjan Sahu ◽

Sohom Roy ◽

Prasanta Sanyal

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Marine Environment ◽

Nutrient Dynamics ◽

Isotope Composition ◽

Western India ◽

Organic Carbon Content ◽

Terrestrial Environment ◽

Shallow Marine ◽

Carbon Reservoir

The Cenomanian-Turonian (C/T) Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE 2) at ~94 million years ago was characterized by severe depletion in marine water oxygen levels and extreme perturbations in the carbon cycle at a global scale that lasted for 5 to 6-million years. However, wealth of the data comes mainly from deep marine records, hugely limiting our understanding on the contemporaneous terrestrial environmental conditions. Here, we present major and trace element concentrations, carbon isotope composition of carbonates (&#948;13Ccarb) and organic matter (&#948;13Cbulk), organic carbon content (TOC), and biomarker composition from a ~20 m thick well-preserved shallow marine sequence from the Bagh Beds in Uchad, western India in order to investigate the nutrient dynamics, productivity variations and carbon reservoir perturbations in shallow marine as well as in terrestrial environment. Based on litho-stratigraphy, the Uchad section is divided into Lower Cenomanian, Turonian and Upper Coniacian units. A total of ~5&#8240; increase in the &#948;13Ccarb and 0.07% in TOC values and a sharp 1.7&#8240; decrease in the &#948;13Cbulk values in Lower Cenomanian suggest large changes in organic carbon recycling before the advent of OAE 2. Higher terrigenous influx and micro-nutrient supply in the lower parts is also suggested from relatively higher concentrations of Al, Ti, Th, Fe, Zn, Ni and K, although their concentrations decrease rapidly above the C/T boundary. Significant correlation observed between &#948;13Cbulk and &#948;13Ccarb (r=0.51, p=0.03) supports an authigenic organic matter production in the shallow marine environment. However, minor enrichments in redox-sensitive elements like Mo, V and U observed above the C/T boundary probably suggest that the shallow marine region was relatively less affected during the initial anoxic phases. Lack of correlation between redox-sensitive elements and Al or Ti concentrations (r <0.12) suggest that there is minimal influence of detrital supply on recycling of U, V and Mo. Interestingly, Lower Turonian units show large positive excursions in redox-sensitive elements as well as increases in U/Th, Ni/Co and V/(V+Ni) values, which are succeeded by a major decrease in &#948;13Ccarb values (7.6&#8240;) and increase in the TOC values by 0.15%, thereby suggesting occurrence of a more expanded episode of anoxia in Lower Turonian that perturbed the shallow marine carbon reservoir. Ba/Al ratios are variable throughout the section, although large positive spikes preceding and succeeding the anoxic phases suggest a causal link between organic matter productivity and anoxia.

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Characterization of Organic Wastes and Effects of Their Application on the Soil

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v10n6p291 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 291

Author(s):

Lucas De Sousa Oliveira ◽

Mirian Cristina Gomes Costa ◽

Henrique Antunes de Souza ◽

Julius Blum ◽

Gustavo Henrique da Silva Albuquerque ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Elements ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Sodium Content ◽

Organic Wastes ◽

Shrimp Farming ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Organic Carbon Content ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Nutrient Contents ◽

Semi Arid Region

The agricultural farming activities generate organic waste whose indiscriminate deposition can be prejudicial to the environment. However, careful application of these wastes as organic fertilizers it is a possibility to improve soil fertility. This study aimed to confirm the hypotheses that organic wastes produced in various production chains in the semi-arid region of Ceará have contents of nutrients that give them potential as organic fertilizers and, since they are used as organic fertilizers, these residues improve the chemical soil attributes. Nutrient contents were determined at the laboratory and then the wastes were placed in decomposition bags and applied in a Fluvic Neosol. Soil samples were collected in the 0-0.10 m layer 90 days after wastes were applied. The residues presented nutrient contents that allow their use as organic fertilizers, except the shrimp farming residue that presented sodium content above that allowed by legislation, resulting also in higher element contents in the soil. In addition, the shrimp farming showed the lowest organic carbon content in relation to others chemical elements. The residues of the poultry industry and the compound made with residues of small ruminants presented the highest of nitrogen and phosphorus levels. The carnauba residue was associated with phosphorus immobilization because it presented C/P ratio higher than 300.

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NUTRIENT DYNAMICS IN EELGRASS (ZOSTERA MARINA) MEADOW AND THE VARIATION OF NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF EELGRASS

Proceedings of International Conference "Managinag risks to coastal regions and communities in a changinag world" (EMECS'11 - SeaCoasts XXVI) ◽

10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4316623b72 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Toshimasa Asahi ◽

Kazuhiko Ichimi ◽

Kuninao Tada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Column ◽

Pore Water ◽

Sediment Core ◽

Zostera Marina ◽

Nutrient Dynamics ◽

Similar Rate ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Nutrient Source ◽

Nutrient Contents ◽

Seagrass Biomass

Nutrient dynamics in seagrass beds and nutrient demands of seagrass biomass are not clear, although nutrient uptake of seagrass has been experimentally studied in the laboratory. We conducted the field observations and the bottom sediment core incubations to estimate nutrient fluxes in the seagrass, Zostera marina meadow. DIN (nitrate, nitrite and ammonium) concentrations were always low particularly during the Z. marina growing season (from spring to summer), and water exchanges caused by tidal currents hardly supplied nutrient demand for Z. marina. Sediment pore water also supplied insufficient nutrients to Z. marina, because pore water had less volume than the water column, although DIN concentrations of pore water were 10-100 fold higher than those of the water column. Nutrient flux from sediment to water column estimated by the sediment core incubation experiments showed a similar rate with tidal water exchange. Thus, our results suggested that Z. marina adapted for low nutrient concentrations and each nutrient source in the Z. marina meadow slightly contributed but could not support Z. marina growth. We found that another nutrient source, for example, precipitation, supplied high DIN to the Z. marina meadow. After rainfall, the DIN concentration of seawater in the Z. marina meadow increased 2-5 times higher. Moreover, nitrogen content of eelgrass also increased 2-3 times higher during several days. Those results suggested that Z. marina was usually exposed to a low nutrient concentration but could uptake abundant nutrients from temporary nutrient supplies such as precipitation.

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Effects of Blending Dairy Manure Compost and Canola Meal on Pellet Quality and Nutrient Concentrations

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.14057 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 353-363

Author(s):

Femi P. Alege ◽

Gilbert J. Miito ◽

Lisa W. DeVetter ◽

Haiying Tao ◽

Pius M. Ndegwa

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Total Nitrogen ◽

Dairy Manure ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Canola Meal ◽

List Type ◽

Nutrient Contents ◽

Unit Density ◽

And Storage

HighlightsNutrient contents and unit density were positively correlated with canola meal blending ratio.Pellet durability, bulk density, and length were inversely correlated with canola meal blending ratio.Pellets produced from compost and 20% canola meal blend were 67% denser than the compost.Pelleting dairy manure and canola meal blends improved nutrient transport and storage.Abstract. The potential for adverse environmental impacts from excess manure nutrients generated in regions with large concentrations of animal production is enormous and real. The goal of this research was to investigate ways of alleviating such threats via pelleting and blending of excess dairy manure nutrients to enhance their value, utilization, transport, and storage. In this study, composted dairy manure was blended with canola meal in ratios ranging from 0% to 40% canola meal prior to pelleting. The pre-pelleting moisture content was set at 21% (wet basis) and an 8 mm diameter die was selected for pelleting, based on previous studies. The effect of canola blending ratio was evaluated against moisture content, unit and bulk densities, recovery, durability, and nutrient concentrations (total nitrogen and phosphate) of the resulting pellets. Results indicated positive correlations between the blending ratio and pellet recovery (r = 0.83), moisture content (r = 0.75), unit density (r = 0.74), total nitrogen (r = 0.99), and phosphate (r = 0.87). In contrast, inverse correlations were observed between the blending ratio and pellet durability (r = -0.93), bulk density (r = -0.99), and length (r = -0.76). No significant differences were observed between the blending ratio and all these parameters for blending ratios of 0% to 15%. However, data indicated significant differences between pellet durability and recovery at blending ratios above 20%. Overall, this study showed that blending dairy manure with up to 15% canola meal significantly (p < 001) improved the nutrient value, storage, and transport. Keywords: Blending, Dairy manure, Durability, Environmental pollution, Pelleting.

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